361 |
Refraction, total reflection, and diffraction of 3.2 cm. electromagnetic waves by a dielectric prism / Refraction and total reflection of microwaves by a prismKneeland, David Randolph 10 1900 (has links)
A description of several experiments carried out to investigate the behaviour of 3.2 cm. microwaves on passing through a dielectric prism is given in this thesis. Chapter I contains a description of the experimental apparatus used to generate electromagnetic radiation and to measure the field intensity in a plane perpendicular to the refracting edge of the prism. Particular emphasis is placed on a description of the receiver amplifier, and on the construction of the wax prism.
In Chapter II are given the results of several preliminary investigations of the field close to, and polarized parallel to the retracting edge of the prism. Fresnel interference fringes were observed with the prism oriented as a biprism. Diffraction fringes of a 45˚ wedge, both dielectric and metallic, were observed incidentally. Evidence of the evanescent wave predicted for total internal reflection was obtained directly in this experiment where earlier evidence of such waves in the optical and microwave regions has been indirect. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)
|
362 |
Attenuation of electromagnetic radiation by water droplets in the atmosphereHussein, Abdel-Wahab Fayez Hassan January 1968 (has links)
This thesis deals with the theoretical analysis of the effect of the water droplets in the atmosphere on the propagation of a linearly polarized plane wave. These effects are (1) scattering - it is found that the scattered power is proportional to the sixth power of the radius of the droplet, also the scattered power varies as the fourth power of the frequency. (2) Absorption - it is found that the dielectric loss is much greater than the conductivity loss in the frequency range 10 M Hz. to 300 M Hz. The absorbed power is found to be much greater than the scattered power in the frequency range 10 M Hz. to 300 M Hz. Multiple scattering is neglected because scattered power is very small compared with the power absorbed. At the end of the thesis an expression for the attenuation constant is derived for homogeneous distribution of rain-drops of particular size falling at a particular rainfall rate. / M.S.
|
363 |
A neutron diffraction spectrometerYancey, Kenneth Eugene January 1963 (has links)
A single crystal neutron spectrometer using a copper crystal has been designed and constructed for the purpose of studying the low energy (<1 ev) neutron spectrum from the V.P.I. reactor. The basic theory necessary for the design, the details of the spectrometer, calibration data and method of operation are presented in this thesis. A relation between angle of diffraction and neutron energy is obtained from the known lattice spacing of the copper crystal. A measure of the total cross section of cadmium from 0.01 to 1.0 ev has been obtained from transmission data for a thin cadmium sheet. The position of the low energy resonance peak confirms the computed calibration. The resolution of the instrument and the intensity of the diffracted beam as a function of energy were studied in order to ascertain the usable range of the spectrometer. / Master of Science
|
364 |
The Effect of Composition on the High-Pressure Behavior of Rare-Earth Phosphate MineralsHeffernan, Karina May 02 August 2016 (has links)
A comprehensive study on the effect of composition on the structural and elastic properties of MPO4 (M = Ce3+, Gd3+, Tb3+, Y3+, Sc3+) compounds has been completed. CePO4 and GdPO4 are isostructural with monazite (P21/n), and TbPO4, YPO4, and ScPO4, are isostructural with xenotime (I41/amd). Raman spectra are consistent with previous studies and high-pressure spectra showed no phase transitions up to 10 GPa under hydrostatic conditions. The spectra were used to develop Kieffer-type lattice vibrational models to calculate heat capacities of CePO4 and YPO4 and the results lie within 1-3% of experimental values. Equations of state were calculated from high-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. Bulk moduli (K0) determined from a 3rd-order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state are: 109(3) GPa for CePO4, 128.1(8) GPa for GdPO4, 141(1) GPa for TbPO4 and 166(1) GPa for ScPO4. The inverse relationship observed between K0 and the ionic radius of the RE3+ is shown to be linear. This equation can be used to predict K0 for other rare-earth phosphates. Comparison of these studies, performed under hydrostatic conditions, with previous studies show that MPO4 structures are sensitive to shear stresses created from non-hydrostatic environments. The first structural study of a monazite, GdPO4, is also reported. Compression mechanisms are comprised of "squishing" the GdO9 polyhedra and inter-polyhedral movement. This study and the axial compressibility data for Ce-, Tb-, Gd- and ScPO4 suggest that the compression mechanisms favored by MPO4 compounds are those which remain rigid parallel to polyhedral chains. / Master of Science
|
365 |
Next-Generation Earth Radiation Budget Instrument ConceptsCoffey, Katherine Leigh 11 May 1998 (has links)
The current effort addresses two issues important to the research conducted by the Thermal Radiation Group at Virginia Tech. The first research topic involves the development of a method which can properly model the diffraction of radiation as it enters an instrument aperture. The second topic involves the study of a potential next-generation space-borne radiometric instrument concept.
