No description available.

The concept of generating horizontal-parallax-only (HPO) holograms by computer simulations is investigated. The simulations in this thesis are based on Optical Scanning Holography (OSH) aimed at acquiring HPO information electronically. The principles of OSH, a technique that allows the extraction of 3-D information by a 2-D optical scan of the object is first summarized. The HPO principles and simulation scenarios are then discussed. In order to illustrate the ideas, holograms were created and reconstructed using MATLAB simulations. The holograms are simulated by convolving the Fresnel zone plates (FZP) with the object. The simulations focus on generating HPO holograms using 1-D FZPs modeled as 1-D Gaussian chirp beams of varying waists. An optical reconstruction scheme by cylindrical lens was proposed and simulated. Three-dimensional imaging using HPO-holograms was also discussed. Several reconstruction scenarios were investigated by digitally convolving the complex HPO-hologram with the free space impulse response or the Gaussian chirp beam. Although many ideas of HPO-holography have been proposed and studied, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first proposed electronic technique to acquire HPO-holographic information. The simulations demonstrate that holographic information reduction techniques also help to alleviate the problems associated with the restricted field of view upon holographic reconstruction for 3-D display. The simulations show that horizontal-parallax-only holography is an excellent way to reduce holographic information. Suggested future work includes actual optical experimentation to verify the ideas presented in this thesis. / Master of Science

No description available.

A Holografia Digital (HD) é uma ferramenta acessível, rápida e eficiente para análise de efeitos mecânicos em materiais fotoelásticos. Esses materiais apresentam a propriedade da dupla refração, ou birrefringência, quando submetidos a esforços externos e, como consequência, os efeitos dos estados de polarização da luz transmitidos através de sua estrutura podem ser utilizados na análise das distribuições de tensões. As técnicas holográficas tradicionais não possibilitam o armazenamento das fases da onda de luz e, portanto, dificultam a análise quantitativa do campo de tensões e deformações nesses materiais. A Holografia Digital permite contornar essa dificuldade por meio de processos que utilizam diretamente as fases da onda de luz armazenadas. A partir de um interferômetro com duas ondas de referências ortogonalmente polarizadas é possível obter hologramas simultâneos que, ao serem subtraídos durante um processo de reconstrução holográfica digital por método da transformada de Fresnel, fornecem diretamente as diferenças de fases. Dessa forma, a HD mostra ser uma alternativa na análise de problemas em diversas áreas, pois possibilita, através de uma única captura, obter informações sobre as propriedades ópticas e mecânicas dos sistemas de interesse. O objetivo desse trabalho foi, além do desenvolvimento instrumental, criar um método para obtenção das distribuições de tensões que surgem nos materiais fotoelásticos e validá-lo por comparação, tanto com um modelo teórico a partir de fundamentos do método de Elementos Finitos associado à Fotoelasticidade quanto com um método experimental de Fotoelasticidade RGB. Com os procedimentos do método proposto, determinou-se as distribuições de tensões em uma amostra fotoelástica acoplada a uma peça metálica para observar a aplicabilidade do método. Essas etapas levaram a resultados que apontam a possibilidade de se utilizar técnicas e métodos holográficos digitais no estudo das propriedades de materiais fotoelásticos. / The Digital Holographic (DH) is an handy, fast and efficient tool to obtain the stresses distributions in Photoelastic materials. These materials present the double refraction phenomenon also named temporary birefringence when subjected to external forces, therefore, the effects in polarization state of the light transmitted through the structure can be used to analyze the stress distribution. Traditional holographic techniques do not allow the storage phase of the light wave dificulting the analyze these of the distributions. Digital Holographic allows to overcome these difficulties by processes that obtain directly of the storage phase of light. The holographic apparatus applied to generate the holograms registered the interference between two orthogonally polarized reference waves and an object wave transmitted through the samples. The resulting phase maps were reconstructed numerically by the Fresnel transform method. Thereby, the DH is an alternative for the study of problems in several fields, because it allows, through a single capture, to obtain information about the optical and mechanical properties of the systems of interest. The objective of this work was, besides instrumental development, create a method in Digital Holography to obtain the stresses distributions in Photoelastic materials and validate it by comparisions between the theorical Finite Element Method associated with Photoelasticity with the experimental method of Photoelasticity RGB. The procedures of the proposed method were used for determine stresses distributions in a Photoelastic sample with a metal part coupled in your superior base to verified its aplicability. Together, these results demonstrate the possibility of using digital holographic techniques and methods for studying mechanical properties of the Photoelastic materials.

