Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:24:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thaisa_completo.pdf: 1943772 bytes, checksum: 49f263fa58be1371be70d72b064285d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-07 / The effluent from pig farming has been applied to the soil in order to promote greater availability of nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), in several cultures and as an alternative for disposing of these effluents in water bodies. However, this practice generates concerns regarding to the possibility of generating diffuse pollution in the environment. The crop of oil radish is used as a green manure in sequential cropping and may be promising for the production of biodiesel, requiring considerable amounts of nutrients for its development. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of effluent coming from the anaerobic digestion of swine (EBS) in the cultivation of oil radish. The experiment was installed in an area of 0.162 ha in the Experimental Center of Agricultural Engineering (NEAA) of Western University of Paraná UNIOESTE, in the city of Cascavel, PR. The treatments were based on the type of irrigation: not irrigated, irrigated and fertigated with EBS at doses of 370 m3 ha-1 cycle-1. After each rainfall event, the water materials were collected from drainage lysimeters previously installed in the area and analyzed for macro and micronutrients losses. The soil of the experimental area was also analyzed for possible changes in physical and chemical characteristics. In the plant, agronomic rates and nutrients in dry matter were evaluated. Subsequently, the grains were tested for post-harvest. The results showed that the application of EBS at a rate of 370 m3 ha-1, under the conditions in which this experiment was conducted, did not change the soil characteristics and the fertigation and irrigation allowed higher productivity of grains and agronomical parameters for the crop. Furthermore, the application of EBS provided nutrient losses in runoff and leachate, which could influence the quality of surface water and groundwater, but in general, not to higher levels than the ones accepted by the legislation. / O efluente proveniente da suinocultura tem sido aplicado no solo com o intuito de promover uma maior disponibilidade de nutrientes, como nitrogênio (N), fósforo (P) e potássio (K), a diversas culturas e como uma saída à disposição final desses efluentes em corpos hídricos. Entretanto, esta prática preocupa com relação à possibilidade de geração de poluição difusa no ambiente. O nabo forrageiro é utilizado como adubo verde de inverno no plantio direito e pode ser promissor para a produção de biodiesel, demandando valores consideráveis de nutrientes para o seu desenvolvimento. Desse modo, objetivou-se nesse trabalho avaliar o efeito da aplicação de efluente oriundo da biodigestão anaeróbia da suinocultura (EBS) no cultivo de nabo forrageiro. O experimento foi instalado em uma área de 0,162 ha no Núcleo Experimental de Engenharia Agrícola (NEAA) da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná UNIOESTE, na cidade de Cascavel, PR. Os tratamentos utilizados foram baseados no tipo de irrigação: sequeiro, irrigado e fertigado com EBS, nas doses de 370 m3 ha-1 ciclo-1. Após cada evento de precipitação, foram coletados os materiais de drenagem dos lisímetros previamente instalados na área e analisados quanto à perda dos principais macro e micronutrientes. O solo da área experimental também foi analisado quanto às possíveis alterações das características físicas e químicas. No vegetal, avaliaram-se os índices agronômicos e nutrientes presentes na fitomassa seca. Posteriormente, os grãos foram submetidos aos testes de pós-colheita. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a aplicação de EBS em uma taxa de 370 m3 ha-1, nas condições em que este experimento foi realizado, pouco modificou as características do solo, e que a fertigação e a irrigação possibilitaram maior produtividade dos grãos e maior rendimento agronômico. Além disso, a aplicação de EBS proporcionou perdas de nutrientes no material escoado e percolado, que podem influenciar na qualidade das águas superficiais e subterrâneas, porém, no geral, não a níveis superiores à legislação.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:46:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jonathan Dieter.pdf: 2302102 bytes, checksum: e9ab008e789823e27a423fd2b3bb0228 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-13 / Swine wastewater application (SWW) in soils under no-tillage system can result in increased levels of phosphorus on soil surface layers, reducing the transferring risk via runoff into the aquatic environment. This trial aimed at evaluating, in two periods of soybean cropping, phosphorus transportation with the drained surface due to SWW application and mineral fertilization (MF) to a soil under no-tillage system with different declivities (i) and submitted to the simulation of different rain intensities (Ip). The trial was carried out on a Eutrophic Red Latosol. The study consisted in applying SWW doses (0, 75, 150, 225 and 300 m3.ha-1) with MF doses of (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% recommended to the crop) on 0.70 m2 soil plots with different declivities (i) (4, 9, 14, 19 and 24%) followed by the Ip simulation (45, 60, 75, 90 and 105 mm h-1) in two periods just after fertilizer application and seeding (AFAP) and after soybean harvest (ASH). After the runoff, it was simulated the Ip during 72 minutes by collecting independent samples drained solution at intervals of 24 minutes. The concentrations of total phosphorus (Pt), particulate phosphorus (Pp) and soluble phosphorus (Ps) were determined based on the collected samples. The central composite rotational design (CCRD) was used in a complete factorial design 24, with axial points (α = (2n)1/4), totaling 28 essays analyzed as a repeated measure along time. It was observed that concentrations of Pt, Ps and Pp in the runoff solution were positively influenced and showed the following order ARS> i> Ip. The multiple linear regression models adjusted for Ps and Pp concentrations in the runoff solution showed that SWW enhances the Ps transferring to the aquatic environment, while the factors that influence the transportation (i and Ip) showed greater importance in the concentration of transported Pp. During runoff, it was observed that the highest concentrations of Pt, Ps and Pp occurred at the beginning of runoff from the AFAP period, whose Pt concentrations reduced nearly 0.45 mg.L-1 during the ASH period. SWW application enhanced phosphorus transportation through runoff and reached higher concentrations when compared to those established ones by law. Thus, it represents a potential contamination to the environment / A aplicação de água residuária da suinocultura (ARS) em solos sob plantio direto pode resultar no aumento dos teores de fósforo em suas camadas superficiais, a fim de atenuar o risco de transferência via escoamento superficial para o meio aquático. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar, em dois períodos da cultura da soja, o transporte de fósforo junto à solução escoada na superfície devido à aplicação de ARS e a adubação mineral (ADM) no solo conduzido em plantio direto com diferentes declives (i) e submetido à simulação de diferentes intensidades de chuva (Ip). O experimento foi conduzido em Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico. O trabalho consistiu da aplicação de doses de ARS (0, 75; 150; 225 e 300 m3.ha-1) juntamente com doses de ADM (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% e 100% recomendadas para a cultura) sobre parcelas de solo de 0,70 m2 com diferentes declives (i) (4, 9, 14, 19 e 24 %), seguido da simulação da Ip (45, 60, 75, 90 e 105 mm h-1) em dois períodos, logo após aplicação das adubações e semeadura (APA) e após a colheita da soja (APC). Após o início do escoamento superficial, simulou-se a Ip por um período de 72 minutos. Coletaram-se amostras independente da solução escoada em intervalos de 24 minutos. Determinaram-se as concentrações do fósforo total (Pt), fósforo particulado (Pp) e fósforo solúvel (Ps) nas amostras coletadas. Utilizou-se o delineamento composto central rotacional (DCCR), em planejamento fatorial completo 24, com pontos axiais (α =(2n)1/4), totalizando 28 ensaios, analisados como medida repetida no tempo. Observou-se que as concentrações de Pt, Ps e Pp na solução escoada foram influenciadas positivamente e na seguinte ondem ARS>i>Ip. Os modelos de regressão linear múltiplos ajustados sobre as concentrações Ps e Pp na solução escoada demostraram que a ARS potencializa a transferência de Ps para o meio aquático, enquanto os fatores que influenciam no transporte (i e Ip) têm maior importância na concentração de Pp transportado. Durante o escoamento superficial, se observou que as maiores concentrações de Pt, Ps e Pp ocorrem no início do escoamento superficial do período APA, cujas concentrações de Pt foram reduzidas em torno de 0,45 mg.L-1 no período APC. A aplicação de ARS potencializou o transporte de fósforo via escoamento superficial e atingiu concentrações superiores às estabelecidas pela legislação, representando assim um potencial de contaminação ambiental

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:47:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos _Roberto Juchen.pdf: 4651753 bytes, checksum: 3109cc48a932cf6c73a7ff9fd56302c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-26 / The present study aims to determine trace elements concentration, adsorbed by sediments in waterproofed areas of the city limits as well as sediments that are deposited in the main rivers beds, which are responsible to perform drainage in Toledo city, Paraná. In order to study the sediment enrichment by trace elements, initially, there was some need to know the basal contents of these elements at the researched site. Therefore, and according to the scientific guidelines for this procedure, the chosen soil samples were taken from legal reserve areas located in the nearby rural farms, since these areas meet the requirements of preserving the natural characteristics of the soil in this region. Thus, five (5) sites were selected for sampling sediments on the streets as well as five (5) sites from the main rivers that have received sediments carried from the urban area by natural and anthropogenic processes. There were monthly collections in the studied rivers from April 2012 to March 2013 as well as fortnightly monitoring concerning the main physical parameters of river water (pH, dissolved oxygen, oxide reduction potential, conductivity, total dissolved solids, temperature and turbidity) in order to determine how these conditions can interfere on trace elements adsorbed by sediments deposited in the water environment. The applied analytical techniques were inductively coupled argon plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), total organic carbon (COT), laser granulometry and mineralogy by diffraction. The background showed the following concentrations: Fe (105,956), Al (102,372) Mg (2,303.2), Mn (916.4), Na (493.1), Cu (212.3), Zn (82.14 ), Ba (62.51), Cr (52.4), Ni (30.36), Pb (17.46), Sb (4.58) and Cd (0.69) in mg kg-1. The statistical analysis of the main components is summarized in three components that explained 96% variability of the background results, thus, it shows that there is no source of geogenic or anthropogenic contamination on the legal reserves. The sediments were classified as having an average particle size greater than 0.09 mm. The average clay fraction varied from 2 to 6% of the total mass of sediment samples. Mineralogical presences in the urban and aquatic environments were equivalent; they presented the following decreasing sequence number of the following minerals: quartz> hematite> andesite> kaolinite. They were compared to the background levels previously determined, the sediments of streets and rivers were enriched by trace elements in the following percentage rates: Ba (45.4 to 39.3%), Cu (48.6 to 44.3%), Cr (37.2 to 56.3%), Mn (81.6 - 0%), Ni (0 - 18.6%), Pb (40 - 0%), Zn (283.7 to 140.2 %), Mg (34.3 to 18.4%) and Na (250.2 to 295%), while TOC percentages showed an average distribution of 1% in all sites where samples were analyzed. The highest geo-accumulation rates were obtained where there was great enrichment by Zn as a trace element and according to the main guidelines, the maximum values obtained by trace elements such as Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn can produce adverse effects in this watershed. Finally, the monitoring methodology using control charts associated with the scores of the main components has demonstrated that among the monitored physicochemical parameters, electrical conductivity was retained in all the first components of the analyzed rivers. Thus, this parameter showed the highest correlations that interfere in the processes of adsorption and desorption of trace elements from sediments to water environment. At last, it was concluded that rural and urban anthropogenic contributions are responsible for the enrichment of sediments by trace elements in this area of study and also that scientific data are important for future environmental management processes of this municipality. / Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a concentração de elementos-traço adsorvidos pelos sedimentos nas áreas impermeabilizadas do perímetro urbano e também dos sedimentos que se depositam nos leitos dos principais rios que realizam a drenagem do município de Toledo-PR. Para os estudos de enriquecimento dos sedimentos por elementos-traço, houve inicialmente a necessidade de que se conhecessem os níveis basais desses elementos no local de estudo. Portanto, e conforme as orientações científicas para este procedimento, este estudo optou por amostras de solo retiradas de áreas denominadas de reserva legal, situadas em propriedades rurais próximas do