Presented are multiple modeling efforts to describe the diffraction of monochromatic radiant energy passing through an aperture for use in the Monte-Carlo ray-trace environment. Described in detail is a deterministic model based upon Heisenberg's uncertainty principle and the particle theory of light. This method is applicable to either Fraunhofer or Fresnel diffraction situations, but is incapable of predicting the secondary fringes in a diffraction pattern. Also presented is a second diffraction model, based on the Huygens-Fresnel principle with a correcting obliquity factor. This model is useful for predicting Fraunhofer diffraction, and can predict the secondary fringes because it keeps track of phase.
NASA is planning for the next-generation of instruments to follow CERES (Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System), an instrument which measures components of the Earth's radiant energy budget in three spectral bands. A potential next-generation concept involves modification of the current CERES instrument to measure in a larger number of wavelength bands. This increased spectral partitioning would be achieved by the addition of filters and detectors to the current CERES geometry. The capacity of the CERES telescope to serve for this purpose is addressed in this thesis. / Master of Science
|
366 |
Grating-based real-time smart optics for biomedicine and communicationsYaqoob, Zahid 01 October 2003 (has links)
No description available.
|
367 |
Development of computer controlled characterization of volume Bragg gratings in photo-thermo-refractive glassBalasubramaniam, Aruna 01 October 2003 (has links)
No description available.
|
368 |
Silicon nitride Arrayed Waveguide GratingsHan, Qi 13 December 2023 (has links)
Le développement des télécommunications optiques à haute capacité fait des multiplexeurs en longueur d'onde un sujet brûlant des récentes recherches. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons et démontrons des réseaux sélectifs planaires ou (Arrayed Waveguide Grating, AWG) basés sur une plateforme de Nitrure de silicium (SiN) comme multiplexeur ou démultiplexeur. Dans le premier chapitre, nous comparons les guides d'onde en silicium et en nitrure de silicium et confirmons que le SiN sera considéré comme la plateforme principale de ce travail. Nous présentons des simulations des guides d'onde de SiN qui forme les AWGs, incluant les guides d'onde planaires, les guides d'onde à bande, les guides d'onde courbés et les guides d'onde fuselée utilisant FDTD solution et Mode solution d'Ansys Lumerical. L'influence des paramètres de conceptions des AWGs en SiN tels que la longueur focale, la distance séparant les guides d'onde, l'espacement entre les ouvertures adjacentes et les pertes de propagation liées à la fabrication sur les performances est aussi étudié en utilisant sur un modèle semi-analytique. Les AWGs communs sont typiquement conçus pour les modes électriques transverses (TE). Pour améliorer la capacité de transmission des réseaux WDM, dans le second chapitre, nous présentons un AWG insensible à la polarisation conçus avec des guides d'onde en SiN. L'insensibilité à la polarisation des AWGs est obtenue lorsque l'espace intercanal et la longueur d'onde centrale des deux modes sont alignés pour un même AWG. L'alignement de l'espace intercanal entre les deux états de polarisations est obtenu en optimisant la géométrie du réseau de guide d'onde, alors que l'insensibilité de la longueur d'onde centrale est obtenue en séparant les deux états de polarisations et en ajustant leur angle d'incidence à l'entrée du coupleur en étoile pour compenser la dispersion entre les modes dans l'AWG. Un multiplexeur de longueur d'onde 1 × 8 avec un espacement entre les canaux de 100 GHz et une diaphonie de −16 dB est démontré expérimentalement. Dans la conception d'un AWGs en SiN, un espacement d'une largeur supérieur à 10 µm entre des guides d'ondes identiques minimise le couplage parasite augmentant ainsi leur empreinte. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous présentons un AWG ultra-compact 1×8 ayant une séparation de 100 GHz entre les canax rendu possible grâce à des guides d'onde en super-réseaux supprimant le couplage entre les guides d'onde. Bénéficiant de la haute densité du super-réseau, cet AWG possède une empreinte compacte de 4.3mm × 0.6mm, ce qui est plus que 2 fois plus petit qu'un AWG conventionnel ayant des performances similaires à celui présenté dans le second chapitre. Le SL-AWG montre aussi une faible perte d'insertion de 3.4 dB et une faible diaphonie de −18 dB. À part le couplage entre les guides d'onde discuté dans le troisième chapitre, l'erreur de phase produite par les variations de fabrication a l'impact le plus important sur les performances de l'AWG. Il a été étudié que leurs performances sont liées à la longueur du réseau de guide d'onde déterminant l'erreur de phase. Toutefois, il existe encore un écart de quantification de l'impact de la longueur du réseau et les variations de fabrication sur les performances de l'AWG. Dans le quatrième chapitre, nous présentons une analyse statistique de l'AWG en présence d'erreurs de phase dans les guides d'onde. Des figures de mérites importantes pour la performance incluant les pertes d'insertion, la diaphonie et la non-uniformité sont paramétrées en fonction de la longueur de cohérence, un paramètre physique qui caractérise l'accumulation d'erreur de phase dans les guides d'ondes optique. Une longueur de cohérence de 23.7 mm au niveau de la matrice pour les guides d'onde de SiN peut être extraite en mesurant les variations dans la longueur d'onde de résonnance d'un interféromètre de Mach-Zhender. Au travers de simulations Monte-Carlo, nous examinons l'impact de l'erreur de phase sur les performances de l'AWG avec une espace entre les canaux de 100 GHz et 200 GHz. / The development of optical communications with high transmission capacity makes wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems a hot topic of recent research. In this thesis, we propose and demonstrate arrayed waveguide gratings (AWGs) based on a SiN platform as the multiplexers or demultiplexers. In the first chapter, we compare the material and waveguides between silicon and silicon nitride. We present numerical simulations of the SiN waveguides, including slab waveguides, strip waveguides, bent waveguides and tapered waveguides, using FDTD solutions and MODE solutions from Ansys Lumerical. These waveguides are used to form an AWG in this thesis. The influences of SiN AWGs designed parameters including focal length, separation of arrayed waveguides, gaps between adjacent apertures and propagation loss on the performances are studied based on a semi-analytical model. Common AWGs are typically designed in TE mode. In order to improve the transmission capacity in WDM system, in the second chapter, we present a polarization insensitive AWG built with SiN waveguides. The polarization insensitive AWGs are obtained when both the channel spacing and the center wavelength are aligned for TE and TM modes in a single AWG. The channel spacing polarization insensitivity is obtained by optimizing the geometry of the arrayed waveguides whereas the central wavelength polarization insensitivity is obtained by splitting the two polarization states and adjusting their angle of incidence at the input star coupler. A 100 GHz 1×8 AWG with crosstalk below −16 dB is demonstrated experimentally. In the design of SiN AWGs, the gaps of wider than 10 µm between adjacent identical waveguides are designed to minimize parasitic coupling. However, these gaps suppress further shrinking the footprint of AWGs. In the third chapter, we present an ultra-compact 100 GHz 1 × 8 SiN AWG enabled by a novel concept of the waveguide superlattice suppressing coupling between waveguides. Benefiting from the densely arrayed waveguides patterning with waveguide superlattice, this superlattice AWG has a compact footprint of 4.3 mm × 0.6 mm, which is more than two times smaller than a conventional AWG with similar performance. The SL-AWG also shows a low insertion loss of 3.4 dB and a low crosstalk level of −18 dB. Beside the coupling between waveguides discussed in the third chapter, the phase errors due to fabrication variations have a considerable impact on the performance of AWGs. It is shown that their performances are related to the length of arrayed waveguides determining the phase errors. However, there lacked a practical way to quantify the impact of arrayed waveguide length and fabrication variations on the performances of AWGs. In the fourth chapter, we present a statistical analysis of AWGs in presence of phase errors of arrayed waveguides. The important figures of merits including insertion loss, crosstalk and non-uniformity, are parameterized by the coherence length, a physical parameter that characterizes the accumulated phase errors in an optical waveguide. A die-level coherence length of 23.7 mm for the SiN waveguides is extracted by measuring variation of resonant wavelength of Mach-Zehnder interferometers. Through Monte Carlo simulations, we present the impacts of phase errors on performance of 1 × 4 AWGs with 200 GHz and 100 GHz channel spacings.
|
369 |
A crystallographic study of group I niobate perovskitesPeel, Martin D. January 2015 (has links)
In this work, X-ray and neutron powder diffraction experiments and complementary solid-state NMR spectroscopy are used to characterise NaNbO₃-based perovskite phases. Samples of NaNbO₃, KₓNa₁₋ₓNbO₃ and LiₓNa₁₋ₓNbO₃ are synthesised using a variety of techniques and subsequently characterised. For NaNbO₃, it is observed that at least two room temperature perovskite phases can co-exist, P and Q, and that each phase can be formed exclusively by manipulating the synthetic approach utilised. Phase Q can also be formed by the substitution of a small amount of K⁺ or Li⁺ for Na⁺. The room temperature phases of these materials are also analysed using NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. It is found that, for KₓNa₁₋ₓNbO₃, preferential A-site substitution of K⁺ for Na⁺ may occur, and this observation is supported using a range of NMR techniques and density functional theory calculations. The high-temperature phase behaviour of NaNbO₃ and KₓNa₁₋ₓNbO₃ (x = 0.03 to 0.08) is analysed using high-resolution neutron and X-ray powder diffraction to determine when phase changes occur and to characterise each phase. Characterisation of these materials is supported used complementary symmetry mode analysis. For the LiₓNa₁₋ₓNbO₃ perovskite system, complex phase behaviour is observed at room temperature. High-resolution neutron powder diffraction data shows that, over the range 0.08 < x < 0.20, phase Q may co-exist with a rhombohedral phase, with the proportions of the two highly dependent upon the synthetic conditions used. Furthermore, using X-ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopy, phase Q is shown to undergo a crystal-to-crystal transition to the rhombohedral phase. For higher values of x, two compositionally-distinct rhombohedral phases are formed, termed Na-R3c and Li-R3c, as determined from neutron powder diffraction data.
|
370 |
Introducing organic molecular crystals into ultrafast electron diffractionRohwer, Andrea Berenike 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Organic molecular salts have a wide range of physical properties which can be chemically tailored
by minor variations of their substituents. These characteristics include high degrees of anisotropy,
electrical conductivity ranging from superconducting to insulating, and structural changes in the
crystal lattice during first order phase transitions brought about by minimal changes in temperature,
effective pressure, and in some cases even light. Hence, these materials are particularly interesting
for the development of molecular electronics and also as study materials in solid state physics.
The family of copper-dimethyl-dicyanoquinone-diimine (Cu(DMe-DCNQI)2) salts forms part of the
radical anion salt subclass of organic molecular crystals and is of particular interest due to its extraordinarily
high conductivity compared to other quasi one-dimensional organic conductors. Its
metal-to-insulator phase transition is characterised by conductivity jumps across several orders of
magnitude within a few kelvin. Over the past three decades the metallic and insulating phases,
as well as the transition behaviour have been investigated extensively utilising a broad spectrum
of methods amongst others electrical conductivity, electron spin resonance, and re
ectivity measurements,
x-ray photoelectron and infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and dilatometry. Fast
light-switching between phases has been observed in partially deuterated forms of Cu(DCNQI)2 on
sub-100-ps time scales. Furthermore, the phase transition is believed to be induced by a deformation
of the crystalline lattice and a charge density wave formation which are detectable in diffraction
images. Therefore we want to investigate this metal-to-insulator phase transition structurally and
temporally via ultrafast electron diffraction. The technique of ultrafast electron diffraction employs
the fundamentals of pump-probe spectroscopy: One of the two femtosecond pulsed laser beams
excites the thin, crystalline sample, while the other - after being converted into a pulsed electron
beam via the photoelectric effect - forms a diffraction image of the sample's lattice structure. The
arrival time of the two pulses at the sample can be varied by a few femtoseconds with respect to
each other enabling the resolution of ultrafast structural dynamics of the crystal's atomic lattice via electron diffraction. During the work presented in this thesis the sample preparation and characterisation
leading to a successful introduction of Cu(DCNQI)2 into our ultrafast electron diffraction
setup is presented. A diffraction pattern of comparable quality to that of a commercially available
transmission electron microscope was recorded of the metallic state of partially deuterated d6
Cu(DCNQI)2. Subsequent analysis of the obtained diffraction data and further studies of the low temperature state { including simulations as well as experiments { have narrowed down the factors
still making the diffraction pattern
evasive. Possible solutions to experimental challenges are proposed to make the documentation of
structural ultrafast dynamics in these organic molecular salts an attainable goal in the future. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Organiese molekulêre soute het `n wye verskeidenheid van fisiese eienskappe wat chemies verander
kan word deur geringe variasie in die samestelling van die sout. Hierdie eienskappe sluit in `n hoë
graad van anisotropie, elektriese geleidingsvermoë wat strek van supergeleiding tot elektriese isolasie,
en strukturele veranderinge in die kristalstruktuur tydens eerste orde fase-oorgange wat veroorsaak
word deur geringe veranderinge in temperature, effektiewe druk en in sommige gevalle selfs lig.
Gevolglik is hierdie material besonder interessant vir die ontwikkeling van molekulêre elektronika
en ook as studiemateriaal in vastetoestandfisika. Die familie van koperdimetieldisianokinoondiimien
(Cu(DMe-DCNQI)2) soute vorm `n deel van die radikaal-anioon-sout subklas van organiese
molekulêre kristalle en is van besondere belang as gevolg van hulle buitengewone hoë elektriese
geleidingsvermoë in vergelyking met ander kwasi-eendimensionele organiese geleiers. Die metaal-na-isolator fase-oorgang van hierdie kristal word gekenmerk deur die verandering van die geleidingsvermoë met verskeie ordegroottes binne `n paar kelvin. Gedurende die laaste drie dekades is
die metaal en isolator fases, asook die oorgangsgedrag deeglik ondersoek met behulp van `n wye
verskeidenheid van metodes wat onder andere elektriese geleidingsvermoë, elektron-spin resonans
en reeksiemetings, x-straal fotoelektron en infrarooi spektroskopie, x-straal diffraksie en dilatometrie
insluit. Vinnige skakeling tussen fases is waargeneem in gedeeltelik gedeuteerde vorms van
Cu(DCNQI)2 op `n sub-100-ps tydskaal. Daar word verder geglo dat die fase-oorgang geïnduseer
word deur `n deformasie van die kristalstruktuur en die vorming van `n ladingsdigtheidgolf wat
meetbaar is in elektrondiffraksiebeelde. Om hierdie rede wil ons die metaal-na-isolator fase-oorgang
se struktuur- en tydafhanklikheid ondersoek deur gebruik te maak van ultra-vinnige elektron diffraksie.
Die tegniek van ultra-vinnige elektron diffraksie maak gebruik van die beginsels van pomp-toets
spektroskopie: Een van die twee femtosekonde laserpulse wek die dun kristallyne monster op, terwyl
die ander na omskakeling in `n elektronpuls via die foto-elektriese effek `n diffraksiebeeld van die
monster se kristalstruktuur vorm. Die aankomtyd van die twee pulse by die monster kan met `n
paar femtosekondes ten opsigte van mekaar verander word om die tydresolusie van die ultra-vinnige
strukturele dinamika van die kristal se atoomstruktuur deur elektrondiffraksie moontlik te maak. In
hierdie tesis word die monstervoorbereiding en karakterisering wat gelei het tot suksesvolle eksperimente
op Cu(DCNQI)2 in ons ultra-vinnige elektron diffraksie opstelling behandel. `n Diffraksie
patroon waarvan die kwaliteit vergelykbaar is met die van `n kommersiëel beskikbare transmissie
elektron mikroskoop is gemeet vir die metaalfase van gedeeltelik gedeuteerde d6 Cu(DCNQI)2.
Daaropvolgende analiese van die gemete diffraksiedata en verdere studies van die lae temperatuur
toestand wat simulasies sowel as eksperimente insluit het `n klein aantal faktore uitgewys wat
steeds die deteksie van die isolatorfase se ladingsdigtheidgolf se kenmerkende diffraksiepatroon verhoed.
Moontlike oplossings tot eksperimentele uitdagings word voorgestel om die dokumentering
van strukturele ultra-vinnige dinamika in hierdie organiese molekulêre soute `n haalbare toekomstige
doelwit te maak.
|
Page generated in 0.417 seconds