"Hearing loss affects approximately 1 in 10 people in the world and this percentage is increasing every year. Some of the most common causes of hearing loss are disorders of the middle-ear. Early detection and diagnosis of hearing loss as well as research to understand the hearing processes depend on medical and research tools for quantification of hearing capabilities and the function of the middle-ear in the complex acousto-mechanical transformation of environmental sounds into vibrations of the middle-ear, particular of the human tympanic membrane (TM or eardrum). Current ear exams assess the state of a patient’s hearing capabilities mainly based on qualitative evaluation of the healthiness of the TM. Existing quantitative clinical methods for description of the motion of the TM are limited to either average acoustic estimates (admittance or reflectance) or single-point displacement measurements. Such methods could leave examiners and researchers blind to the complex spatio-temporal response of the nanometer scale displacements of the entire TM. Current state-of-the-art medical research tools provide full-field nanometer displacement measurements of the surface of the human TM excited by steady state (tonal) stimuli. However, to fully understand the mechanics of hearing, and the complex acousto-mechanical characteristics of TM in particular, new tools are needed for full-field high-speed characterization of the nanometer scale displacements of the human TM subjected to impulse (wideband) acoustic excitation. This Dissertation reports the development of a new high-speed holographic system (HHS) for full-field nanometer transient (i.e., > 10 kHz) displacement measurement of the human middle-ear and the tympanic membrane, in particular. The HHS allows spatial (i.e., >500k data points) and temporal (i.e., > 40 kHz) resolutions that enable the study of the acoustical and mechanical characteristics of the middle-ear at a level of detail that have never been reached before. The realization of the HHS includes the development and implementation of novel phase sampling and acquisition approaches that allow the use of state-of-the-art high-resolution (i.e., >5 MP) and high-speed (> 80,000 fps) cameras through modular and expandable control architectures. The development of novel acquisition approaches allows the use of conventional speed (i.e., <20 fps) cameras to realize high-temporal resolutions (i.e., <15 us) at equivalent sampling rates of > 50,000 fps with minimum hardware cost and modifications. The design and implementation of novel spatio-temporal phase sampling methods utilize the high temporal resolution (i.e., < 5 us exposure) and frame rate (i.e., >80,000 fps) of high-speed cameras without imposing constraints on their spatial resolution (i.e., >20 um pixel size). Additionally, the research and in-vivo applications capabilities of the HHS are extended through the development and implementation of a holographic otoscope head (OH) and a mechatronic otoscope positioner (MOP). The large (i.e., > 1 GB with > 8x10^9 parameters) spatio-temporal data sets of the HHS measurements are automatically processed by custom parallel data mining and interpretation (PDMI) methods, which allow automatic quantification of medically relevant motion parameters (MRMPs), such as modal frequencies, time constants, and acoustic delays. Such capabilities could allow inferring local material properties across the surface of the TM. The HHS is a new medical tool that enables otologists to improve the quality of diagnosis and treatments as well as provides researchers with spatio-temporal information of the hearing process at a level of detail never reached before. "

Current methodologies for characterization of tympanic membranes (TMs) have some limitations. They: are qualitative rather than quantitative, consist of single point mobility measurements, or only include one-dimensional deformation measurements. Furthermore, none of the current clinical tools for diagnosis of hearing losses have the capability to measure the shape of TM, which is very useful for anatomical or pathological investigations. The multi-wavelength lensless digital holography system (MLDHS) reported in this work consists of laser delivery (LD), optical head (OH), and computing platform (CP) subsystems, with capabilities of real-time, non-contact, full-field of view measurements. One version of the LD houses two tunable near-infrared external-cavity diode lasers with central wavelengths of 780.24nm and 779.74nm respectively, an acousto-optic modulator, and a laser-to-fiber mechanism. The output of the LD is delivered to an ultra-fast MEMS-based fiber optic switch and the light beam is directed to the OH, which is arranged to perform imaging and measurements by phase-shifting holography. The second LD version subsystem contains one tunable near-infrared diode laser in the range from 770nm to 789nm, an anamorphic prism pair, an acousto-optic modulator, a half-wave plate, and a fiber coupler assembly. The output of the LD is delivered to the OH directly. The OH is designed by 3D optical ray tracing simulations in which components are rotated at specific angles to overcome reflection issues. A high-resolution digital camera with pixel size of 6.7μm by 6.7μm in the OH is used for image recording at high-rates while the CP acquires and processes images in either time-averaged or double-exposure modes. The choice of working version depends on the requirements of the measurement and the sample under test. MLDHS can obtain shape and one-dimensional deformations along one optical axis (z-axis). In order to recover 3D deformations, assumptions based on elasticity theory are prerequisites for the calculations: (a) the TM is analyzed as a thin shell; (b) shape before and after deformation is considered nearly the same since acoustic pressure typically introduces nanometer scale deformations; and (c) normal vectors remain perpendicular to the deformed mid-plane of the TM. Another part of this Thesis is the design and prototyping of the MLDHS, which translates this holographic platform into a simple and compact holographic instrument for measurements of the visible tympanic-membrane motions in live patients. Therefore, the OH subsystem needs to be light and portable, as it can be mounted on a robotic arm be near the ear canal, while the LD subsystem needs to be stable and safely protected. Preliminary results of acoustically induced 3D deformations and shape measurements by a single instrument that demonstrate the capabilities of the devices developed in this Thesis are presented.

Les propriétés intrinsèques des fibres amplificatrices telles que leur robustesse, leur efficacité, leur qualité de faisceau ou encore leur compacité ou leur bonne gestion thermique, en font un candidat idéal pour le développement de sources lasers de haute puissance, capables de rivaliser aujourd’hui avec les lasers solides. Les applications de ces sources avec de fortes puissances sont nombreuses : l’industrie (usinage, marquage), la défense (télémétrie, imagerie), la physique des particules. Dans ce dernier cas, des sources ultra-brèves et ultra-intenses permettent d’envisager de nouvelles applications telles que la proton-thérapie ou bien le remplacement des synchrotrons actuels par des architectures moins encombrantes et ayant un rendement plus important. Ce travail de thèse s’est déroulé dans le contexte du projet ICAN qui vise à étudier l’architecture de ces nouvelles sources.La combinaison cohérente de plusieurs amplificateurs fibrés en parallèle permet d’augmenter la puissance de ces sources. Pour atteindre les énergies visées dans le projet ICAN, la combinaison cohérente de 10 000 fibres doit être envisagée. L’objectif de cette thèse est de développer des techniques de contrôle de la phase compatibles avec un très grand nombre de fibres, pour leur application aux lasers ultra-intenses nécessaires à la physique des particules.Deux architectures de combinaison cohérente basées sur une mesure de phase interférométrique ont été réalisées dans cette thèse. La première, basé sur l’holographie numérique, permet un contrôle de la phase sans aucun calcul, collectif tant au niveau de la mesure que de la correction. La seconde architecture possède un contrôle actif de phase basé sur un algorithme de traitement d’images et elle a une bande passante compatible avec le spectre de bruit des amplificateurs. La combinaison cohérente de 16 fibres à 1kHz avec une erreur résiduelle de phase de λ/60mrs a été démontrée. La compatibilité de ces deux architectures avec 10 000 fibres a été étudiée et nous avons apporté quelques éléments pour la combinaison cohérente d’un très grand nombre de fibres. / The intrinsic properties of optical fibers like robustness, efficiency, beam quality, compactness and good thermal management can now compete with solid state lasers to develop high power laser sources. The applications of such sources include industry (machining, marking), defense (telemetry, lidar), and fundamental research. In this case, high intensity lasers are compulsory to produce the next generation of particles accelerators more efficient and more compact, both for fundamental research and its direct applications such as proton therapy. This work was done in the context of the ICAN project, which studies the feasibility of such sources.To overcome the limitations in terms of power of a single amplified fiber, an idea is to use several fiber lasers and to combine them coherently. To reach the ultra-high peak power and high average power requirements for these applications, the coherent beam combining of 10,000 fiber amplifiers has to be envisaged. The goal of the work is to develop a scheme of phase control scalable to a high number of combined fibers.Two schemes based on an interferometric phase measurement are realized in this work. The fist scheme, based on digital holography, permits a collective phase measurement and correction without calculation. The second scheme is based on an active phase control with individual phase modulators. This control requires an image processing algorithm and has a bandwidth compatible with the phase spectral noise of the amplifiers. The coherent combining of 16 fibers at 1kHz with a residual phase shift error of λ/60rms is achieved in this case. We use this second scheme to evaluate its scalability. We show that the coherent combining of 10,000 fibers using off-the-shelf components is already possible.

Dentre dos procedimentos geradores de perfil óptico encontra-se a microscopia holográfica digital. Esta ferramenta interferométrica surgiu da ideia inicial proposta por D. Gabor sobre holografia, a qual permite mediante o registro da interferência de campos ópticos coerentes, guardar e extrair informações de imagens. A microscopia holográfica digital permite a análise de objetos com resoluções transversais semelhantes às obtidas por microscopia óptica, e ainda, possui a vantagem pela natureza da holografia de permitir realizar análises através do acesso a valores quantitativos de fase. Apresentam-se neste trabalho os conceitos básicos da holografia digital e da microscopia holográfica digital, com o objetivo, de introduzir o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para a implementação da microscopia holográfica digital por reflexão para o controle dimensional de objetos e determinação da rugosidade superficial de amostras de aço. Os hologramas são obtidos mediante uma instalação óptica, que consiste em um interferômetro de Michelson por reflexão com o uso de uma lente objetiva de microscópio e uma câmera CCD sem lente. Para a reconstrução das imagens de contraste de fase são utilizadas técnicas numéricas que capacitam à microscopia holográfica digital para a supressão do termo de ordem zero, controle da resolução de pixel, desmodulação da fase óptica, determinação dos mapas de intensidades e fase, filtragem e compensação de aberrações dos hologramas obtidos. As reconstruções numéricas dos feixes objeto e referência são realizadas utilizando o método de dupla propagação. Foi desenvolvido um algoritmo que apresenta a imagem de contraste de fase com base num critério de distância a partir de um único holograma. Desta forma o programa utilizado permite a realização de medições quantitativas das dimensões dos objetos e da rugosidade superficial de amostras de aço, assim como, a representação em 3D da imagem de fase reconstruída com resultados validados através de um perfilômetro óptico 3D sem contacto modelo CCI-MP. / Among the procedures generating optical profile is the digital holographic microscopy. This interferometric tool arose from the initial idea proposed by D. Gabor on holography, which allows by recording the interference of coherent optical fields, save and extract information from images. Digital holographic microscopy allows the analysis of objects with transversal resolutions similar to those obtained by optical microscopy, and also has the advantage of the nature of holography to allow to perform analyzes through the access to quantitative phase values. This paper presents the basic concepts of digital holography and digital holographic microscopy, with the objective of introducing the development of a methodology for the implementation of digital holographic microscopy by reflection for the dimensional control of objects and determination of surface roughness of samples of steel. The holograms are obtained by means of an optical installation consisting of a Michelson interferometer by reflection using an objective microscope lens and a lensless CCD camera. For the reconstruction of phase contrast images, numerical techniques are used that enable digital holographic microscopy to suppress the zero-order term, control pixel resolution, optical phase demodulation, determination of intensity and phase maps, filtering and compensation of aberrations of the obtained holograms. Numerical reconstructions of the object and reference beams are performed using the double propagation method. An algorithm has been developed that presents the phase contrast image based on a distance criterion from a single hologram. In this way the program used allows the realization of quantitative measurements of the object dimensions and the surface roughness of steel samples, as well as the 3D representation of the reconstructed phase image with results validated through a 3D contactless optical profilometer model CCI- MP.

In this dissertation, I utilize digital holographic microscopy (DHM) to study the motility of biological cells. As an important feature of DHM, quantitative phase microscopy by digital holography (DH-QPM) is applied to study the cell-substrate interactions and migratory behavior of adhesive cells. The traction force exerted by biological cells is visualized as distortions in flexible substrata. Motile fibroblasts produce wrinkles when attached to a silicone rubber film. For the non-wrinkling elastic substrate polyacrylamide (PAA), surface deformation due to fibroblast adhesion and motility is visualized as tangential and vertical displacement. This surface deformation and the associated cellular traction forces are measured from phase profiles based on the degree of distortion. