Dans un environnement ouvert tel que l'Internet, les interlocuteurs sont parfois inconnus et toujours dématérialisés. Les concepts et les technologies de la confiance numérique et de la sécurité informatique doivent se combiner pour permettre un contrôle d'accès en environnement ouvert. Dans nos travaux, nous nous proposons d'étudier les concepts majeurs de cette problématique, puis de concevoir, et enfin de développer un système fonctionnel, basé sur des standards du contrôle d'accès, pour un environnement ouvert et appliqué à l'Internet. Plus précisément, notre étude consiste à mettre en œuvre une architecture de contrôle d'accès basée sur la confiance numérique. L'élément central de cette architecture est l'environnement utilisateur très riche et déployé en ligne. Cet environnement est doté de trois modules principaux qui permettent à l'utilisateur de mener à bien ses transactions. Ces modules sont le module d'analyse de règlements, le module de récupération de données et le module de validation de règlements. Nous avons élaborés des algorithmes utilisés dans ces modules. L'usage est le suivant. L'utilisateur demande un service à un fournisseur de services, celui-ci analyse la requête de l'utilisateur et extrait le règlement à partir de la base des règles de contrôle d'accès. Cette architecture est conçue à l'aide de modèles de contrôle d'accès basé sur les attributs et le langage XACML. Ce règlement contient des conditions à satisfaire par l'utilisateur pour obtenir le droit d'accès à la ressource demandée. Le module d'analyse de règlement permet à l'utilisateur d'analyser le règlement reçu du fournisseur de service. Cette analyse consiste à vérifier à l'aide d'un algorithme la disponibilité de ses informations auprès de ses sources d'information d'identité de confiance pour le fournisseur de services. Le module de récupération de données permet ensuite à l'utilisateur de récupérer ses certificats. Le module de validation lui permet de tester qu'il satisfait le règlement grâce aux certificats. Si le règlement est satisfait l'utilisateur diffuse ses certificats au fournisseur de service. La conception de ce système repose sur un ensemble de brique technologiques étudiées et décrites dans ces travaux. Ce document débute par une étude des différents cas d'usage dans le domaine des transactions en ligne. Cette étude permet de mettre en évidence la problématique de la gestion des identités numériques en environnement ouvert. Les organisations virtuelles, la notion de partenariat et la confiance sont des éléments clés qui entrent dans la conception des systèmes de contrôle d'accès basé sur la confiance. Une première étude d'un ensemble de modèles de contrôle d'accès nous permet de dégager le modèle ABAC et le langage XACML pour la conception de notre système. Dans un second temps, nous concevons le modèle de données de notre système de contrôle d'accès distribué et nous présentons et évaluons les algorithmes clés. Ensuite, nous concevons une architecture protocolaire satisfaisant les besoins d'interopérabilité entre les différentes entités impliquées. Il s'agit de protocoles permettant d'établir une session auprès d'un système, permettant de véhiculer un règlement de contrôle d'accès et permettant d'obtenir et de diffuser des informations entre tiers de confiance. La dernière partie est consacrée à l'implémentation réalisée en langage python et en utilisant le « framework » de développement Web Django / In an open environment such as the Internet, the interlocutors are sometimes unknown and always dematerialized. The concepts and the technologies of the digital confidence and the IT security have to harmonize to allow an access control in open environment. In our works, we suggest studying the major concepts of this problem, then designing, and finally developing a functional system, based on standards of the access control, for an environment open and applied to the Internet. More exactly, our study consists in implementing architecture of access control based on the digital confidence. The central element of this architecture is the on-line very rich and spread user environment. This environment is endowed with three main modules which allow the user to bring to a successful conclusion his transactions. These modules are the module of analysis of regulations, the module of data recovery and the module of validation of regulations. We developed algorithms used in these modules. The use is the following one. The user asks for a service in a service provider, this one analyzes the request of the user and extracts the regulation from the basis of the rules of access control. This architecture is designed by means of models of access control based on the attributes and the language XACML. This payment contains conditions to be satisfied by the user to obtain the access right in the wanted resource. The module of analysis of payment allows the user to analyze the regulation received from the supplier of service. This analysis consists in verifying by means of an algorithm the availability of its information with its information sources of reliable identity for the service provider. The module of data recovery allows then the user to get back its certificates. The module of validation allows him to test that it satisfies the payment thanks to certificates. If the payment is satisfied the user spreads his certificates to the supplier of service. The design of this system rests on a set of brick technological studied and described in these works. This document begins with a study of the various cases of use in the field of the on-line transactions. This study allows to highlight the problem of the management of the digital identities in open environment. The virtual organizations, the notion of partnership and the confidence are key elements which enter the conception of the systems of access control based on the confidence. A first study of a set of models of access control allows us to clear the model ABAC and the language XACML for the design of our system. Secondly, we conceive the model of data of our system of distributed access control and we present and estimate the key algorithms. Then, we conceive formal architecture satisfying the needs for interoperability between the various implied entities. It is about protocols allowing to establish a session with a system, allowing to convey a payment of access control and allowing to obtain and to spread information between trusted third party. The last part is dedicated to the implementation realized in language Python and by using the "framework" of Web development Django

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:35:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4738.pdf: 3913379 bytes, checksum: 8291de03f64c1c34393fc238cd698a5e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-26 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / This research, from a socio-historical perspective, focused the theme of young urban popular authors of offense and their relationship with the Public School in the city of São Carlos, São Paulo. Its overall objective was to investigate the relationship between the condition of youth enrolled in poverty and their school careers steeped interventions by institutions recognized as protection, according to the Statute of Children and Adolescents, once sparked the offense, in our case, the Núcleo de Atendimento Integrado (NAI). To this end, we worked with the monitoring and reconstruction of life stories of young people who committed the offense as well as analyzed the school reporting of young graduates from NAI System since its introduction in 2000 until the year 2009. This resulted in the production of a database with information from 2969 school reportings and the reconstruction of 10 teenagers life stories. Using these two data sources based on the understanding that the statistics can offer visibility and ability to generalize what their life stories is restricted because of their uniqueness, while those same stories, the depth of description and the accumulation of information, can qualify and provide concreteness to statistical analysis. Thus, the main results that this work points that young people that living in poor urban neighborhoods, attending Public School and accumulating grade failing, grade/age distortion and a high turnover within and among schools are more likely to enter the social-justice system. We emphasize the need to review the award to adolescence brand of social vulnerability, focusing the care failure and vulnerable situations that arise in the medium term in relation to the offenses are placed since the Childhood. Thus, points that the Public School is a protective element in the life of these young people, showing to the education sector linked to other social policies and family/community care that still need to be undertaken in Elementary School. Finally, it identifies the inadequacy of the system of social educational measures, focusing on open environment, its inefficiency in relation to the insertion and monitoring of their adolescents in the regular education and the demonstration that the entry in this system entails the incompleteness and the 'failure' of school life. We hoped that this study can provide references for coping vulnerabilities surrounding the daily life of adolescents and young urban popular groups and the construction of a Public School with the ability, at the same time providing quality education for all and recognizing the unique demands of caring for their students. The logic here is that this school is possible, since articulated with the network of local protection, services and community, and the operators realize the complexity of life and necessities showed by their public. / A presente pesquisa, a partir de uma perspectiva sócio-histórica, debruçou-se sobre a temática dos jovens populares urbanos autores de ato infracional e a sua relação com a Escola Pública, na cidade de São Carlos, interior de São Paulo. Seu objetivo geral foi investigar as relações entre a condição juvenil inscrita na pobreza e seus percursos escolares perpassados por intervenções de instituições reconhecidas como de proteção, segundo o Estatuto da Criança e Adolescente, uma vez deflagrado o ato infracional; no caso em estudo, o Núcleo de Atendimento Integrado (NAI). Para tanto, trabalhou-se com o acompanhamento e a reconstituição de histórias de vida de jovens que cometeram ato infrancional, bem como se analisou históricos escolares dos jovens egressos do Sistema NAI desde sua implantação, no ano de 2000, até o ano de 2009. Isso resultou na produção de um banco de dados com informações provenientes de 2969 históricos escolares e na reconstituição da história de vida de 10 adolescentes descritas e discutidas em seis narrativas. O uso dessas duas fontes de dados fundamenta-se na compreensão de que os dados estatísticos podem ofertar a visibilidade e a capacidade de generalização que nas histórias de vidas, por sua singularidade, é restrita, ao passo que essas mesmas histórias, pela profundidade da descrição e pelo acúmulo de informações, podem qualificar e dar concretude à análise estatística. Os principais resultados deste trabalho demonstram que são os jovens moradores das periferias urbanas, que frequentam a Escola Pública e que acumulam em sua trajetória escolar repetências, evasões, distorção série/idade e uma rotatividade intra e inter escolas, os mais propensos a adentrarem o sistema sociojurídico. Destaca-se a necessidade da revisão da atribuição à fase da adolescência da marca da vulnerabilidade social, colocando-se em foco que as insuficiências no cuidado e as situações de vulnerabilidade das quais podem decorrer, em médio prazo, o envolvimento com os atos infracionais estão presentes desde a Infância. Por outro lado, os dados evidenciam que a escola representou um elemento protetivo na trajetória desses jovens, demonstrando, para o setor educação, articulado com as demais políticas sociais e com a família/comunidade, que os cuidados precisam ser empreendidos ainda na Educação Infantil e no Ciclo I do Ensino Fundamental. Identificou-se também a inadequação do sistema de medidas socioeducativas, com foco nas de meio aberto, sua ineficiência no que se refere à inserção e ao acompanhamento dos adolescentes no ensino regular, bem como a demonstração de que a entrada nesse sistema acarreta dificuldades ainda maiores para uma trajetória escolar que já apontava precariedades importantes antes mesmo do ato infracional. A não finalização das etapas de escolarização, regular ou a de jovens e adultos, e o insucesso são marcas carregadas por esses jovens. Espera-se que este estudo possa oferecer referências para estratégias de enfrentamento às vulnerabilidades que cercam o cotidiano de adolescentes e jovens de grupos populares urbanos e para a construção de uma Escola Pública com a capacidade, de ao mesmo tempo, oferecer qualidade para todos e reconhecer as demandas singulares de cuidado dos seus alunos. A lógica aqui é de que essa Escola é possível, desde que articulada à rede de proteção local, de serviços e comunitária, e que seus agentes apreendam a complexidade da vida e as necessidades apresentadas pelo seu público.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / A presente dissertação, apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia Social da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, teve como proposta pesquisar a municipalização das medidas socioeducativas em meio aberto. O objetivo da pesquisa foi o de retratar como esse processo estrutura-se no estado do Rio de Janeiro, especificamente no município de Niterói. A fim de compreender a dimensão estrutural da municipalização, foi realizada pesquisa de campo junto ao Departamento Geral de Ações Socioeducativas (DEGASE), órgão de referência estadual, e junto ao Centro de Referência Especializado de Assistência Social (CREAS) do município de Niterói. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, realizadas com representante da Assessoria às Medidas Socioeducativas e ao Egresso, vinculada ao DEGASE, e com o coordenador e os profissionais da equipe de referência socioeducativa do CREAS/Niterói. A categorização e análise dos dados foram empreendidas por meio da Análise de Conteúdo das entrevistas e das anotações feitas em diário de campo. Os resultados da pesquisa forneceram subsídios para uma reflexão acerca da execução das medidas socioeducativas de Liberdade Assistida e de Prestação de Serviço à Comunidade no processo de municipalização, além de um panorama a respeito da assessoria prestada aos municípios. Constatou-se, no estudo, a fragilidade do processo de municipalização, em especial pela precarização das condições de trabalho neste campo. Ao mesmo tempo, foi evidenciado que a escassez de um trabalho em rede com as instituições municipais e com o Sistema de Garantia de Direitos da criança e do adolescente dificulta que se siga o que dispõem o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente, o Sistema Nacional de Atendimento Socioeducativo e a Tipificação Nacional de Serviços Socioassistenciais no que diz respeito à execução das medidas em meio aberto. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que o caráter social e educativo das medidas em meio aberto ainda está por ser assegurado aos adolescentes em cumprimento de medidas. / This dissertation, presented to the Postgraduate Program in Social Psychology of the University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, intended to study the municipalization of socio-educative measures in open environment. The objective of this research was to portray how this process is structured in the state of Rio de Janeiro, specifically at the city of Niterói. In order to understand the structural dimension of municipalization, field research was conducted at the General Department of Socio-Educational Actions (DEGASE), reference institution in the state, and at the Reference Specialized Center of Social Assistance (CREAS) of the city of Niterói. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with a representative of Advice to Socio-Educative Measures and to the Egress, linked to DEGASE, and with the coordinator and professionals of the socio-educative reference team of CREAS/Niterói. The categorization and analysis of data were undertaken through Content Analysis of interviews and notes made in the field diary. The research results provided subsides for a reflection about the execution of socio-educative measures of Assisted Freedom and Community Services in the process of municipalization, as well as an overview about the advisement given to the cities. In the study, it was found the fragility of the process of municipalization, specially due to the precariousness of the working conditions in this field. At the same time, the study led to the evidence that the scarcity of network with municipal institutions and the Child and Adolescents Rights Guarantee System makes it difficult to follow the dispositions of the Child and Adolescent Statute, the National System of Socio-Educative Attendance and the National Typification of Social Assistance Services, regarding the execution of measures in open environment. The research results indicate that the social and educational character of the measures in open environment is yet to be assured to adolescents in compliance of measures.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / A presente dissertação, apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia Social da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, teve como proposta pesquisar a municipalização das medidas socioeducativas em meio aberto. O objetivo da pesquisa foi o de retratar como esse processo estrutura-se no estado do Rio de Janeiro, especificamente no município de Niterói. A fim de compreender a dimensão estrutural da municipalização, foi realizada pesquisa de campo junto ao Departamento Geral de Ações Socioeducativas (DEGASE), órgão de referência estadual, e junto ao Centro de Referência Especializado de Assistência Social (CREAS) do município de Niterói. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, realizadas com representante da Assessoria às Medidas Socioeducativas e ao Egresso, vinculada ao DEGASE, e com o coordenador e os profissionais da equipe de referência socioeducativa do CREAS/Niterói. A categorização e análise dos dados foram empreendidas por meio da Análise de Conteúdo das entrevistas e das anotações feitas em diário de campo. Os resultados da pesquisa forneceram subsídios para uma reflexão acerca da execução das medidas socioeducativas de Liberdade Assistida e de Prestação de Serviço à Comunidade no processo de municipalização, além de um panorama a respeito da assessoria prestada aos municípios. Constatou-se, no estudo, a fragilidade do processo de municipalização, em especial pela precarização das condições de trabalho neste campo. Ao mesmo tempo, foi evidenciado que a escassez de um trabalho em rede com as instituições municipais e com o Sistema de Garantia de Direitos da criança e do adolescente dificulta que se siga o que dispõem o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente, o Sistema Nacional de Atendimento Socioeducativo e a Tipificação Nacional de Serviços Socioassistenciais no que diz respeito à execução das medidas em meio aberto. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que o caráter social e educativo das medidas em meio aberto ainda está por ser assegurado aos adolescentes em cumprimento de medidas. / This dissertation, presented to the Postgraduate Program in Social Psychology of the University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, intended to study the municipalization of socio-educative measures in open environment. The objective of this research was to portray how this process is structured in the state of Rio de Janeiro, specifically at the city of Niterói. In order to understand the structural dimension of municipalization, field research was conducted at the General Department of Socio-Educational Actions (DEGASE), reference institution in the state, and at the Reference Specialized Center of Social Assistance (CREAS) of the city of Niterói. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with a representative of Advice to Socio-Educative Measures and to the Egress, linked to DEGASE, and with the coordinator and professionals of the socio-educative reference team of CREAS/Niterói. The categorization and analysis of data were undertaken through Content Analysis of interviews and notes made in the field diary. The research results provided subsides for a reflection about the execution of socio-educative measures of Assisted Freedom and Community Services in the process of municipalization, as well as an overview about the advisement given to the cities. In the study, it was found the fragility of the process of municipalization, specially due to the precariousness of the working conditions in this field. At the same time, the study led to the evidence that the scarcity of network with municipal institutions and the Child and Adolescents Rights Guarantee System makes it difficult to follow the dispositions of the Child and Adolescent Statute, the National System of Socio-Educative Attendance and the National Typification of Social Assistance Services, regarding the execution of measures in open environment. The research results indicate that the social and educational character of the measures in open environment is yet to be assured to adolescents in compliance of measures.

No description available.

Submitted by Eunice Novais (enovais@uepg.br) on 2017-08-19T00:30:52Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Crisna Maria.pdf: 5531884 bytes, checksum: 88df8a46747b7751a0ee1d9aa1498e5b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-19T00:30:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Crisna Maria.pdf: 5531884 bytes, checksum: 88df8a46747b7751a0ee1d9aa1498e5b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-05 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo principal compreender os limites e as possibilidades de execução do Plano Individual de Atendimento (PIA) no contexto da medida socioeducativa de Liberdade Assistida (LA) no Programa de Execução de Medidas Socioeducativas em Meio Aberto - PEMSE de Ponta Grossa/PR, sob a perspectiva da socioeducação. Trata-se de uma pesquisa interdisciplinar, de cunho sociojurídico, que articula as dimensões qualitativas e quantitativas, por meio do estudo de caso. Os procedimentos metodológicos utilizados foram pesquisa bibliográfica, pesquisa documental, com recorte temporal entre janeiro a junho de 2015, observação não estruturada, entrevistas semi-estruturadas tendo por sujeitos os adolescentes que tiveram extinta a LA no período indicado, seus responsáveis e os profissionais que laboram no PEMSE. Os depoimentos dos sujeitos entrevistados foram analisados com o auxílio da técnica da análise de conteúdo na modalidade categorial. O tema permitiu que o trabalho fosse dividido em três capítulos, acrescidos de uma Introdução e Conclusão. O primeiro capítulo objetiva resgatar os principais documentos internacionais e nacionais que consolidaram o direito da criança e do adolescente, analisados sob o recorte da socioeducação. Nesta construção, o estudo se aproxima do atual modelo de responsabilização proposto pelo ECA e regulamentado pelo SINASE, da compreensão da essência do ato infracional e das medidas socioeducativas, especificamente a LA. O segundo capítulo parte da reflexão acerca da fase da adolescência para abordar a categoria Socioeducação. Ainda, aprofunda o PIA, suas características e objetivos. O terceiro capítulo destina-se a descrever o PEMSE de Ponta Grossa/PR, além de apresentar e analisar o perfil dos adolescentes que cumpriram a LA, com base nos resultados extraídos dos seus PIA’s, e analisar o conteúdo das entrevistas a partir das categorias identificadas. O que fica mais evidente através da pesquisa realizada é que o PIA é uma relevante ferramenta de planejamento, registro e articulação das metas pactuadas no atendimento socioeducativo. No caso da execução do PIA junto a LA no PEMSE foram identificados limites como a efetiva participação do adolescente e dos seus responsáveis, baixa escolaridade, evasão escolar, uso de drogas, gravidez na adolescência, frágil atendimento interdisciplinar, desarticulação da rede de proteção e serviços das políticas públicas, entre outros. As possibilidades de execução do PIA dizem respeito ao salutar vínculo estabelecido entre o socioeducando e seu orientador, as iniciativas de modificação da prática do atendimento e avaliação interdisciplinar, encaminhamentos da LA de acordo com as peculiaridades de cada adolescente. Permanece o desafio de superar os limites para efetivamente ofertar uma prática socioeducativa. / The present research has as its main objective to understand the limits and the possibilities for the execution of the Individual Care Plan (ICP) in the context of the socioeducational measures of Assisted Freedom (AF) in the execution of the Program of Implementation of Socio-educational Measures in Open Environment in Ponta Grossa/PR, from a socioeducational perspective. It is an interdisciplinary, socio-legal research that articulates the qualitative and quantitative dimensions through a case study. The methodological procedures applied herein were a bibliographical research, a documentary research, with a temporal cut between January and June 2015, unstructured observations, semi-structured interviews with subjects who terminated the AF during the study period, their caregivers and professionals who work at the PEMSE. The interview responses were analyzed with the aid of the content analysis technique in the modality category. The theme allowed for the study to be divided into three chapters, plus an Introduction and Conclusion sections. The first chapter aims to recover the main international and national documents that have consolidated child and adolescent rights, analyzed under the socio-educational section. In this construction, the study approaches the present model of accountability proposed by the ECA and regulated by SINASE, of the understanding of the essence of the infraction act and socioeducational measures, specifically AF. The second chapter begins at a reflection on the adolescence phase to approach the socioeducational category. It also deepens the ICP, its characteristics and objectives. The third chapter aims to describe the Ponta Grossa/PR PEMSE, as well as present and analyze the profile of the adolescents who fulfilled AF, based on the results extracted from their ICPs, and analyze the interview contents from the identified categories. What is most evident through the carried out research is that the ICPs a relevant tool for planning, recording and articulating the goals agreed in socio-educational services. Limits were identified regarding the implementation of the ICP with AF in the PEMSE, such as the effective participation of adolescents and their caregivers, low schooling, school dropout, drug use, teenage pregnancy, fragile interdisciplinary care and the disarticulation of the protection network and public policy services, among others. The possibilities for implementing the ICP relate to the salutary link established between the socio-educator recipient and his/her counselor, the initiatives to modify the care practice and interdisciplinary evaluations and AF referrals according to the peculiarities of each adolescent. The challenge remains to overcome these limits to effectively offer a socioeducational practice.

Entre les pratiques orientées principalement vers les destinataires de l’action sociale et les logiques gestionnaires qui tendent à rationaliser le ‘’travail social’’, cette thèse explore la diversité des configurations intermédiaires. A partir des accompagnements éducatifs menés par un service dit de ‘’milieu ouvert’’, nous analysons la multiplicité des arrangements entre les professionnels chargés de ces mesures de ‘’protection de l’enfance’’. Sans réduire notre champ d’observation aux seules interactions individuelles, nous étudions plus largement le rapport de cet ‘’îlotage d’intervention socio-éducative’’ avec son environnement institutionnel.Ceci nous amène à interroger le fonctionnement d’autres services ou dispositifs connexes et leurs rattachements organisationnels aux instances de tutelles. En nous appuyant sur diverses recherches produites sur cet objet, nous questionnons également les transformations en œuvre dans le ‘’travail social’’ contemporain. L’ensemble de cette démarche nous permet de considérer conjointement les modifications profondes des cadres d’actions des politiques sociales et leurs retentissements singuliers sur les pratiques professionnelles des travailleurs sociaux. Notre recherche contribue ainsi à situer plus précisément les endroits où se logent ces régulations, comment elles s’ancrent et ce qu’elles induisent. Cette exploration nous ouvre sur la compréhension de la complexité des intrications des dimensions individuelles et collectives en prises avec le traitement de la cohésion sociale. / In contrast to practices primarily oriented towards recipients of social action and management policies which tend to streamline “social work”, the present thesis investigates the diversity of intermediate configurations. Based on educational support delivered by an “open-environment” service, we assess the wide range of agreements between professionals entrusted with “child care” assignments. Beyond the observation of mere human interaction, we delve into the relationships between such a “socioeducational policing scheme” and its institutional background.This leads us to examine how other services or related schemes operate, and how they interlink with parent organizations. With the help of extensive research published on the subject, we also question the transformations currently at play in “social work”. As a result we survey deeply changing instances of social policy framework and how uniquely they affect social workers’ professional practices. Thereby we highlight where these regulations apply along with their generalization and inferences. This exploratory work paves the way for a better understanding of intricately linked individual and collective dimensions confronted with social cohesion management.

Bien que la prison peine demeure en situation d’échec, en particulier pour satisfaire à son objectif de réinsertion, en France, il y est encore largement fait recours, y compris pour la petite et moyenne délinquance. Dans un premier temps, cette thèse propose d’analyser les raisons de cet échec. Les peines de milieu ouvert, quant à elles, ne constituent pas des peines de substitution efficaces à l’emprisonnement en raison de leur manque de crédibilité dû à leur faible caractère punitif. Plutôt que de condamner catégoriquement la peine privative de liberté pour mettre en avant les bienfaits des peines de milieu ouvert, il est important de s’interroger sur la manière de rendre la peine privative de liberté plus efficace en matière de réinsertion. Pour ce faire, nous allons nous inspirer du modèle de détention ouvert et réfléchir sur l’opportunité de créer une sanction d’une sévérité intermédiaire entre la prison du milieu fermé et les mesures de milieu ouvert, une peine d’emprisonnement fondée sur la confiance et exécutée au sein du milieu semi-ouvert. / Although prisons continue to fail at their aim to resocialise offenders, in France prison sentences are widely handed down for minor and serious offences. This thesis analyses the reasons for this failure. Sentences prescribed by the community are not efficient substitutions for imprisonment because of their poor punitive character. Instead of categorically condemning imprisonment and replacing it with probation, it is important to ask how to make imprisonment a more effective resocialisation mechanism. From this, we draw our inspiration from open prisons and reflect on the appropriateness of introducing an intermediate sentence between de rigueur imprisonment and probation, a prison sentence based on trust and executed in a semi-open environment.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:39:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4539.pdf: 2377824 bytes, checksum: e9b6f570952c0fab33d97e28a050a6c6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-29 / This research seeks a deepening of existing discussions with adolescents in conflict with the law and to reveal the way they signify Socio-educational Measures of Assisted Freedom and Community Service. The purpose of this study is to describe, analyze and comprehend the socio-educational measures in open environment, probation and provision of community services in the perspective of adolescents in conflict with the law, in the Socio-educational Program in Open Environment (Programa de Medidas Socioeducativas em Meio Aberto), in São Carlos city, located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The qualitative study, an observant participation, intends to establish an interaction between the researcher and the research participants and it assumes that participating in the context with the collaborators is essential to understand the studied phenomenon. The field visits to the canvas painting workshop called Expressarte: Arte em Liberdade were performed weekly, in March and June 2011. By observing and taking notes of the workshops, I could understand the meaning that adolescents attribute to the Program of Socio-educational Measures. Only by taking a role in the group and participating in daily activities I could experience the context in which adolescents are part from their perspective, seeking to better understand relevant aspects of this educational experience. By using different resources such as informal conversations, participant observation and document analysis, the data collection allowed the data triangulation. From the data analysis organized in field diaries emerged some foci of analysis: socio-educational measures in an open environment, the Expressarte workshop and the professionalization, which were analyzed by the Freire, Fiori and Dussel s concepts of education. The purpose was to understand the possibilities of people educate themselves in different social practices and the meaning of the socio-educational system for adolescents in conflict with the law. The deepening of the analysis of collected data in this research will constitute the object of further studies and it will produce discussions that contribute to the process of reflection on the importance of educational measures, analyzed from the perspective of adolescents in conflict with the law. / Este trabalho busca um aprofundamento das discussões existentes em relação a adolescentes em conflito com a lei e como significam as Medidas Socioeducativas de Liberdade Assistida e Prestação de Serviços à Comunidade. O estudo tem como objetivo descrever, analisar e compreender as medidas socioeducativas, na perspectiva dos adolescentes, no espaço do Programa de Medidas Socioeducativas em Meio Aberto, no município de São Carlos/SP. O estudo de natureza qualitativa, uma observação participante, intenciona estabelecer interação entre o pesquisador e os participantes da pesquisa, partindo do pressuposto que participar do contexto com os colaboradores é fundamental para se compreender o fenômeno pesquisado. As inserções foram realizadas semanalmente, na oficina de pintura em tela, denominada Expressarte: arte em liberdade, entre os meses de março e junho de 2011. Ao observar e registrar as oficinas foi possível compreender o significado que os adolescentes dão ao Programa de Medidas Socioeducativas, e somente assumindo um papel no grupo e participando das atividades cotidianas, pude vivenciar o contexto dos adolescentes, buscando melhor compreender aspectos relevantes dessa experiência educativa. A coleta de dados utilizando diferentes recursos, como as conversas informais, a observação participante e a análise documental, possibilitou a triangulação dos dados Da organização dos dados nos diários de campo emergiram alguns focos de análise: medidas socioeducativas em meio aberto, oficina Expressarte e profissionalização, que foram analisados com base na concepção de educação como prática de humanização de Paulo Freire, Ernani Maria Fiori e Enrique Dussel, buscando-se compreender as possibilidades das pessoas se educarem em diferentes práticas sociais e o significado do sistema socioeducativo para adolescentes em conflito com a lei. O aprofundamento das análises dos dados coletados nesta investigação se constituirá em objeto de estudos posteriores, fomentando discussões na busca de caminhos que contribuam com o processo de reflexão sobre a importância das medidas socioeducativas, analisadas na perspectiva de adolescentes em conflito com a lei.

