Compostos intermetálicos baseados em Aluminetos de Titânio são considerados promissores para aplicações estruturais em altas temperaturas. Eles apresentaram, principalmente, baixa massa específica (3,2 - 4,2 g/cm3), alto ponto de fusão (1400 - 1500 °C) e alta resistência mecânica entre 600 e 950 °C. O estudo de difusão entre ?-TiAl e materiais ricos em ferro é importante para observar fenômenos e obter dados relevantes a junção desses materiais com o Aço - a liga metálica mais versátil conhecida. Componentes como turbocompressores automotivos serão beneficiados com o desenvolvimento e a aplicação das ligas TiAl, sendo um aspecto importante a junção do rotor de TiAl com o eixo de aço do componente. O presente trabalho foi executado em três etapas: obtenção do intermetálico monofásico ?-TiAl; estudo de pares de difusão ?-TiAl/Fe; e estudo de pares de difusão ?-TiAl/Aço. Ligas com composições Ti50Al50 e Ti47Al53 foram confeccionadas e caracterizadas por microscopia ótica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e microanálise EDS, difratometria de raios-X e ensaios de dureza. As fases ?-TiAl e ?2-Ti3Al foram observadas em diversas microestruturas de acordo com a composição química e tratamento térmico da amostra. Os parâmetros de rede e as frações volumétricas das fases ?-TiAl e ?2-Ti3Al foram determinados por difração de raios-X através do refinamento pelo método de Rietvelt. A dureza média encontrada nas amostras TiAl foi de 272 a 340 HV500. A liga Ti47Al53 tratada termicamente a 1200 °C por 7 dias apresentou-se monofásica ?-TiAl e foi a escolhida para os estudos de pares de difusão. Caracterização microestrutural por MO e MEV/EDS, ensaio de dilatometria, ensaios de dureza e análise química foram executados no Aço retirado de um eixo do turbocompressor automotivo. Os pares de difusão ?-TiAl/Fe e ?-TiAl/Aço foram confeccionados e tratados a 800, 1000 e 1200 °C por 24 horas e caracterizados microestruturalmente com auxílio de um MEV/EDS. Nos pares confeccionados com Ferro, menores temperaturas de tratamento térmicos possibilitaram maiores regiões de ligação dos materiais e observou-se menores quantidades de trincas, provavelmente relacionado a menores tensões internas no resfriamento. Já nos pares confeccionados com Aço, observou-se a formação de carbonetos ricos em Titânio que atuaram como barreira de difusão, reduzindo consideravelmente as regiões de ligação em comparado com os pares confeccionados com Ferro. Em todos os pares de difusão, diversas regiões reacionais na interface de difusão foram observadas e através de dados da literatura, sugeriu-se as prováveis fases presentes em cada região. / Intermetallic compounds based on titanium aluminides are considered promising for structural applications in high temperatures. They presented mainly low density (3.2 to 4.2 g/cm3), high melting point (1400 to 1500 °C) and high mechanical strength between 600 and 950 °C. The study of diffusion between ?-TiAl and Fe-rich materials is important to observe phenomena and obtain relevant data joining these materials with steel - the most versatile metal alloy known. Components such as automotive turbochargers will benefit from the development and application of TiAl alloys, and represents an important aspect the junction between TiAl wheel and steel shaft component. The work was performed in three steps: obtaining ?-TiAl intermetallic single-phase; investigation of ?-TiAl/Fe diffusion couples; and investigation of ?-TiAl/Steel diffusion couples. Alloys with Ti50Al50 and Ti47Al53 compositions were made and characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and EDS microanalysis, X-rays diffraction and hardness tests. The ?-TiAl and ?2-Ti3Al phases were observed in several microstructures according to the chemical composition and the sample heat-treatment. The lattice parameters and volumetric fractions of ?-TiAl and ?2-Ti3Al phases was determined by X-ray diffraction by the Rietveld method. The average hardness found in TiAl samples was 272-340 HV500. The Ti47Al53 alloy heattreated at 1200 °C for 7 days showed ?-TiAl single-phase and it was chosen for diffusion couples investigations. Microstructural characterization, dilatometry tests, hardness tests, and chemical analysis was performed on a steel sample removed from the automotive turbocharger shaft. The ?-TiAl/Fe and ?-TiAl/Steel diffusion couples were made and heattreated at 800, 1000, 1200 °C for 24 hours and were microstructurally characterized by SEM/EDS. In couples made of Iron, lower heat-treatment temperatures allowed the highest attachment regions of the material and smaller amounts of cracks was found, probably due to lower internal stress during cooling. In the couples made of steel, it was observed the formation of Ti-rich carbides that worked as diffusion barrier, reducing considerably the binding regions compared with Iron couples. In all diffusion couples samples, several reaction regions on the diffusion interface were observed and through the literature it was suggested the probable phases present in each region.

Compostos intermetálicos baseados em Aluminetos de Titânio são considerados promissores para aplicações estruturais em altas temperaturas. Eles apresentaram, principalmente, baixa massa específica (3,2 - 4,2 g/cm3), alto ponto de fusão (1400 - 1500 °C) e alta resistência mecânica entre 600 e 950 °C. O estudo de difusão entre ?-TiAl e materiais ricos em ferro é importante para observar fenômenos e obter dados relevantes a junção desses materiais com o Aço - a liga metálica mais versátil conhecida. Componentes como turbocompressores automotivos serão beneficiados com o desenvolvimento e a aplicação das ligas TiAl, sendo um aspecto importante a junção do rotor de TiAl com o eixo de aço do componente. O presente trabalho foi executado em três etapas: obtenção do intermetálico monofásico ?-TiAl; estudo de pares de difusão ?-TiAl/Fe; e estudo de pares de difusão ?-TiAl/Aço. Ligas com composições Ti50Al50 e Ti47Al53 foram confeccionadas e caracterizadas por microscopia ótica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e microanálise EDS, difratometria de raios-X e ensaios de dureza. As fases ?-TiAl e ?2-Ti3Al foram observadas em diversas microestruturas de acordo com a composição química e tratamento térmico da amostra. Os parâmetros de rede e as frações volumétricas das fases ?-TiAl e ?2-Ti3Al foram determinados por difração de raios-X através do refinamento pelo método de Rietvelt. A dureza média encontrada nas amostras TiAl foi de 272 a 340 HV500. A liga Ti47Al53 tratada termicamente a 1200 °C por 7 dias apresentou-se monofásica ?-TiAl e foi a escolhida para os estudos de pares de difusão. Caracterização microestrutural por MO e MEV/EDS, ensaio de dilatometria, ensaios de dureza e análise química foram executados no Aço retirado de um eixo do turbocompressor automotivo. Os pares de difusão ?-TiAl/Fe e ?-TiAl/Aço foram confeccionados e tratados a 800, 1000 e 1200 °C por 24 horas e caracterizados microestruturalmente com auxílio de um MEV/EDS. Nos pares confeccionados com Ferro, menores temperaturas de tratamento térmicos possibilitaram maiores regiões de ligação dos materiais e observou-se menores quantidades de trincas, provavelmente relacionado a menores tensões internas no resfriamento. Já nos pares confeccionados com Aço, observou-se a formação de carbonetos ricos em Titânio que atuaram como barreira de difusão, reduzindo consideravelmente as regiões de ligação em comparado com os pares confeccionados com Ferro. Em todos os pares de difusão, diversas regiões reacionais na interface de difusão foram observadas e através de dados da literatura, sugeriu-se as prováveis fases presentes em cada região. / Intermetallic compounds based on titanium aluminides are considered promising for structural applications in high temperatures. They presented mainly low density (3.2 to 4.2 g/cm3), high melting point (1400 to 1500 °C) and high mechanical strength between 600 and 950 °C. The study of diffusion between ?-TiAl and Fe-rich materials is important to observe phenomena and obtain relevant data joining these materials with steel - the most versatile metal alloy known. Components such as automotive turbochargers will benefit from the development and application of TiAl alloys, and represents an important aspect the junction between TiAl wheel and steel shaft component. The work was performed in three steps: obtaining ?-TiAl intermetallic single-phase; investigation of ?-TiAl/Fe diffusion couples; and investigation of ?-TiAl/Steel diffusion couples. Alloys with Ti50Al50 and Ti47Al53 compositions were made and characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and EDS microanalysis, X-rays diffraction and hardness tests. The ?-TiAl and ?2-Ti3Al phases were observed in several microstructures according to the chemical composition and the sample heat-treatment. The lattice parameters and volumetric fractions of ?-TiAl and ?2-Ti3Al phases was determined by X-ray diffraction by the Rietveld method. The average hardness found in TiAl samples was 272-340 HV500. The Ti47Al53 alloy heattreated at 1200 °C for 7 days showed ?-TiAl single-phase and it was chosen for diffusion couples investigations. Microstructural characterization, dilatometry tests, hardness tests, and chemical analysis was performed on a steel sample removed from the automotive turbocharger shaft. The ?-TiAl/Fe and ?-TiAl/Steel diffusion couples were made and heattreated at 800, 1000, 1200 °C for 24 hours and were microstructurally characterized by SEM/EDS. In couples made of Iron, lower heat-treatment temperatures allowed the highest attachment regions of the material and smaller amounts of cracks was found, probably due to lower internal stress during cooling. In the couples made of steel, it was observed the formation of Ti-rich carbides that worked as diffusion barrier, reducing considerably the binding regions compared with Iron couples. In all diffusion couples samples, several reaction regions on the diffusion interface were observed and through the literature it was suggested the probable phases present in each region.

In a diffusion couple, the intimacy of the contact between the two parts is of high importance for the results. In a tribological contact, matter can transfer from one part to another and a very intimate contact is formed. A new method for investigating a tribological diffusion couple created in this way and consisting of rock and a cemented carbide (CC) drill bit button, is developed in this thesis. This is done as further studies of this couple can contribute to the understanding of drill bit wear in rock drilling. A complete experimental route, including sample preparation, tribological contact, heat treatment and analysis of samples, is presented. Heat treatment of samples was conducted both in an atmosphere of flowing argon and inside an evacuated and sealed quartz vacuum ampule. Heat treatment in flowing argon was rejected as an oxide formed on the sample surface.  Samples in quartz ampules were heat treated at either 1000 °C for 2 h or 21 h, or at 1100 °C for 2 h. Samples were repeatedly imaged with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and analysed with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) during the process. As Si and W have characteristic X-ray peaks in close proximity, the need for a detection method other than EDS to detect diffused Si in CC arose. Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (WDS) performed well in that respect. Diffused Si could be found in the superficial Co pockets of the CC structure, by analysis with WDS.

When slow wear mechanisms are studied it is important to examine slower processes, such as diffusion. Such processes can have a significant impact over time and can cause other phases to form, which can have a large effect on the wear. This thesis has investigated the diffusion that is believed to take place between brass and cemented carbide tools. This was done to further the understanding of the slow atomic wear which if properly understood, could lead to solutions that would increase the lifetime of the tools. The diffusion pairs were made from a tribological contact and then heat treated to speed up the diffusion process. Different temperatures and times were tested, from 400 °C for 3 h to 700 °C for 24 h. The samples were analysed with SEM and EDS both before and after the heat treatment, to see if diffusion had taken place. However, because of many unexpected processes and reactions the analysis could not confirm that diffusion had taken place. The transportation of Cu at the higher temperatures was much faster than expected, and in some samples, Cu could not be detected after the heating. Since the surface was so mobile, the slower diffusion process did not have time to take place. Many improvements for future experiments are suggested to be able to observe the diffusion, such as depositing a thin film or adding more work material.

The crater wear of alumina coated WC-Co cutting tools is thought to be influenced by the chemical reactions between the coating and the workpiece material. Three different crystal orientations ((001), (012), and (100) of alpha alumina CVD coatings are examined in combination with four workpiece materials of steel to establish what reactions are present, and the extent of diffusion. The alumina coatings and workpiece materials were pressed together as diffusion couples and heat treated at 1250- 1300°C for 10-20hours. It was fond that the types of inclusions present in the workpiece were more impactful on the chemical wear of the coating than the crystal orientation of the coating. EDS measurements show significant amounts of W and Co on the surface of the coatings and on the steel surfaces after heat treatment. This is thought to be connected to the migration of Co through the coating in cooling cracks and other impurities. In the surface of the coating, areas of solidified Co-rich structure have been found, implying that Co has formed an alloy with Fe, C, Al, and W with sufficiently low melting temperature to partially melt during the heat treatment. This has been confirmed as possible by simulations in Thermo-calc. Turning tests and scratch tests were made with the same combinations of coatings and workpiece material and show differences in adhesion of workpiece material on the different coating orientations. The 100-orientation has been found to have the most adhered workpiece material, the reason for this being its higher surface roughness. Ultimately no noticeable differences in chemical reactivity between the coating crystal orientations was found. The Co diffusion though the coating occurred for all the coating orientations and further experiments in turning with the different workpiece materials are required to determine the effect of Ca-rich inclusions on the magnitude of chemical wear. / <p>Handledare på företag:</p><p>Susanne Norgren </p><p>Doc.  Ph.D,  Group Expert Materials Design</p>

Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is a popular additive manufacturing (AM) technique that has demonstrated the capability to produce sophisticated engineering components. This work reports the crack-free fabrication of an SS316L/IN718 bimetallic structure via LPBF, along with compositional redistribution, phase transformations and microstructural development, and nanohardness variations. Constituent intermixing after LPBF was quantitatively estimated using thermo-kinetic coefficients of mass transport and compared with the diffusivity of Ni in the austenitic Fe-Ni system. The intermixing of primary solvents (Ni and Fe) in SS316L/IN718 bimetallic structures was observed for an intermixing zone of approximately 800 µm, and their intermixing coefficient was estimated to be in the order of 10−5 m2/s based on time of 10 ms. In addition, to understand the high temperature behavior, SS316L/IN718 bimetallic structures were annealed at 850, 950, and 1050 °C, for 120, 48, and 24h respectively, followed by water quenching (WQ). Furthermore, to better understand the intermixing of individual components (Ni and Fe) and to predict the varying (maximum) temperatures in LPBF of SS316L/IN718 bimetallic structures, solid-to-solid SS316L vs IN718 diffusion couples were examined at 850, 950, and 1050 °C, for 120, 48, and 24h respectively, followed by WQ. The investigation of SS316L vs IN718 diffusion couples yielded a maximum temperature of approximately 3400 K in the LPBF of SS316L/IN718 bimetallic structures. Finally, compositional redistribution, phase transformations and microstructural development, and nanohardness variations after LPBF of SS316L/IN625 bimetallic structure were also investigated to provide a better understanding of the LPBF process via bimetallic fabrication.

No description available.

Magnesium, being lightweight, offers potential to be developed into extensive structural applications. The transportation segment has particular interest in Mg and Mg alloy for applications where reduced vehicle weight is proportional to increased fuel efficiency. Aluminum and zinc are two of the most common alloying elements in commercial Mg alloys. They improve the physical properties of Mg through solid solution strengthening and precipitation hardening. Diffusion plays a key role in the kinetics of and microstructural development during solidification and heat treatment. However, there is limited diffusion data available for Mg and Mg alloys. In particular, because Al is monoisotopic, tracer diffusion data is not available. Interdiffusion of Mg solid solution with Zn also does not exist in literature. The diffusional interaction of Al and Zn in Mg solid solution at temperatures ranging from 623 – 723K was examined using solid-to-solid diffusion couple method. The objective of this thesis is two-fold: first, is the examination of interdiffusion in the Mg solid solution phase of the binary Mg-Al and Mg-Zn systems; second, is to explore non-conventional analytical methods to determine impurity diffusion coefficients. The quality of diffusion bonding was examined by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy with X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, and concentration profiles were determined using electron probe microanalysis with pure standards and ZAF matrix correction. Analytical methods of concentration profiles based on Boltzmann-Matano analysis for binary alloys are presented along with compositional dependent interdiffusion coefficients. As the iv concentration of Al or Zn approaches the dilute ends, an analytical approach based on the Hall method was employed to estimate the impurity diffusion coefficients. Zinc was observed to diffuse faster than Al, and in fact, the impurity diffusion coefficient of Al was smaller than the self-diffusion coefficient of Mg. In the Mg solid solution with Al, interdiffusion coefficients increased by an order of magnitude with an increase in Al concentration. Activation energy and pre-exponential factor for the average effective interdiffusion coefficient in Mg solid solution with Al was determined to be 186.8 KJ/mole and 7.69 x 10-1 m2/sec. On the other hand, in the Mg solid solution with Zn, interdiffusion coefficients did not vary significantly as a function of Zn concentration. Activation energy and pre-exponential factor for the average effective interdiffusion coefficient in Mg solid solution with Zn was determined to be 129.5 KJ/mole and 2.67 x 10-4 m2/sec. Impurity diffusion coefficients of Al in Mg was determined to have activation energy and pre-exponential factor of 144.1 KJ/mole and 1.61 x 10-4 m2/sec. Impurity diffusion coefficients of Zn in Mg was determined to have activation energy and preexponential factor of 109.8 KJ/mole and 1.03 x 10-5 m2/sec. Temperature and compositiondependence of interdiffusion coefficients and impurity diffusion coefficients are examined with respect to reported values in literature, thermodynamic factor, Φ, diffusion mechanisms in hexagonal close packed structure, and experimental uncertainty

<p> This dissertation is concerned with establishing the conditions under which planar phase interfaces are morphologically unstable during phase transformations in isothermal ternary systems. First, linear perturbation methods are employed in a detailed treatment of precipitatematrix interface stability for dilute ternary systems. Following this, the stability of the planar interface in a two-phase ternary diffusion couple is examined with the aid of perturbation theory. An experimental investigation into the stability of <alpha>-<beta> phase interfaces in the Cu-Zn-Ni system at 775°C is described. The results of this experimental study are shown to be in good agreement with the earlier theoretical predictions. </p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(C)(2) 課題番号:07650870 研究代表者:藤澤 敏治 研究期間:1995-1996年度