A flexible nanofibrous PVDF-BaTiO3 composite material is prepared for impact sensing and biomechanical energy harvesting applications. Dielectric polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and barium titanate (BaTiO3)-PVDF nanofibrous composites were made using the electrospinning process based on a design of experiments approach. The ultrasonication process was optimized using a 2k factorial DoE approach to disperse BaTiO3 particles in PVDF solution in DMF. Scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the microstructure of the fabricated mesh. The FT-IR and Raman analysis were carried out to investigate the crystal structure of the prepared mesh. Surface morphology contribution to the adhesive property of the composite was explained through contact angle measurements. The capacitance of the prepared PVDF- BaTiO3 nanofibrous mesh was a more than 40% increase over the pure PVDF nanofibers. A comparative study of dielectric relaxation, thermodynamics properties and impact analysis of electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and 3% BaTiO3-PVDF nanofibrous composite are presented. The frequency dependent dielectric properties revealed micro structural features of the composite material. The dielectric relaxation behavior is further supported by complex impedance analysis and Nyquist plots. The temperature dependence of electric modulus shows Arrhenius type behavior. The observed non-Debye dielectric relaxation in electric loss modulus follows a thermally activated process which can be attributed to a small polaron hopping effect. The particle induced crystallization is supported with thermodynamic properties from differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) measurements. The observed increase in piezoelectric response by impact analysis was attributed to the interfacial interaction between PVDF and BaTiO3. The interfacial polarization between PVDF and BaTiO3 was studied using density functional theory calculations and atomic charge density analysis. The results obtained indicates that electrospinning offers a potential way to produce nanofibers with desired crystalline nature which was not observed in molded samples. In addition, BaTiO3 can be used to increase the capacitance, desired surface characteristics of the PVDF nanofibers which can find potential application as flexible piezoelectric sensor mimicking biological skin for use in impact sensing and energy harvesting applications.

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Mit der Entwicklung und Einführung ökologischer Bauweise im Neubau sowie neuen Baustoffsystemen in Sandwichbauweise wird es zunehmend erforderlich, neue effektive Befestigungsvarianten zu entwickeln, die eine dauerhafte Fixierung auch unter sicherheitstechnischen Bestimmungen sowie aus Garantie- bzw. haftungsrechtlichen Gründen ermöglichen. Die aus der Praxis bisher bekannten chemischen Befestigungssysteme (Zweikomponentenverbundmörtel, Verbundankerpatronen) weisen hinsichtlich der Applikation unter bautechnischen Bedingungen noch einige Nachteile auf. Dazu gehören vor allem längere Aushärtungszeiten zur Realisierung der abschließenden Verbundfestigkeit, Inhomogenitäten im Verbund, der Einsatz toxischer Verbindungen und eine Limitierung der Applikationsmöglichkeiten in horizontalen und Überkopf-Einsatzbereichen sowie Hohlkammersystemen. Alle zuvor genannten Punkte haben bis jetzt die Nutzung solcher Verbundwerkstoffe als universale Anwendungsmöglichkeit verhindert. Ein neues chemisches Befestigungssystem, welches aus Novolak gehärteten mit Hexamethylentetramin (Hexa) und anorganischen Füllstoff besteht, wurde für Applikationen in Beton entwickelt. Das Bindemittel härtet bei der Temperaturzuführung aus. Die unkatalysierte Befestigungsmasse zeigt bei einer Temperatur zwischen 150-300 °C eine hohe Reaktivität. Die Vorteile dieses Systems sind die unbegrenzte Lagerfähigkeit der vorgemischten härtbaren Masse sowie die Gewährleistung einer homogenen Netzwerkstruktur im gesamten Verbund und sie ist frei von giftigen und flüchtigen Substanzen. Auf den Einsatz toxischer Substanzen wurde verzichtet. In dieser Arbeit wurde die Gesamtkinetik der Reaktion während des Aushärtungsprozesses dieser Polymerkomposite untersucht. Die DSC- (nicht-isothermen, isothermen) und MDSC-Untersuchungen haben sich als ein sicheres Verfahren zur Qualitätskontrolle des Aushärtezustands der Befestigungssysteme herausgestellt. Parallel zur nicht-isothermischen und isothermischen DSC wurden Leitfähigkeitsmessungen durchgeführt, um den Endpunkt der Aushärtungsreaktion zu bestimmen. / The development and introduction of ecological construction methods and the use of sandwich materials make it necessary to develop new fixing systems and technologies. Dealing with the application in concrete and other substrates commercial chemical fixing systems show some disadvantages up to date. Especially the rather long curing time in order to realize the final bond strength, inhomogenities in the composite, the partial use of toxic substances and application limits of such systems in horizontal direction as well as hollow section materials has so far prevented the use of such composites for all-purpose applications. A new chemical fixing system, which consists of hexamethylene tetramine (hexa) cured novolac and inorganic filler, was developed for application in concrete. It is applied by a thermo-curing procedure. The uncatalyzed curable mixture has a high reactivity at temperature between 150-300 °C. Compared with commercial chemical fixing systems, the premixed curable mass has many benefits. First it has a unique storage stability and second, it is free of toxic and volatile substances. Another important aspect is, it is self-foaming. In this study was investigated the overall kinetics of the reaction during the curing process of these polymer composites. An appropriate method for this experiment proved to be the DSC in isothermal and non-isothermal mode and MDSC. This turned out to be a safe quality control technique for these systems. Parallel to the non-isothermal and isothermal DSC conductivity measurements have been performed to determine the end point of the curing reaction.

The ability to tune the properties over a wide range of values by changing the additives, composition, etc., has made chalcogenide glassy semiconductors, most interesting from both fundamental physics as well as technology point of view. In particular, the occurrence of the two network topological thresholds namely the Rigidity Percolation Threshold (RPT) and the Chemical Threshold (CT) and their influence on various properties of chalcogenide glasses have been of immense interest during the last three decades. The Rigidity Percolation Threshold (also known as the Stiffness Threshold or Mechanical Threshold) corresponds to the composition at which the material transforms from a floppy polymeric glass to a rigid amorphous solid, whereas at Chemical Threshold the sample tends towards an ordered state. Though the rigidity percolation has been considered for long to occur at a critical threshold defined by the constraint’s theory, the recent theoretical and experimental investigations have found the RPT to occur over a range of compositions. In systems exhibiting an extended rigidity percolation, two distinct transitions namely from a floppy to an isostatically rigid phase and from an isostatically rigid to a stressed rigid phase are seen. In the category of chalcogenide glasses, tellurides have been found to exhibit interesting properties including the phenomenon of electrical switching which finds applications in Phase Change Memories (PCM). Studies on various thermal, electrical and photoelectrical properties of glassy tellurides help us in identifying suitable materials for different technological applications. This thesis deals with Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC) & Temperature Modulated Alternating Differential Scanning Calorimetric (ADSC) studies, electrical switching investigations, photoconductivity & photothermal measurements on certain metal doped telluride glasses. The composition dependence of properties such as glass transition & crystallization temperatures, switching voltage, thermal diffusivity, photosensitivity, etc., have been analyzed to obtain information about topological thresholds, thermally reversing window, etc. The first chapter of thesis provides an overview of properties of amorphous semiconductors, in particular chalcogenide glasses. The local & defect structure, the electronic band structure & electrical properties, electrical switching behavior, etc., are discussed in detail. The theoretical aspects related to the experiments undertaken in this thesis work have also been described. The instrumentation used for various experiments conducted to measure thermal, electrical, photoelectrical and photothermal properties have been discussed in chapter two. The chapter three deals with the photocurrent measurements on As40Te60-xInx (7.5 ≤ x ≤ 16.5) glasses. In these samples, it has been found that the photocurrent increases with illumination, which is understood on the basis of the large dielectric constant and also due to the presence of a large number of positively charged defect states. Further, the composition dependence of the conductivity activation energy and the photosensitivity exhibit a maximum at x = 12.5 (<r> = 2.65) and a minimum at x = 15.0 (<r> = 2.70) which has been identified to be the Rigidity Percolation Threshold (RPT) and the Chemical Threshold (CT) respectively. The results of electrical switching, DSC and Photothermal Deflection (PTD) studies on As20Te80-xGax (7.5 ≤ x ≤ 18.5) glasses, undertaken to elucidate the network topological thresholds, are described in chapter four. It has been found that all the As20Te80-xGax glasses studied exhibit memory type electrical switching. The switching voltage (VT) of these glasses increases monotonically with x, in the composition range 7.5 ≤ x ≤ 15.0. The increase in VT with gallium addition leads to a local maximum at x = 15.0 and VT decreases with x thereafter, reaching a distinct minimum at x = 17.5. Based on the variation with composition of the electrical switching voltages, the composition x = 15.0 and x = 17.5 have been identified to be the rigidity percolation and chemical thresholds of the As20Te80-xGax glassy system respectively. Further, the DSC studies indicate that As20Te80-xGax glasses exhibit a single glass transition (Tg) and two crystallization reactions (Tc1 & Tc2) upon heating. There is no appreciable change in Tg of As20Te80-xGax glasses with the addition of upto about10 atom% of Ga, whereas a continuous increase is seen in the crystallization temperature (Tc1). It is interesting to note that both Tg and Tc1 exhibit a maximum at x = 15.0 and a minimum at x = 17.5, the compositions identified to be the RPT and CT respectively by the switching experiments. The composition dependence of thermal diffusivity estimated from the PTD signal, indicate the occurrence of an extended stiffness transition in As20Te80-xGax glasses, with the compositions x = 9.0 and x = 15.0 being the onset and the completion of an extended rigidity percolation. A maximum and a minimum are seen in the thermal diffusivity respectively at these compositions. Further, a second maximum is seen in the thermal diffusivity of As20Te80-xGax glasses, the Chemical Threshold (CT) of the glassy system. The fifth chapter of the thesis describes the ADSC, electrical switching and photocurrent measurements on Ge15Te85-xInx (1 ≤ x ≤ 11) glasses. It is found there is not much change in the Tg of Ge15Te85-xInx glasses in the composition range 1 ≤ x ≤ 3. An increase is seen in Tg beyond x = 3, which continues until x = 11. Further, the composition dependence of non-reversing enthalpy shows the presence of a thermally reversing window in the compositions range x = 3 and x = 7. Electrical switching studies indicate that Ge15Te85-xInx glasses exhibit threshold type of switching at input currents below 2 mA. It is observed that switching voltages decrease initially with indium addition, exhibiting a minimum at x = 3, the onset of the extended rigidity percolation as revealed by ADSC. An increase is seen in VT above x = 3, which proceeds till x = 8, with a change in slope (lower to higher) seen around 7 atom% of indium which corresponds to the completion of the stiffness transition. The reversal in trend exhibited in the variation of VT at x = 8, leads to a well defined minimum around x = 9, the chemical threshold of the Ge15Te85-xInx glassy system. Photocurrent measurements indicate that there is no photodegradation in Ge15Te85-xInx glasses with x < 3, whereas samples with x ≥ 3 show photodegradation behavior. The composition dependent variation in the glass transition temperature has been attributed for this behavior. Further, the composition dependence of photo sensitivity has been found to show the signatures of the extended rigidity percolation and the chemical threshold in Ge15Te85-xInx glasses. The last chapter of thesis (chapter six) summarizes the results obtained and also the scope of future work to be undertaken.

Additives, incorporated in film coating formulations, and their process parameters are generally selected using a trial-and-error approach. However, coating problems and defects, especially those associated with aqueous coating systems, indicate the necessity of embracing a quality-by-design approach to identify the optimum coating parameters. In this study, the feasibility of using thermal and rheological measurements to help evaluate and design novel coating formulations has been investigated. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), an enteric coating polymer, was used as the film forming polymer. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), and Parallel Plate Shear Rheometery (PPSR) were used to evaluate the effect of different plasticisers on the performance of HPMCAS. The results illustrate that, for identical formulations, the DSC and DMA methods yielded up to 40% differences in glass transition temperature (Tg) values. Moreover, Tg measured using loss modulus signals were always 20-30 oC less than those measured using tan delta results in DMA testing. Absolute and relative Tg values can significantly vary depending on the geometry of the samples, clamp size, temperature ramping rate and the frequency of the oscillations. Complex viscosity data for different formulations demonstrated a variable shear thinning behaviour and a Tg independent ranking. It is, therefore, insufficient to rely purely on Tg values to determine the relative performance of additives. In addition, complex viscosity results, obtained using both the DMA and PPSR techniques at similar temperatures, are shown to be comparable. The results from both techniques were therefore used to produce continuous master curves for the HPMCAS formulations. Additionally, step strain tests showed that HPMCAS chains do not fully III disentangle after 105 seconds as predicted by the Maxwell model. Finally, in situ aqueous-based coating experiments proved that mixtures of triethyl acetyl citrate and acetylated monoglyceride (TEAC/AMG), even without cooling of the suspension, do not cause blocking of the spray nozzle whereas triethyl citrate (TEC) based formulae did. TEAC (alone or in a combination with AMG) exhibits superior wettability to HPMCAS than TEC/AMG formulations and can be used to enhance the efficiency and film quality of the dry coating process.

Non-metallic inclusions in steels are generally considered to be detrimental for mechanical properties. However, it has been recognized that certain inclusions, such as Ti-oxide and TiN, can serve as potent nucleation sites for the formation of intragranular ferrite (IGF) in low-alloy steels. The formation of IGF could improve the toughness of the coarse grained heat affected zone (CGHAZ) of weld metals. Thus, the present thesis mainly focuses on the effect of size of nucleation sites on the IGF formation. Quantitative studies on the composition, size distribution and nucleation probability for each size of the inclusions as well as the area fraction, starting temperature and morphology of an IGF have been carried out. In the present work, the Ti-oxide and TiN powders were mixed with metallic powders. The mixed powders were heated up to the liquid state and cooled with a slow cooling rate of 3.6 ºC/min. These as-cast steels with Ti-oxide and TiN additions were used to simulate the IGF formation in the CGHAZ of weld metals. Specifically, the inclusion and microstructure characteristics in as-cast steels have been investigated. The results show that the nucleant inclusion was identified as a TiOx+MnS phase in steels with Ti2O3 additions and as a TiN+Mn-Al-Si-Ti-O+MnS phase in steels with TiN additions. In addition, the TiOx and TiN phases are detected to be the effective nucleation sites for IGF formation. It is clearly shown that an increased inclusion size leads to an increased probability of IGF nucleation. This probability of IGF nucleation for each inclusion size of the TiOx+MnS inclusions is clearly higher than that of the complex TiN+Mn-Al-Si-Ti-O+MnS inclusions. In addition, the area fraction of IGF in the steels with Ti2O3 additions is larger than that of the steels with TiN additions. This result agrees with the predicted tendency of the probability of IGF nucleation for each inclusion size in the steels with Ti2O3 and TiN additions. In order to predict the effective inclusion size for IGF formation, the critical diameters of the TiO, TiN and VN inclusions, which acted as the nucleation sites of IGF formation, were also calculated based on the classical nucleation theory. The critical diameters of TiO, TiN and VN inclusions for IGF formation were found to be 0.192, 0.355 and 0.810 μm in the present steels. The calculation results were found to be in agreement with the experiment data of an effective inclusion size. Moreover, the effects of the S, Mn and C contents on the critical diameters of inclusions were also calculated. It was found that the critical diameter of the TiO, TiN and VN inclusions increases with an increased content of Mn or C. However, the S content doesn’t have a direct effect on the critical diameter of the inclusions for IGF formation. The probability of IGF nucleation for each inclusion size slightly decreases in the steel containing a higher S content. This fact is due to that an increased amount of MnS precipitation covers the nucleant inclusion surface. In the as-cast experiment, it was noted that an IGF can be formed in steels with Ti2O3 and TiN additions with a cooling rate of 3.6 ºC/min. In order to control the microstructure characteristics, such as the area fraction and the morphology of an IGF, and to investigate the starting temperature of IGF and grain boundary ferrite (GBF) formation, the dynamic transformation behavior of IGF and GBF was studied in-situ by a high temperature confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). Furthermore, the chemical compositions of the inclusions and the morphology of IGF after the in-situ observations were investigated by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) which equipped wavelength dispersive spectrometer (WDS). The results show that the area fraction of IGF is larger in the steels with Ti2O3 additions compared to the steels with TiN additions, after the same thermal cycle has been imposed. This is due to that the TiOx phase provides more potent nucleation sites for IGF than the TiN phase does. Also, the area fraction of IGF in the steels is highest after at an intermediate cooling rate of 70 ºC/min, since the competing phase transformations are avoided. This fact has been detected by using a hybrid methodology in combination with CLSM and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In addition, it is noted that the morphology of an IGF is refined with an increased cooling rate. / <p>QC 20150325</p>

Processing of Bolu-Himmetoglu (Type I Kerogen) and Ankara-Beypazari (Type II Kerogen) oil shales by flotation techniques were investigated for achieving clean solid fuel substitutes. Materials characterization was done through mineralogical, XRD and FTIR analyses. Flotation responses of the samples were tested with non-ionizing and ionizing collectors of cationic and anionic types. The effects of the collector dosage and pulp pH on cleaning were determined. Other important flotation parameters, conditioning time, flotation time, pulp density, particle size and frother dosage were encountered using a statistical approach, through a full two level factorial experimental design. An advanced flotation procedure, assisted by ultrasonic application, was developed for further improvement in flotation performance. The effects of cleaning on thermal characterstics and combustion kinetics were evaluated with Differential Scanning Calorimetry and ASTM methods while the changes in the emission profiles were assessed using Effluent Gas Analysis. Himmetoglu sample was characterized as a carbonate and organic rich humic oil shale with XRD and FTIR analyses while Beypazari oil shale involved significant carbonate and clay minerals and exhibited a fulvic character with a poor organics content. Reverse flotation with amine acetates provided the most effective means of cleaning with Himmetoglu oil shale. Ash was decreased from 34.76 % to 23.52 % with a combustible recovery of 83.57 % using 800 g/ton Flotigam CA at natural pH and the calorific value increased from 4312 kcal/kg to 5010 kcal/kg. Direct flotation with amines was most effective for Beypazari oil shale cleaning. Using Armoflote 17, ash was reduced from 69.88 % to 53.10 % with 58.64 % combustible recovery using 800 g/ton Armoflote 17 at natural pulp pH and the calorific value of the sample increased from 876 kcal/kg to 2046 kcal/kg. Following optimization, ash of Himmetoglu oil shale decreased to 16.81 % with 84.10 % combustible recovery and calorific value increased to 5564 kcal/kg. For Beypazari oil shale ash decreased to % 48.42 with 59.17 % combustible recovery and the calorific value increased to 2364 kcal/kg. Ultrasonic pre-treatment before flotation further decreased the ash of Himmetoglu sample to 11.82 % with 82.66 % combustible recovery at 15 minutes pre-conditioning time and 50 % power level. For Beypazari oil shale, ash decreased to 34.76 % with 64.78 % combustible recovery after 15 minutes pre-treatment time at 70 % power level. Comparative XRD spectra and SEM analyses revealed that the extent of mineral matter removal relied on the flotation performance. The thermal indicators considerably improved after cleaning and the extent of improvement increased with a decrease in the ash of the concentrates. Kinetic analysis showed the favorable effect of inorganics removal on the effectiveness and easiness of combustion and activation energies decreased after cleaning for both oil shales. The contributions of cleaning on the effectiveness of combustion were also revealed by the increases in the emission rates and total CO2 and CO emission amounts. CO2 emissions due to mineral matter decomposition and harmful SO2 emissions apparently decreased as a consequence of the cleaning of the undesired inorganic contituents and potentially cleaning components. Results of the cleaning and thermal analysis sudies revealed that it was possible to achieve a clean energy source alternative from oil shales through flotation and a significant potential can be anticipated for future use of oil shales as a cost effective and environmental friendly solid fuel substitute in view of Turkey&amp / #8217 / s great oil shale reserves.

Additives, incorporated in film coating formulations, and their process parameters are generally selected using a trial-and-error approach. However, coating problems and defects, especially those associated with aqueous coating systems, indicate the necessity of embracing a quality-by-design approach to identify the optimum coating parameters. In this study, the feasibility of using thermal and rheological measurements to help evaluate and design novel coating formulations has been investigated. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), an enteric coating polymer, was used as the film forming polymer. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), and Parallel Plate Shear Rheometery (PPSR) were used to evaluate the effect of different plasticisers on the performance of HPMCAS. The results illustrate that, for identical formulations, the DSC and DMA methods yielded up to 40% differences in glass transition temperature (Tg) values. Moreover, Tg measured using loss modulus signals were always 20-30 oC less than those measured using tan delta results in DMA testing. Absolute and relative Tg values can significantly vary depending on the geometry of the samples, clamp size, temperature ramping rate and the frequency of the oscillations. Complex viscosity data for different formulations demonstrated a variable shear thinning behaviour and a Tg independent ranking. It is, therefore, insufficient to rely purely on Tg values to determine the relative performance of additives. In addition, complex viscosity results, obtained using both the DMA and PPSR techniques at similar temperatures, are shown to be comparable. The results from both techniques were therefore used to produce continuous master curves for the HPMCAS formulations. Additionally, step strain tests showed that HPMCAS chains do not fully III disentangle after 105 seconds as predicted by the Maxwell model. Finally, in situ aqueous-based coating experiments proved that mixtures of triethyl acetyl citrate and acetylated monoglyceride (TEAC/AMG), even without cooling of the suspension, do not cause blocking of the spray nozzle whereas triethyl citrate (TEC) based formulae did. TEAC (alone or in a combination with AMG) exhibits superior wettability to HPMCAS than TEC/AMG formulations and can be used to enhance the efficiency and film quality of the dry coating process.

Plastskräp har blivit ett global problem på grund av nedskräpning och otillräcklig avfallshantering. Användning av biologiskt nedbrytbart material kan underlätta problemet, även om det inte är en universallösning. Produkter gjorda av biologiskt nedbrytbart material skall ändå till avfallshantering eftersom nedbrytningen kan vara långvarig och variera mycket beroende av omgivningen. Därmed är användningen av biologiskt nedbrytbart material endast berättigat då det är svårt att samla in materialet eller avskilja det från organiskt material. Studiens mål var att undersöka biologiskt nedbrytbara material som kan användas i produkter som fungerar under många olika driftsförhållanden och inte kan återställas efter användning. I den litterära delen av denna studie definieras nedbrytning genom egenskaper och förhållanden som påverkar nedbrytningsprocessen. Nedbrytning av polyestrar och cellulosa och de standardprocessarna som används i nedbrytningsexperimenten betraktades. Standardprocesserna för nedbrytning studerades för att få en klarare inblick i den eftertraktade nedbrytningsgraden och de standardiserade förhållandena för nedbrytningen i olika miljöer. En sammanfattning av olika nedbrytningsexperiment och analysmetoder är också inkluderade för att försäkra att experimenten som utfördes är både giltiga och jämförbara med andra forskningsresultat inom fältet. I detta forskningsprojekt utfördes nedbrytningsexperiment i färskvatten- och hemkompostmiljöer. Målet med projektet var att bedöma ifall materialen kunde brytas ned i ett brett spektrum av miljöer, ifall de var mindre skadliga för naturen än konventionella material som används av dagens industri och för att uppskatta nedbrytningstakten. Nedbrytningstiden var 140 dagar och experimentet utfördes med 10 olika material: betecknade som A-J. Materialen analyserades 8 gånger under nedbrytningsperioden förutom materialen I och J som analyserades en gång efter 140 dagar. Materialen analyserades mekaniskt, strukturellt och termiskt med hjälp av dragprovning, FTIR och DSC. Provernas viktförändring bestämdes också. Nedbrytning observerades visuellt från provernas yta och genom mekaniska prover. Materialen som placerades i hemkomposten visade klara tecken på nedbrytning då färgen hade förändrats och förstärkningsfibrerna hade blivit synliga. Materialen som placerats i hemkompostmiljö visade också klara tecken på tillväxt av mikroorganismer och biomassa som uppstått på ytan av materialen. Sammanfattningsvist, visade materialen B, C och G de mest lovande resultaten med klara tecken på biologisk nedbrytning och de hade en snabbare nedbrytningstakt än de andra materialen som undersöktes. Material D visade klara tecken på biologisk nedbrytning på ytan men dess nedbrytningstakt var uppskattad att vara mycket långsammare. Därmed rekommenderas det att använda material A, B, D och G istället för konventionella icke biologiskt nedbrytbara material. Dessa material har potential att sänka den negativa inverkan och de långsiktiga riskerna av plastskräp för miljön. / Plastic debris has become a global crisis due to littering and misplaced waste management. The use of biodegradable materials can ease the problem, but it is not always the answer. Products made of biodegradable materials are still to be waste managed since biodegradation can be a long process and is highly dependent on the environment conditions. Hence, the use of biodegradable materials is justified only when retrieving the product after use is impossible or prohibitively expensive or separating it from organic matter is difficult. This study was made to investigate biodegradable materials that can be used in products that are operating in broad range of operational conditions and cannot be retrieved back after use in most cases. In the literature part of this study the biodegradation is defined along with properties and conditions that affect the biodegradation process. Biodegradation of polyesters and cellulose, and standards used in the biodegradation experiments were reviewed. Biodegradation standards were studied in order to have a clearer picture of the pursued degree of biodegradation and standardized properties in the biodegradation experiments. Review of different biodegradation tests and analysis methods are included as well to ensure that the experiments performed in this work are valid and comparable with other biodegradation studies.  In this study, the biodegradation experiment was conducted in freshwater and home compost environments. The aim was to determine if the materials were able to biodegrade in wide range of environments, to make sure they are less harmful than the conventional materials used in the industry and to estimate the rate of biodegradation. The duration of the experiments were 140 days with 10 different materials: A – J. The materials were analyzed 8 times during the aging period, except materials I and J, which were analyzed only once after 140 days. The samples were analyzed mechanically, structurally, and thermally using tensile test, FTIR and DSC measurements, respectively. Also, the samples weight changes were analyzed.  The degradation was visually observed from the surfaces of the samples and from mechanical testing in both experimental environments. Home compost environment showed clear signs of biodegradation where reinforcement fibers became visible and changed the color of some of the samples. Also, home compost samples had microorganisms growing on them, and biomass was developing around them. To conclude, material B, C and G had the most promising results with clear signs of biodegradation and had faster estimated biodegradation rate compared with the other studied materials. Material D had signs of biodegradation on the surface as well. However, the biodegradation rate was estimated to be much slower. In conclusion, it is recommended to use the studied materials A, B, D and G instead of the conventional non-biodegradable polymers. These materials have potential to lower the negative impact and long-term risks of plastic debris to the environment.

Les principes actifs, dans leur chemin vers leur cible thérapeutique, rencontrent une ou plusieurs membranes biologiques (plasmique, intracellulaire). Les interactions entre un principe actif et ces membranes sont importantes : d’une part les propriétés pharmacocinétiques de la molécule active (transport, distribution, accumulation) en dépendent, d’autre part le principe actif peut modifier les propriétés structurales des membranes. L’étude de ces interactions est rendue difficile par la complexité des membranes en termes de composition (lipidique et protéique) et de structure (hétérogénéité de l’organisation). Par conséquent, l’utilisation de systèmes modèles simplifiés est nécessaire. Au cours de ce travail de thèse nous avons cherché à réaliser des bicouches lipidiques modèles dont les caractéristiques se rapprochaient de celles des membranes biologiques en complexifiant progressivement leur composition lipidique. Nous avons ensuite étudié l’interaction d’une molécule anti-VIH squalénisée, le ddC-SQ, avec nos modèles de membrane.Un des rôles essentiels des membranes biologiques étant de séparer deux milieux aqueux de composition ionique différente, nous avons étudié dans un premier temps l’influence de la nature du milieu d’hydratation sur les propriétés thermiques et structurales des bicouches lipidiques. A pH physiologique, nous avons mis en évidence que seuls les ions divalents (à faibles concentrations) induisaient de profondes modifications structurales en provoquant la formation de vésicules unilamellaires dans les systèmes simples. Une seconde partie de nos travaux a consisté à étudier l’interaction d’un antiviral squalénisé, le ddC-squalène (ddC-SQ), avec nos différentes bicouches modèles. Cet analogue nucléosidique a été associé de manière covalente à une chaîne de squalène afin d’améliorer ses propriétés pharmacocinétiques. Cette squalénisation confère à la molécule la capacité de s’auto-assembler en nanoparticules présentant une structure cubique bicontinue. Les résultats obtenus ont révélé que le principe actif squalénisé interagissait fortement avec les membranes à l’inverse de la molécule native. L’organisation structurale des systèmes modèles est profondément modifiée par l’insertion du ddC-SQ, ce qui pourrait influer sur l’activité du composé. / Drugs must cross one or more biological membranes (plasma membrane, intracellular membrane) to reach their intracellular target. Interactions between drug and membranes play a significant role in the pharmacokinetic properties of drug such as transport, distribution, accumulation. Moreover, drugs may alter membrane properties. The complexity of the composition (protein and lipid) and the structural properties (heterogeneity) of membranes leads to a difficult investigation of these interactions. Consequently, use of simplified model membranes is needed. In this work, model lipid bilayer systems in which the lipid organization mimics the arrangement of lipids in natural membrane have been developed. In this way, the complexity of lipid composition mixtures has been progressively increased. The primary function of membrane is to physically separate aqueous compartments from their surroundings. The intracellular and extracellular fluids differ in ionic composition. This study firstly consists to estimate the influence of aqueous medium nature on the thermodynamic and structural properties of these model membranes.In physiological conditions (pH 7.4, ionic strength 150 mM), the most significant change was obtained in the presence of divalent ions. Markedly change in lipid organization was observed and the formation of unilamellar vesicles has been evidenced (at low concentrations) in simple model bilayers. Interactions of an antiretroviral nucleoside analogue, the SQddC, with lipid systems constitute the second part of our work. Squalene has been covalently coupled to ddC, in order to improve its therapeutic index. Squalenoylation leads to amphiphilic prodrugs which self-organize as nanoparticles. ddC weakly interacts with lipid membranes while SQddC-SQ can insert into membranes between hydrophobic alkyl chains and induce disruption of lipid organization. Consequently, the efficacy and/or toxicity of this drug could change.