Plastskräp har blivit ett global problem på grund av nedskräpning och otillräcklig avfallshantering. Användning av biologiskt nedbrytbart material kan underlätta problemet, även om det inte är en universallösning. Produkter gjorda av biologiskt nedbrytbart material skall ändå till avfallshantering eftersom nedbrytningen kan vara långvarig och variera mycket beroende av omgivningen. Därmed är användningen av biologiskt nedbrytbart material endast berättigat då det är svårt att samla in materialet eller avskilja det från organiskt material. Studiens mål var att undersöka biologiskt nedbrytbara material som kan användas i produkter som fungerar under många olika driftsförhållanden och inte kan återställas efter användning. I den litterära delen av denna studie definieras nedbrytning genom egenskaper och förhållanden som påverkar nedbrytningsprocessen. Nedbrytning av polyestrar och cellulosa och de standardprocessarna som används i nedbrytningsexperimenten betraktades. Standardprocesserna för nedbrytning studerades för att få en klarare inblick i den eftertraktade nedbrytningsgraden och de standardiserade förhållandena för nedbrytningen i olika miljöer. En sammanfattning av olika nedbrytningsexperiment och analysmetoder är också inkluderade för att försäkra att experimenten som utfördes är både giltiga och jämförbara med andra forskningsresultat inom fältet. I detta forskningsprojekt utfördes nedbrytningsexperiment i färskvatten- och hemkompostmiljöer. Målet med projektet var att bedöma ifall materialen kunde brytas ned i ett brett spektrum av miljöer, ifall de var mindre skadliga för naturen än konventionella material som används av dagens industri och för att uppskatta nedbrytningstakten. Nedbrytningstiden var 140 dagar och experimentet utfördes med 10 olika material: betecknade som A-J. Materialen analyserades 8 gånger under nedbrytningsperioden förutom materialen I och J som analyserades en gång efter 140 dagar. Materialen analyserades mekaniskt, strukturellt och termiskt med hjälp av dragprovning, FTIR och DSC. Provernas viktförändring bestämdes också. Nedbrytning observerades visuellt från provernas yta och genom mekaniska prover. Materialen som placerades i hemkomposten visade klara tecken på nedbrytning då färgen hade förändrats och förstärkningsfibrerna hade blivit synliga. Materialen som placerats i hemkompostmiljö visade också klara tecken på tillväxt av mikroorganismer och biomassa som uppstått på ytan av materialen. Sammanfattningsvist, visade materialen B, C och G de mest lovande resultaten med klara tecken på biologisk nedbrytning och de hade en snabbare nedbrytningstakt än de andra materialen som undersöktes. Material D visade klara tecken på biologisk nedbrytning på ytan men dess nedbrytningstakt var uppskattad att vara mycket långsammare. Därmed rekommenderas det att använda material A, B, D och G istället för konventionella icke biologiskt nedbrytbara material. Dessa material har potential att sänka den negativa inverkan och de långsiktiga riskerna av plastskräp för miljön. / Plastic debris has become a global crisis due to littering and misplaced waste management. The use of biodegradable materials can ease the problem, but it is not always the answer. Products made of biodegradable materials are still to be waste managed since biodegradation can be a long process and is highly dependent on the environment conditions. Hence, the use of biodegradable materials is justified only when retrieving the product after use is impossible or prohibitively expensive or separating it from organic matter is difficult. This study was made to investigate biodegradable materials that can be used in products that are operating in broad range of operational conditions and cannot be retrieved back after use in most cases. In the literature part of this study the biodegradation is defined along with properties and conditions that affect the biodegradation process. Biodegradation of polyesters and cellulose, and standards used in the biodegradation experiments were reviewed. Biodegradation standards were studied in order to have a clearer picture of the pursued degree of biodegradation and standardized properties in the biodegradation experiments. Review of different biodegradation tests and analysis methods are included as well to ensure that the experiments performed in this work are valid and comparable with other biodegradation studies.  In this study, the biodegradation experiment was conducted in freshwater and home compost environments. The aim was to determine if the materials were able to biodegrade in wide range of environments, to make sure they are less harmful than the conventional materials used in the industry and to estimate the rate of biodegradation. The duration of the experiments were 140 days with 10 different materials: A – J. The materials were analyzed 8 times during the aging period, except materials I and J, which were analyzed only once after 140 days. The samples were analyzed mechanically, structurally, and thermally using tensile test, FTIR and DSC measurements, respectively. Also, the samples weight changes were analyzed.  The degradation was visually observed from the surfaces of the samples and from mechanical testing in both experimental environments. Home compost environment showed clear signs of biodegradation where reinforcement fibers became visible and changed the color of some of the samples. Also, home compost samples had microorganisms growing on them, and biomass was developing around them. To conclude, material B, C and G had the most promising results with clear signs of biodegradation and had faster estimated biodegradation rate compared with the other studied materials. Material D had signs of biodegradation on the surface as well. However, the biodegradation rate was estimated to be much slower. In conclusion, it is recommended to use the studied materials A, B, D and G instead of the conventional non-biodegradable polymers. These materials have potential to lower the negative impact and long-term risks of plastic debris to the environment.