município, uma vez que estas áreas atendem aos requisitos de preservação das características naturais do solo da região. Para amostragens de sedimentos, foram selecionados cinco locais situados em ruas de alto tráfego de automóveis do município e também cinco locais nos principais rios que recebem os sedimentos carreados da área urbana por processos naturais e antrópicos. Nos rios, além das coletas mensais de sedimentos, realizadas entre abril de 2012 e março de 2013, foi realizado quinzenalmente o monitoramento dos principais parâmetros físicos da água (pH, oxigênio dissolvido, potencial de oxido redução, condutividade, sólidos totais dissolvidos, temperatura e turbidez) a fim de verificar como essas condições podem interferir na concentração dos elementos-traço adsorvidos pelos sedimentos que são depositados nesses locais. As técnicas analíticas utilizadas foram as de espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma acoplado indutivamente (ICP-OES), carbono orgânico total (COT), granulometria a laser e mineralogia por difração. O background apresentou a seguinte concentração: Fe (105.956), Al (102.372), Mg (2.303,2), Mn (916,4), Na (493,1),Cu (212,3), Zn (82,14), Ba (62,51), Cr (52,4), Ni (30,36), Pb (17,46), Sb (4,58) e Cd (0,69) em mg Kg-1. A análise estatística de componentes principais se resumiu em apenas três componentes que explicaram 96% da variabilidade dos resultados do background, mostrando assim que as reservas legais não possuem qualquer fonte de contaminação geogênica ou antropogênica. Os sedimentos foram classificados com granulometria média superior a 0,09 mm. A fração argila foi determinada entre 2 a 6% em média da massa total das amostras dos sedimentos. As presenças mineralógicas no ambiente urbano e aquático foram equivalentes; apresentaram a seguinte série sequencial decrescente dos seguintes minerais: quartzo > hematita > andesito > caulinita. Comparados aos níveis do background determinado anteriormente, os sedimentos de ruas e de rios foram enriquecidos por elementos-traço nas seguintes proporções percentuais respectivas: Ba (45,4 - 39,3%), Cu (48,6 - 44,3%), Cr (37,2 56,3%), Mn (81,6 - 0%), Ni (0 - 18,6%), Pb (40 - 0%), Zn (283,7 - 140,2%), Mg (34,3 - 18,4%) e Na (250,2 - 295%) e os percentuais de COT apresentaram distribuição média de 1% em todos os locais de amostragens analisados. Os maiores índices de geoacumulação foram atingidos nos locais de amostragens onde ocorreu grande enriquecimento pelo elemento-traço Zn e segundo os principais guidelines, os valores máximos obtidos pelos elementos-traço Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni e Zn são capazes de produzir efeitos adversos nesta bacia hidrográfica. Por fim, a metodologia de monitoramento que utiliza gráficos de controle, associados aos escores das componentes principais, permitiu demonstrar que dentre os parâmetros físico-químicos monitorados, a condutividade elétrica foi retida em todas as primeiras componentes dos rios analisados. Portanto, foi o parâmetro que apresentou maiores correlações que interferem nos processos de adsorção e dessorção de elementos-traços dos sedimentos para o meio hídrico. Concluiu-se que as contribuições antropogênicas rurais e urbanas são responsáveis pelo enriquecimento dos sedimentos por elementos-traço nesta área de estudo e também que os dados científicos obtidos são importantes para futuros processos de gestão ambiental deste município

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:48:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thaisa_completo.pdf: 1943772 bytes, checksum: 49f263fa58be1371be70d72b064285d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-07 / The effluent from pig farming has been applied to the soil in order to promote greater availability of nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), in several cultures and as an alternative for disposing of these effluents in water bodies. However, this practice generates concerns regarding to the possibility of generating diffuse pollution in the environment. The crop of oil radish is used as a green manure in sequential cropping and may be promising for the production of biodiesel, requiring considerable amounts of nutrients for its development. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of effluent coming from the anaerobic digestion of swine (EBS) in the cultivation of oil radish. The experiment was installed in an area of 0.162 ha in the Experimental Center of Agricultural Engineering (NEAA) of Western University of Paraná UNIOESTE, in the city of Cascavel, PR. The treatments were based on the type of irrigation: not irrigated, irrigated and fertigated with EBS at doses of 370 m3 ha-1 cycle-1. After each rainfall event, the water materials were collected from drainage lysimeters previously installed in the area and analyzed for macro and micronutrients losses. The soil of the experimental area was also analyzed for possible changes in physical and chemical characteristics. In the plant, agronomic rates and nutrients in dry matter were evaluated. Subsequently, the grains were tested for post-harvest. The results showed that the application of EBS at a rate of 370 m3 ha-1, under the conditions in which this experiment was conducted, did not change the soil characteristics and the fertigation and irrigation allowed higher productivity of grains and agronomical parameters for the crop. Furthermore, the application of EBS provided nutrient losses in runoff and leachate, which could influence the quality of surface water and groundwater, but in general, not to higher levels than the ones accepted by the legislation. / O efluente proveniente da suinocultura tem sido aplicado no solo com o intuito de promover uma maior disponibilidade de nutrientes, como nitrogênio (N), fósforo (P) e potássio (K), a diversas culturas e como uma saída à disposição final desses efluentes em corpos hídricos. Entretanto, esta prática preocupa com relação à possibilidade de geração de poluição difusa no ambiente. O nabo forrageiro é utilizado como adubo verde de inverno no plantio direito e pode ser promissor para a produção de biodiesel, demandando valores consideráveis de nutrientes para o seu desenvolvimento. Desse modo, objetivou-se nesse trabalho avaliar o efeito da aplicação de efluente oriundo da biodigestão anaeróbia da suinocultura (EBS) no cultivo de nabo forrageiro. O experimento foi instalado em uma área de 0,162 ha no Núcleo Experimental de Engenharia Agrícola (NEAA) da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná UNIOESTE, na cidade de Cascavel, PR. Os tratamentos utilizados foram baseados no tipo de irrigação: sequeiro, irrigado e fertigado com EBS, nas doses de 370 m3 ha-1 ciclo-1. Após cada evento de precipitação, foram coletados os materiais de drenagem dos lisímetros previamente instalados na área e analisados quanto à perda dos principais macro e micronutrientes. O solo da área experimental também foi analisado quanto às possíveis alterações das características físicas e químicas. No vegetal, avaliaram-se os índices agronômicos e nutrientes presentes na fitomassa seca. Posteriormente, os grãos foram submetidos aos testes de pós-colheita. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a aplicação de EBS em uma taxa de 370 m3 ha-1, nas condições em que este experimento foi realizado, pouco modificou as características do solo, e que a fertigação e a irrigação possibilitaram maior produtividade dos grãos e maior rendimento agronômico. Além disso, a aplicação de EBS proporcionou perdas de nutrientes no material escoado e percolado, que podem influenciar na qualidade das águas superficiais e subterrâneas, porém, no geral, não a níveis superiores à legislação.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Knowledge of the main diffuse sources of sediment can enhance efficiency in the use of public resources invested in soil conservation management strategies. Conventional fingerprinting methods based on geochemical composition are time-consuming and require critical preliminary sample preparation. In this context, spectroscopic methods can be less labor-intensive, cheap, and viable alternative for this purpose. The present study aimed to quantify the sediment sources supplied to rivers in agricultural catchments of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, and to evaluate the potential use of spectroscopy measurements as a low cost and easy alternative to fingerprint sediment sources. Five study areas with increased size (Arvorezinha, Júlio de Castilhos 1, Júlio de Castilhos 2, Conceição, and Guaporé, with areas of 1.19, 0.80, 1.43, 804.3, and 2,027.2 km2, respectively) were evaluated. Sediment sources evaluated were crop fields, grasslands, unpaved roads, and stream channels. Sediment sampling strategies included time-integrated samplers, fine-bed sediments, and storm-event sediments. The total concentrations of several geochemical tracers were measured in both sediment and source samples. Spectral measurements were made for ultraviolet-visible, near-infrared, and mid-infrared ranges only for the Arvorezinha catchment. Source ascriptions obtained by alternative methods based on spectroscopy analysis were in agreement with ascriptions from classical fingerprinting method based on geochemical composition. Spectral information can provide as relevant information as the geochemical tracers. Furthermore, combining visible-based-colour with geochemical tracers was a rapid and cheap way to enhance discrimination between source types and to improve the precision of sediment sources apportionment. Results of sediment source apportionment demonstrate that other factors than proportion of land use, such as distribution of croplands, forests, and unpaved roads across the landscape play an important role in sediment production. Riparian forests seems to be a key factor to control stream channel erosion. The sediment yielded from unpaved roads seems to be strongly scale-related and it depends on the number of intersections between roads the stream network. Crop fields, even when cultivated with no-tillage, are still the main source of sediment to rivers in agricultural catchments in Southern Brazil. The amount of cropland specific sediment yield ranged from 0.06 to 3.95 ton ha 1 yr 1. These variations are partly attributed to the relief and slope, but land use and soil management are also important control factors. The cropland specific sediment yield remains too high for areas with low sensitivity to erosion where no-tillage is applied, as in Conceição catchment (1.30 ton ha 1 of cropland yr 1), indicating that additional efforts are necessary to further reduce soil erosion. Therefore, there is an urgent need to better plan land use and cover in these catchments, inasmuch as the soil management systems used by farmers proved to be inefficient to reduce runoff and erosion in cultivated areas of Southern Brazil. / Knowledge of the main diffuse sources of sediment can enhance efficiency in the use of public resources invested in soil conservation management strategies. Conventional fingerprinting methods based on geochemical composition are time-consuming and require critical preliminary sample preparation. In this context, spectroscopic methods can be less labor-intensive, cheap, and viable alternative for this purpose. The present study aimed to quantify the sediment sources supplied to rivers in agricultural catchments of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, and to evaluate the potential use of spectroscopy measurements as a low cost and easy alternative to fingerprint sediment sources. Five study areas with increased size (Arvorezinha, Júlio de Castilhos 1, Júlio de Castilhos 2, Conceição, and Guaporé, with areas of 1.19, 0.80, 1.43, 804.3, and 2,027.2 km2, respectively) were evaluated. Sediment sources evaluated were crop fields, grasslands, unpaved roads, and stream channels. Sediment sampling strategies included time-integrated samplers, fine-bed sediments, and storm-event sediments. The total concentrations of several geochemical tracers were measured in both sediment and source samples. Spectral measurements were made for ultraviolet-visible, near-infrared, and mid-infrared ranges only for the Arvorezinha catchment. Source ascriptions obtained by alternative methods based on spectroscopy analysis were in agreement with ascriptions from classical fingerprinting method based on geochemical composition. Spectral information can provide as relevant information as the geochemical tracers. Furthermore, combining visible-based-colour with geochemical tracers was a rapid and cheap way to enhance discrimination between source types and to improve the precision of sediment sources apportionment. Results of sediment source apportionment demonstrate that other factors than proportion of land use, such as distribution of croplands, forests, and unpaved roads across the landscape play an important role in sediment production. Riparian forests seems to be a key factor to control stream channel erosion. The sediment yielded from unpaved roads seems to be strongly scale-related and it depends on the number of intersections between roads the stream network. Crop fields, even when cultivated with no-tillage, are still the main source of sediment to rivers in agricultural catchments in Southern Brazil. The amount of cropland specific sediment yield ranged from 0.06 to 3.95 ton ha 1 yr 1. These variations are partly attributed to the relief and slope, but land use and soil management are also important control factors. The cropland specific sediment yield remains too high for areas with low sensitivity to erosion where no-tillage is applied, as in Conceição catchment (1.30 ton ha 1 of cropland yr 1), indicating that additional efforts are necessary to further reduce soil erosion. Therefore, there is an urgent need to better plan land use and cover in these catchments, inasmuch as the soil management systems used by farmers proved to be inefficient to reduce runoff and erosion in cultivated areas of Southern Brazil.

One of the major challenges for agriculture today is to manage soil properties and their spatial distribution to optimize productivity and minimize environmental impacts, such as diffuse pollution. To identify best management practices, the effects of different agricultural management practices on pollutant sources, mobilization, transfer and delivery to water bodies need to be understood. Grasslands managed for dairy and meat production, despite being widespread, have received less research attention than other agricultural land uses. Therefore, this thesis studies the effects of different grassland management practices on soil properties and their spatial distribution and the mobilization and delivery of multiple diffuse pollutants. As a grassland case study, monitoring for this thesis was conducted across three fields (6.5 – 7.5 ha) on the North Wyke Farm Platform, a grassland experimental farm in the UK. First, the effects of permanent grassland management (permanent for at least 6 years, but different grassland management > 6 years ago) were characterized as a baseline, followed by quantifying the short-term effects of ploughing and reseeding of permanent grassland fields. Throughout those management periods, i) a range of soil physical (bulk density [BD]) and chemical (soil organic matter [SOM], total N [TN], total phosphorus [TP], total carbon [TC]) soil properties and their spatial distribution were sampled and analysed by geostatistics, and ii) hydrological characteristics and multiple pollutant fluxes (suspended sediment [SS] and the macronutrients: total oxidized nitrogen-N [TONN], total phosphorus [TP], and total carbon [TC]) were monitored at high temporal resolution (monitoring up to every 15 minutes). The permanent grassland fields (or areas within fields) can be considered to be functioning differently. Past management legacy (more than 6 years ago) has affected soil properties and their distribution with subsequent effects on sediment and macronutrient delivery from the fields to surface waters. Overall, permanent grasslands were found to contribute significantly to agricultural diffuse pollution. The estimated erosion and macronutrient losses were similar to or exceeded the losses reported for other grasslands, mixed land use and even arable sites, and sediment and TP concentrations exceeded those recommended by EU / UK water quality guidelines. Ploughing and reseeding did not homogenize spatial variation and did not override past management effects. Long-term management differences affected soil properties and altered soil processes, so that the fields subsequently responded differently to ploughing and reseeding. All nutrient concentrations were significantly reduced in the older grassland field (no ploughing for 20 years), but not in the younger grassland field (no ploughing for 6 years). Ploughing and reseeding significantly accelerated the losses of sediment and macronutrients and sediment, TP and TONN exceedance frequencies of EU / UK water quality guidelines increased. Additionally, ploughing and reseeding caused a shift in the relative importance of nutrients, by increasing the relative importance of N. Such large sediment and nutrient losses from intensively managed grasslands should be acknowledged in land management guidelines and advice for future compliance with surface water quality standards. The between-field and within-field variation highlights the importance of baseline characterization and paired catchment studies. The long-term effects of management still acting on soil properties and subsequently water quality indicates how long it may take to see soil and water quality improvements after implementing mitigation measures. Therefore, long-term management history always has to be included when interpreting soil and water quality data.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoseNPO_DISSERT.pdf: 2861087 bytes, checksum: 5501c10c7323ae1724c567209f6872ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-15 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / In semiarid region of northeast Brazil, the majority of reservoirs used for public supply has suffered degradation of water quality affected by diffuse pollution from agricultural and livestock areas of the watershed and by hydrologic regime peculiar to the region, characterized by a rainy season with higher volumes stored in reservoirs and a dry season with a reduction in water level due to high evaporation and increase of eutrophication. The Dourado reservoir, located in Currais Novos city, semiarid region of Rio Grande do Norte state, is one example of a water supply reservoir that can have degradation of water quality and impracticability of their use, due to the high external input of nutrients from non-point sources of watershed during the rainy season and increasing of eutrophication due to decrease the stored volume during the dry period. This study aimed to investigate and quantify diffuse pollution and the hydrologic regime of semiarid region in order to establish standards regarding the water quality of Dourado reservoir. The study period was between the months of May 2011 to March 2012. The diffuse pollution was quantified in terms of watershed from the mass balance of phosphorus in the reservoir, as in relation to areas under different types of land use within the riparian zone of the reservoir from the assessment of soil chemical properties and losses of phosphorus in each area. The influence of hydrological regime on water quality of the reservoir was evaluated from the monthly monitoring of the morphometric, meteorological and limnological features throughout the study period. The results showed that the reservoir has received a high load of phosphorus coming from the drainage basin and presents itself as a system able to retain some of that load tributary, giving an upward trend of the eutrophication process. Diffuse pollution by nutrients from areas under different types of land use within the riparian zone of the reservoir was higher in areas under the influence of livestock, being this area considered a potential diffuse source of nutrients to the reservoir. Regarding the water regime during the rainy season the reservoir was characterized by high concentrations of nutrients and small algal biomass, while in the dry season the reduction of volume and increase of the water retention time of the reservoir, contributing to the excessive growth algal biomass, favoring an increase in eutrophication and deterioration of water quality. In synthesis the water quality of Dourado reservoir is directed by diffuse pollution coming from the drainage basin and the hydrological regime of the peculiar semiarid region, where the rainy season is characterized by high input of allochthonous compounds from the tributaries and erosion of the soil in the reservoir riparian zone, and the dry season characterized by reducing the storage volume due to high evaporation, high residence time of water and consequent degradation of water quality due to the increase of eutrophication process / Na regi?o semi?rida do nordeste do Brasil a maioria dos reservat?rios utilizados para abastecimento p?blico vem sofrendo degrada??o da qualidade da ?gua, influenciados pela polui??o difusa de ?reas agr?colas e de pecu?ria da bacia de drenagem e pelo regime hidrol?gico peculiar da regi?o, caracterizado por um per?odo de chuva com maiores volumes armazenados nos reservat?rios e um per?odo de seca com redu??o do n?vel da ?gua devido ? intensa evapora??o e aumento do processo de eutrofiza??o. O reservat?rio Dourado, localizado no munic?pio de Currais Novos, regi?o semi?rida do estado do Rio Grande do Norte ? um exemplo de manancial de abastecimento que pode apresentar degrada??o da qualidade da ?gua e inviabiliza??o do seu uso, devido ao elevado aporte externo de nutrientes a partir de fontes n?o-pontuais da bacia de drenagem durante o per?odo chuvoso e aumento do processo de eutrofiza??o devido a diminui??o do volume armazenado durante o per?odo de seca. Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar e quantificar a polui??o difusa e o regime hidrol?gico da regi?o semi?rida a fim de estabelecer padr?es referentes ? qualidade da ?gua do reservat?rio Dourado. O per?odo de estudo foi compreendido entre os meses de maio de 2011 a mar?o de 2012. A polu??o difusa foi quantificada tanto em rela??o ? bacia de drenagem, a partir do balan?o de massa de f?sforo no reservat?rio, como em rela??o a ?reas sob diferentes tipos de uso do solo na zona rip?ria do reservat?rio a partir da avalia??o dos atributos qu?micos do solo e das perdas de f?sforo em cada ?rea. A influ?ncia do regime hidrol?gico na qualidade da ?gua do reservat?rio foi avaliada a partir do monitoramento mensal das vari?veis morfom?tricas, meteorol?gicas e limnol?gicas do reservat?rio ao longo do per?odo de estudo. Os resultados mostraram que o reservat?rio recebeu uma elevada carga de f?sforo advinda da bacia de drenagem e se apresentou como um sistema capaz de reter parte desta carga afluente, conferindo uma tend?ncia ao aumento do processo de eutrofiza??o. A polui??o difusa por nutrientes a partir de ?reas sob diferentes tipos de uso do solo na zona rip?ria do reservat?rio foi maior na ?rea sob influ?ncia da pecu?ria, sendo essa ?rea considerada uma potencial fonte difusa de nutrientes para o reservat?rio. Em rela??o ao regime hidrol?gico, durante o per?odo de chuva o reservat?rio foi caracterizado por elevadas concentra??es de nutrientes e reduzida biomassa algal, enquanto que no per?odo de seca a redu??o do volume e o aumento do tempo de reten??o da ?gua do reservat?rio contribuiu para o crescimento excessivo da biomassa algal, favorecendo o aumento do processo de eutrofiza??o. Em s?ntese a qualidade da ?gua do reservat?rio tropical Dourado ? direcionada pela polui??o difusa oriunda da bacia de drenagem e pelo regime hidrol?gico peculiar da regi?o semi?rida, onde o per?odo chuvoso ? caracterizado pelo elevado aporte de compostos al?ctones provenientes dos rios tribut?rios e da eros?o do solo na zona rip?ria do reservat?rio, e o per?odo seco caracterizado pela marcante redu??o do volume armazenado devido ? intensa evapora??o, alto tempo de resid?ncia da ?gua e a consequente degrada??o da qualidade da ?gua devido ao aumento do processo de eutrofiza??o

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HerisonAO_DISSERT.pdf: 3081759 bytes, checksum: 59a4bbd5e10be405adf04193c0181a31 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-06 / The building of water reservoirs has become a solution for water scarcity of the semiarid regions, however, the land use and occupation near the margins of the reservoirs have been causing serious damage to water quality, harming their use. This paper aims to analyze the land use and occupation in the margins of the Northeast reservoir and evaluate their influence on the water quality, to identify the areas and activities that represent an higher risk of contamination to the reservoir. The study was conducted at the reservoir Dourado, located in the city of Currais Novos - RN, during the period from August 2012 to February 2013. Were defined six areas regarding the land use and occupation, then, Water samples were collected from the margins in these areas for the characterization of water quality. The results showed that almost all Permanent Preservation Areas (PPA) from the reservoir is degraded, increasing the susceptibility of large input of nutrients and contaminants loads. The water reservoir showed low quality, being with strong evidence of eutrophication due to the nutrient accumulation arising from the activities surrounding the reservoir, mainly from agriculture and Livestock. The Areas 1 and 2 are the areas that present a greater risk of reservoir degradation, because are the possible major sources of nutrients (phosphorus total, orthophosphate and nitrate), however, due to the small size of the reservoir, any compound that reaches its margins ultimately affects the water quality of the same / A constru??o de reservat?rios de ?gua se tornou uma solu??o para a escassez de ?gua das regi?es semi?ridas, por?m, a ocupa??o e o uso dos solos pr?ximos ?s margens dos reservat?rios v?m causando s?rios danos a qualidade da ?gua, chegando a prejudicar o seu uso. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o uso e ocupa??o do solo das margens de um reservat?rio nordestino e avaliar a sua influ?ncia sobre a qualidade da ?gua, visando identificar as ?reas e as atividades que representam um maior perigo de contamina??o ao reservat?rio. O trabalho foi realizado no reservat?rio Dourado, localizado no munic?pio de Currais Novos RN, durante per?odo de agosto de 2012 a fevereiro de 2013. Foram delimitadas seis ?reas quanto ao uso e ocupa??o do solo, em seguida, foram coletadas ?guas das margens dessas ?reas para a caracteriza??o da qualidade da ?gua. Os resultados mostraram que quase toda a ?rea de Preserva??o Permanente (APP) do reservat?rio esta degradada, aumentando a susceptibilidade de entrada de grandes cargas de nutrientes e de contaminantes. A ?gua do reservat?rio apresentou baixa qualidade, estando com fortes ind?cios de eutrofiza??o devido ao ac?mulo de nutrientes advindos das atividades realizadas nas margens do reservat?rio, principalmente da agricultura e da cria??o de animais. As ?reas 1 e 2 s?o as ?reas que apresentam um maior risco de degrada??o do reservat?rio, pois s?o as poss?veis maiores fontes de nutrientes (fosforo total, ortofosfato e nitrato), por?m, devido ao pequeno tamanho do reservat?rio, qualquer tipo de composto que chegue em sua margem acaba influenciando na qualidade da ?gua do mesmo

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:23:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jonathan Dieter.pdf: 2302102 bytes, checksum: e9ab008e789823e27a423fd2b3bb0228 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-13 / Swine wastewater application (SWW) in soils under no-tillage system can result in increased levels of phosphorus on soil surface layers, reducing the transferring risk via runoff into the aquatic environment. This trial aimed at evaluating, in two periods of soybean cropping, phosphorus transportation with the drained surface due to SWW application and mineral fertilization (MF) to a soil under no-tillage system with different declivities (i) and submitted to the simulation of different rain intensities (Ip). The trial was carried out on a Eutrophic Red Latosol. The study consisted in applying SWW doses (0, 75, 150, 225 and 300 m3.ha-1) with MF doses of (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% recommended to the crop) on 0.70 m2 soil plots with different declivities (i) (4, 9, 14, 19 and 24%) followed by the Ip simulation (45, 60, 75, 90 and 105 mm h-1) in two periods just after fertilizer application and seeding (AFAP) and after soybean harvest (ASH). After the runoff, it was simulated the Ip during 72 minutes by collecting independent samples drained solution at intervals of 24 minutes. The concentrations of total phosphorus (Pt), particulate phosphorus (Pp) and soluble phosphorus (Ps) were determined based on the collected samples. The central composite rotational design (CCRD) was used in a complete factorial design 24, with axial points (α = (2n)1/4), totaling 28 essays analyzed as a repeated measure along time. It was observed that concentrations of Pt, Ps and Pp in the runoff solution were positively influenced and showed the following order ARS> i> Ip. The multiple linear regression models adjusted for Ps and Pp concentrations in the runoff solution showed that SWW enhances the Ps transferring to the aquatic environment, while the factors that influence the transportation (i and Ip) showed greater importance in the concentration of transported Pp. During runoff, it was observed that the highest concentrations of Pt, Ps and Pp occurred at the beginning of runoff from the AFAP period, whose Pt concentrations reduced nearly 0.45 mg.L-1 during the ASH period. SWW application enhanced phosphorus transportation through runoff and reached higher concentrations when compared to those established ones by law. Thus, it represents a potential contamination to the environment / A aplicação de água residuária da suinocultura (ARS) em solos sob plantio direto pode resultar no aumento dos teores de fósforo em suas camadas superficiais, a fim de atenuar o risco de transferência via escoamento superficial para o meio aquático. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar, em dois períodos da cultura da soja, o transporte de fósforo junto à solução escoada na superfície devido à aplicação de ARS e a adubação mineral (ADM) no solo conduzido em plantio direto com diferentes declives (i) e submetido à simulação de diferentes intensidades de chuva (Ip). O experimento foi conduzido em Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico. O trabalho consistiu da aplicação de doses de ARS (0, 75; 150; 225 e 300 m3.ha-1) juntamente com doses de ADM (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% e 100% recomendadas para a cultura) sobre parcelas de solo de 0,70 m2 com diferentes declives (i) (4, 9, 14, 19 e 24 %), seguido da simulação da Ip (45, 60, 75, 90 e 105 mm h-1) em dois períodos, logo após aplicação das adubações e semeadura (APA) e após a colheita da soja (APC). Após o início do escoamento superficial, simulou-se a Ip por um período de 72 minutos. Coletaram-se amostras independente da solução escoada em intervalos de 24 minutos. Determinaram-se as concentrações do fósforo total (Pt), fósforo particulado (Pp) e fósforo solúvel (Ps) nas amostras coletadas. Utilizou-se o delineamento composto central rotacional (DCCR), em planejamento fatorial completo 24, com pontos axiais (α =(2n)1/4), totalizando 28 ensaios, analisados como medida repetida no tempo. Observou-se que as concentrações de Pt, Ps e Pp na solução escoada foram influenciadas positivamente e na seguinte ondem ARS>i>Ip. Os modelos de regressão linear múltiplos ajustados sobre as concentrações Ps e Pp na solução escoada demostraram que a ARS potencializa a transferência de Ps para o meio aquático, enquanto os fatores que influenciam no transporte (i e Ip) têm maior importância na concentração de Pp transportado. Durante o escoamento superficial, se observou que as maiores concentrações de Pt, Ps e Pp ocorrem no início do escoamento superficial do período APA, cujas concentrações de Pt foram reduzidas em torno de 0,45 mg.L-1 no período APC. A aplicação de ARS potencializou o transporte de fósforo via escoamento superficial e atingiu concentrações superiores às estabelecidas pela legislação, representando assim um potencial de contaminação ambiental

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:23:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos _Roberto Juchen.pdf: 4651753 bytes, checksum: 3109cc48a932cf6c73a7ff9fd56302c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-26 / The present study aims to determine trace elements concentration, adsorbed by sediments in waterproofed areas of the city limits as well as sediments that are deposited in the main rivers beds, which are responsible to perform drainage in Toledo city, Paraná. In order to study the sediment enrichment by trace elements, initially, there was some need to know the basal contents of these elements at the researched site. Therefore, and according to the scientific guidelines for this procedure, the chosen soil samples were taken from legal reserve areas located in the nearby rural farms, since these areas meet the requirements of preserving the natural characteristics of the soil in this region. Thus, five (5) sites were selected for sampling sediments on the streets as well as five (5) sites from the main rivers that have received sediments carried from the urban area by natural and anthropogenic processes. There were monthly collections in the studied rivers from April 2012 to March 2013 as well as fortnightly monitoring concerning the main physical parameters of river water (pH, dissolved oxygen, oxide reduction potential, conductivity, total dissolved solids, temperature and turbidity) in order to determine how these conditions can interfere on trace elements adsorbed by sediments deposited in the water environment. The applied analytical techniques were inductively coupled argon plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), total organic carbon (COT), laser granulometry and mineralogy by diffraction. The background showed the following concentrations: Fe (105,956), Al (102,372) Mg (2,303.2), Mn (916.4), Na (493.1), Cu (212.3), Zn (82.14 ), Ba (62.51), Cr (52.4), Ni (30.36), Pb (17.46), Sb (4.58) and Cd (0.69) in mg kg-1. The statistical analysis of the main components is summarized in three components that explained 96% variability of the background results, thus, it shows that there is no source of geogenic or anthropogenic contamination on the legal reserves. The sediments were classified as having an average particle size greater than 0.09 mm. The average clay fraction varied from 2 to 6% of the total mass of sediment samples. Mineralogical presences in the urban and aquatic environments were equivalent; they presented the following decreasing sequence number of the following minerals: quartz> hematite> andesite> kaolinite. They were compared to the background levels previously determined, the sediments of streets and rivers were enriched by trace elements in the following percentage rates: Ba (45.4 to 39.3%), Cu (48.6 to 44.3%), Cr (37.2 to 56.3%), Mn (81.6 - 0%), Ni (0 - 18.6%), Pb (40 - 0%), Zn (283.7 to 140.2 %), Mg (34.3 to 18.4%) and Na (250.2 to 295%), while TOC percentages showed an average distribution of 1% in all sites where samples were analyzed. The highest geo-accumulation rates were obtained where there was great enrichment by Zn as a trace element and according to the main guidelines, the maximum values obtained by trace elements such as Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn can produce adverse effects in this watershed. Finally, the monitoring methodology using control charts associated with the scores of the main components has demonstrated that among the monitored physicochemical parameters, electrical conductivity was retained in all the first components of the analyzed rivers. Thus, this parameter showed the highest correlations that interfere in the processes of adsorption and desorption of trace elements from sediments to water environment. At last, it was concluded that rural and urban anthropogenic contributions are responsible for the enrichment of sediments by trace elements in this area of study and also that scientific data are important for future environmental management processes of this municipality. / Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a concentração de elementos-traço adsorvidos pelos sedimentos nas áreas impermeabilizadas do perímetro urbano e também dos sedimentos que se depositam nos leitos dos principais rios que realizam a drenagem do município de Toledo-PR. Para os estudos de enriquecimento dos sedimentos por elementos-traço, houve inicialmente a necessidade de que se conhecessem os níveis basais desses elementos no local de estudo. Portanto, e conforme as orientações científicas para este procedimento, este estudo optou por amostras de solo retiradas de áreas denominadas de reserva legal, situadas em propriedades rurais próximas do município, uma vez que estas áreas atendem aos requisitos de preservação das características naturais do solo da região. Para amostragens de sedimentos, foram selecionados cinco locais situados em ruas de alto tráfego de automóveis do município e também cinco locais nos principais rios que recebem os sedimentos carreados da área urbana por processos naturais e antrópicos. Nos rios, além das coletas mensais de sedimentos, realizadas entre abril de 2012 e março de 2013, foi realizado quinzenalmente o monitoramento dos principais parâmetros físicos da água (pH, oxigênio dissolvido, potencial de oxido redução, condutividade, sólidos totais dissolvidos, temperatura e turbidez) a fim de verificar como essas condições podem interferir na concentração dos elementos-traço adsorvidos pelos sedimentos que são depositados nesses locais. As técnicas analíticas utilizadas foram as de espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma acoplado indutivamente (ICP-OES), carbono orgânico total (COT), granulometria a laser e mineralogia por difração. O background apresentou a seguinte concentração: Fe (105.956), Al (102.372), Mg (2.303,2), Mn (916,4), Na (493,1),Cu (212,3), Zn (82,14), Ba (62,51), Cr (52,4), Ni (30,36), Pb (17,46), Sb (4,58) e Cd (0,69) em mg Kg-1. A análise estatística de componentes principais se resumiu em apenas três componentes que explicaram 96% da variabilidade dos resultados do background, mostrando assim que as reservas legais não possuem qualquer fonte de contaminação geogênica ou antropogênica. Os sedimentos foram classificados com granulometria média superior a 0,09 mm. A fração argila foi determinada entre 2 a 6% em média da massa total das amostras dos sedimentos. As presenças mineralógicas no ambiente urbano e aquático foram equivalentes; apresentaram a seguinte série sequencial decrescente dos seguintes minerais: quartzo > hematita > andesito > caulinita. Comparados aos níveis do background determinado anteriormente, os sedimentos de ruas e de rios foram enriquecidos por elementos-traço nas seguintes proporções percentuais respectivas: Ba (45,4 - 39,3%), Cu (48,6 - 44,3%), Cr (37,2 56,3%), Mn (81,6 - 0%), Ni (0 - 18,6%), Pb (40 - 0%), Zn (283,7 - 140,2%), Mg (34,3 - 18,4%) e Na (250,2 - 295%) e os percentuais de COT apresentaram distribuição média de 1% em todos os locais de amostragens analisados. Os maiores índices de geoacumulação foram atingidos nos locais de amostragens onde ocorreu grande enriquecimento pelo elemento-traço Zn e segundo os principais guidelines, os valores máximos obtidos pelos elementos-traço Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni e Zn são capazes de produzir efeitos adversos nesta bacia hidrográfica. Por fim, a metodologia de monitoramento que utiliza gráficos de controle, associados aos escores das componentes principais, permitiu demonstrar que dentre os parâmetros físico-químicos monitorados, a condutividade elétrica foi retida em todas as primeiras componentes dos rios analisados. Portanto, foi o parâmetro que apresentou maiores correlações que interferem nos processos de adsorção e dessorção de elementos-traços dos sedimentos para o meio hídrico. Concluiu-se que as contribuições antropogênicas rurais e urbanas são responsáveis pelo enriquecimento dos sedimentos por elementos-traço nesta área de estudo e também que os dados científicos obtidos são importantes para futuros processos de gestão ambiental deste município