A series of investigations were undertaken to provide information for compounders to consider when including fibrous foods in diets for growing pigs. The work involved measurements of nutrient digestibilities, growth trials and calorimetric studies. The digestibility of the neutral detergent fibre (NDF) fraction of a food was dependent on a number of factors including the source of fibre, the adaptation period and liveweight of the pig, and the protein and lipid contents of the diet. The level of addition of food fibre was not important in determining the digestibility of the NDF component of a fibre source, whereas an inverse relationship was found between the digestibility of nitrogen and energy, and the level of added food fibre. It was concluded that increasing the level of addition of food fibre is more important in determining the depressive effect on the digestibility of non-fibre components than its own. Rapid growth was achieved when young, weaned and growing pigs were given diets containing wheatfeed and sugar-beet pulp. A substantial part of the energy supplied was in the form of VFA produced by the fermentation of non-starch polysaccharides in the wheatfeed and sugar-beet pulp. A growth trial with diets containing sugar-beet pulp and maize revealed that fermented energy from beet pulp was used with an efficiency of 0.72 that of the energy of maize. The apparently digested energy arising from the fermentation of non-starch polysaccharides, therefore, does not correspond directly in terms of potential use to the animal with that obtained by the enzymic digestion of maize starch. A net energy value for sugar-beet pulp was also calculated. This work has shown that wheatfeed and sugar-beet pulp may be useful as dietary ingredients for growing pigs. However, growth rates may be slightly depressed due to a lower efficiency of utilisation of apparently digested energy from the fibrous fraction of the diet. This could lead to on farm problems associated with a decreased throughput eg overstocking. However, the use of a corrected digestible energy value and ileal digestibilities of amino acids for a fibrous food, when formulating rations, could lead to an improvement in the prediction in performance. As well as the nutritional aspects of feeding fibrous foods, there are also a number of non-nutritional factors which will influence the use of fibrous materials and these are discussed in the light of their practical implications for the feeding of fibrous foods to pigs.

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Orientador: Francisco Manoel de Souza Braga / Banca: Maurício Cetra / Banca: Leandro Muller Gomiero / Resumo: O objetivo desse trabalho foi realizar um estudo da alimentação e da reprodução da comunidade de peixes do rio Passa Cinco, que é um dos principais rios da sub-bacia do rio Corumbataí. Foram amostradas cinco ordens existentes no rio, desde a área de cabeceira, com ordem 2, até sua foz, com ordem 6. As amostragens foram realizadas ao longo de um ano e os seguintes apetrechos de pesca foram utilizados: peneira na vegetação marginal, aparelho de pesca elétrica, redes de espera e covos. Foram capturados 5082 indivíduos, distribuídos em 62 espécies, 18 famílias e 6 ordens. A estrutura em comprimento das espécies mais abundantes revelou que a maioria não ultrapassou os 15 cm de comprimento. Foram analisados 576 estômagos de 28 espécies. Os recursos autóctones de origem animal compuseram a maior parte das dietas, havendo um predomínio de espécies insetívoras. As variações sazonal e espacial estiveram presentes na dieta de algumas espécies e foi verificada uma alta sobreposição alimentar. Os valores calculados do índice de intensidade reprodutiva combinados com a porcentagem de jovens e adultos indicaram que o sistema é utilizado pelas espécies tanto como área de reprodução como de alimentação. Em relação à fecundidade e tipo de desova, as espécies apresentaram estratégias reprodutivas que visam suas permanências em ambientes de riachos, onde a instabilidade ambiental é um importante fator a ser considerado. As alterações na condição corporal apresentadas pelas espécies estiveram associadas à mudanças fisiológicos que ocorreram em função do ciclo reprodutivo, como a atividade alimentar e acúmulo de gordura / Abstract: The aim of this work was to research the diet and reproduction of fish community of Passa Cinco river, a main river of Corumbataí river sub-basin. This study analyzed five orders of this river, since the headwater, at order 2, until its mouth, at order 6. The sample collection was performed during one year and the following fishery equipment was used: a sieve used on bank vegetation, electric fishery equipment, waiting nets and fish-traps. It was captured 5082 individuals, distributed into 62 species, 18 families and 6 orders. The length structure of most abundant species revealed that most of them didn't pass a measure of 15 cm. 576 stomachs of 28 species were analyzed and revealed that autochthonous resources composed most of part of fish diet, where insect species predominated. The season and spatial variations appeared on the diet of some species and a high feeding overlap was found. The calculated values of the reproduction intensity rate, combined to the percentage of young and adult fishes, indicated that the river system is used by the species both as reproduction area and feeding area. Relating to fecundity and type of spawn, the species presented reproduction strategies that aim to their permanence in stream environmental, considering that environmental instability is an important factor. The changes in body condition presented by the species were associated to physiological alterations that occurred as a consequence of reproduction cycle, as feeding activity and fat accumulation / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:40:12Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 zaganini_rl_me_botib.pdf: 5235200 bytes, checksum: 888863188c5f56542941bd95698e9ef1 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o regime alimentar de Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) e Tilapia rendalli (Boulenger, 1897) na represa de Barra Bonita, Médio Rio Tietê, SP, utilizando-se duas abordagens: i) caracterização das dietas de O. niloticus e T. rendalli, e possíveis relações com a aceleração do processo de eutrofização e ii) variação ontogenética e padrões sazonais do regime alimentar dessas espécies. As amostragens foram realizadas mensalmente (março de 2007 a fevereiro de 2008) no município de Anhembi (SP). Os peixes foram obtidos do desembarque da pesca artesanal e paralelamente, foi realizada a pesca experimental com uso de tarrafas de malha 3 cm entrenós não adjacentes, visando amostrar exemplares de pequeno porte. Foram coletados ainda fatores abióticos da água (oxigênio dissolvido, temperatura da água, pH e condutividade elétrica, transparência da água e clorofila-a total). Outros dados como cota altimétrica da represa e pluviosidade mensal foram compilados da concessionária AES – Tietê. De todos os exemplares de peixes foram obtidos dados biométricos (comprimento padrão e peso total). Os estômagos foram transferidos para frascos etiquetados contendo solução de formaldeído 10%. O conteúdo estomacal foi analisado pelos métodos de freqüência de ocorrência e volumétrico, combinados no Índice alimentar. Para avaliar as possíveis variações ontogenéticas e sazonais, foram analisadas as dietas dos exemplares de cada espécie agrupados em classes de tamanho e por estação seca e chuvosa. Na dieta das duas espécies foram observados 26 itens alimentares agrupados em sete categorias (fragmentos vegetais, algas, detritos, peixes, microcrustáceos, macroinvertebrados e insetos aquáticos). A espécie O. niloticus, consumiu 24 itens, e foi considerada detritívora, enquanto que T. rendalli, consumiu... / The present work aimed to study the food habits of niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Tilapia rendalli (Boulenger, 1897) in the Barra Bonita reservoir, São Paulo State, by using two approaches: i) characterization of O. niloticus e T. rendalli feeding habits and to find any possible relationship with the reservoir´s eutrophication process and ii) analyze seasonal and ontogenetic variation with regard to the diet of these species. Samples were collected monthly, from March 2007 to February 2008, in Anhembi, São Paulo State. The fishes were obtained of artisanal fish landing and fishing was done using casting net (3cm between-knot mesh size), to get small individuals. Some physico-chemical variables of water samples were collected (dissolved oxygen, water temperature, pH and electric conductivity, water transparency and chlorophyll a). Another data such as reservoir altimeter quota and monthly rainfall were gathered from the AES – Tietê. Biometric data (standard length and total weight) were obtained from all individuals. The stomachs were transferred to labeled bottle with formaldehyde 10%. The stomach content was analyzed by frequency of occurrence and volume, combined on the food index. To evaluate possible seasonal and ontogenetic variation, it was analyzed the diet of each species grouped in size class and by dry and wet season. In the diet of both species were observed 26 different food items grouped into seven categories: vegetables fragments, algae, detritus, fishes, micro crustaceans, macro invertebrates and aquatic insects). O. niloticus consumed 24 items, and was considered detritivorous, whereas T. rendalli consumed 23 items, and was considered omnivorous, because it used animal and vegetal resources without dominance of any no category. With regard to a possible relationship with the reservoir´s eutrophication process, this could be mitigated by species, given that the feed... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

The diet of Pleistocene cave bears (Ursus spelaeus, U. deningeri) is debated extensively. Traditionally, cave bears were thought to be herbivorous, but more recent studies have proposed that they were more omnivorous. To test this, their skull morphology and that of their confamilials were analysed using 3D geometric morphometrics. The eight extant Ursidae occupy various dietary niches, which are expected to affect the functional morphology of the skull; the resulting dietary morphospace is used to determine the position of cave bears. Landmarks for 3D digitisation were chosen to reflect functional morphology. Extant and extinct Ursidae were digitised with a Microscribe G2. Generalised Procrustes superimposition was performed on the raw coordinates and allometry removed by regressing these onto the log (ln) centroid size pooled per species. Principal component analyses (PCA) and two-block partial least squares analyses (2B-PLS) were conducted on the regression residuals, and (multivariate) analyses of (co)variance ((M)AN(C)OVA) and discriminant function analyses (DFA) performed on the PC scores. PCA and 2B-PLS differentiate between known dietary niches in extant Ursidae. (M)AN(C)OVA and DFA results suggest that cave bears were herbivorous. Differences in the results between the temporalis and the masseter are seen primarily in the position in morphospace of the extant spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus), probably due to the influence of its premasseteric fossa on the morphology of the masseteric fossa. Additionally, ANOVAs suggest that there was intraspecific variation within U. spelaeus contradicting lineages proposed on the basis of mitochondrial DNA. This variation may be attributable to environmental factors, such as timberline altitude, influencing the cave bears’ diet.

Abstract High-sucrose diet and metabolic acidosis have some similar effects on bone and they both reduce the formation of dentine. This series of experiments was conducted in order to get information about the effects of acidosis and alkalosis on dentine during primary dentinogenesis and also to ascertain if high-sucrose diet affects dentine formation via acidosis. Chronic metabolic acidosis (0.25 mol/L of NH4Cl in drinking water), chronic metabolic alkalosis (0.25 mol/L of NaHCO3 in drinking water) and chronic respiratory alkalosis (atmospheric pressure equivalent to an altitude of 3000 m) were induced in the rats immediately after weaning for 6 and 7 weeks. One subgroup from each of the main groups was fed a high-sucrose (43%) diet and one a standard maintenance diet, each ad libitum. The control groups had the same diets, but normal drinking water and atmospheric pressure. All the rats were injected with tetracycline (to mark the onset of the experiment in dentine) and inoculated orally with Streptococcus sobrinus. The acid-base status was verified by blood gas analysis at the end of the experiments. After sacrifice, fissure caries was scored with Schiff reagent and the areas of dentinal lesions and tetracycline-marked new dentine were measured from sagittally sectioned mandibular molars. The mineral elements (Ca, Mg, F, Na, P and total mineral contents) of the dentine formed before and during the experiment were measured with an electron probe microanalyzer. With the high-sucrose diet, respiratory alkalosis and metabolic acidosis promoted the initiation and progression of caries while metabolic alkalosis slightly retarded it. With the standard diet, all the experimental conditions slowed the rate of dentine formation and metabolic acidosis had the most pronounced effect. The mineral analysis revealed a totally different pattern of mineralization when the rats with metabolic acidosis (increased calcium and total mineral content) were compared to the previously reported rats with a high-sucrose diet (decreased calcium and total mineral content). Besides this, metabolic alkalosis did not correct the effects of the dietary sucrose on dentine formation and blood gas analysis showed no acid-base disturbances in the sucrose diet group. Therefore, a high amount of sucrose in the diet slows the rate of dentine formation and reduces the ability of teeth to resist caries attack by mechanisms different from those of metabolic acidosis. Nevertheless, metabolic acidosis was found to be the most harmful state of disturbance in acid-base balance for the teeth of young rats, especially with a diet containing a high amount of sucrose.

Class of 2011 Abstract / OBJECTIVES: To assess the current perceptions of patients with type II diabetes regarding the impact of lifestyle changes (diet and exercise), in particular, their relative impact on their disease state as it compares to that of their medication. METHODS: This was a descriptive study using a survey questionnaire. The primary dependent variable were the rating of the importance of diet and exercise, and a descriptive variables include medication use, amount of exercise, importance of medications, beliefs related to lifestyle and demographic variables. Questionnaires were passed out to eligible participant at the Walmart Pharmacy located on 7150 E. Speedway Blvd., Tucson Arizona. RESULTS: 56 survey questionnaires were completed. 18 men (mean age = 55.6) and 31 women (mean age = 43.8). Seven of the survey questionnaire did not indicate sex. Overall, lifestyle modification was rated favorably by all participants. On a scale of 1 through 5 (1 being least important, 5 being most important), the mean ratings were 3.5 and 3.6 for diet and exercise respectively. Confidence in medication use was rated a mean of 2.15. Attitude of study population with regards to obesity and diabetes was highly skewed toward obesity contributing diabetes (mean = 4.5). Finally, only 26.7% of participant get more than three hours a week of regular exercise. CONCLUSION: Based on the result from this study, patients with type II diabetes have a stronger inclination towards a belief in lifestyle changes (diet and exercise) to improve their disease state than medication alone.

Pulse subsidies account for a substantial proportion of resource availability in many systems, having persistent and cascading effects on consumer population dynamics, and the routing of energy within and across ecosystem boundaries. Although the importance of resource pulses is well-established, consumer responses and the extent of resource partitioning is not well understood. I identified a pulse of marsh cyprinodontoid, invertebrate, and sunfish prey, entering an estuary, which was met by an influx of both marsh and estuarine predators. In response to the pulse, consumers showed marked diet segregation. Bass consumed significantly more cyprinodontoids, bowfin consumed significantly more invertebrates, and snook almost exclusively targeted sunfishes. The diversity of the resource pulse subsidizes multiple consumers, routing pulsed production through various trophic pathways and across ecosystem boundaries. Preserving complex trophic linkages like those of the Everglades ecotone may be important to maintaining ecosystem function and the provisioning of services, such as recreational fisheries.

The purpose of this study was to investigate work performance on a semi-defined, low calorie diet during daily periods of light and moderately heavy activity. Four male graduate students volunteered for the ten week study which was divided into five experimental periods. During Period 1 (control) the subjects received a balanced, normal diet of usual foods providing approximately 3600 calories per day and meeting the Canadian Dietary Standards for all nutrients. During this two week period, a "normal" level of activity was maintained. Period 2 consisted of ten days on a semi-defined low calorie diet with continued "normal" activity. The low calorie diet provided, approximately 1800 calories daily, plus one multiple vitamin pill. It met the Canadian Dietary Standards for all nutrients. Period 3 was a repeat of Period 1, two weeks during which the subjects received approximately 4000 calories, per day, of the control diet. Again, "normal" activity was maintained. Period 4 consisted of ten days of the same low calorie semi-defined diet as Period 2, with an additional daily energy expenditure, per subject, of approximately 500 calories. Period 5 was the same as Periods 1 and 3, two weeks of the control diet with "normal" activity. Several physiological variables were measured during the last two days of each experimental period to ascertain the effects of the treatment conditions on the cardiorespiratory and general fitness of the subjects. Strength measurements and maximal oxygen uptake determinations remained unchanged for the duration of the study, whereas, physical work capacity (PWC 170) decreased continually, beginning in the third experimental period. Total body weight decreased during Periods 2 and 4. Period 4, which involved increased physical activity caused slightly more weight loss than Period 2. Anthropometric measurements, body composition, and body density were only slightly changed, the changes paralleling the changes in body weight. Pasting blood samples were taken twice during each experimental period; midway through the period and on the last day. Twenty-four hour urine samples were also collected on the final day of each study period. Although some minor changes did occur, most biochemical parameters remained within normal limits. The blood glucose concentrations decreased during Periods 2 and 4 and plasma free fatty acid levels increased. Plasma cholesterol levels decreased during Periods 2 and 4, as did the hematocrit, hemoglobin, total serum protein, serum albumin, and blood urea nitrogen concentrations. Plasma Vitamins A and E, as well as the serum Vitamin C levels also decreased during Periods 2 and 4. Urinary thiamine excretion increased, possibly in response to the greater percentage of calories derived from endogenous fat stores Generally speaking, the low calorie diet situations were well tolerated by the subjects. Physiological measurements indicated a change only in physical work capacity, which decreased during the study. Biochemical determinations revealed definite alterations; however, most parameters remained within the normal limits. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate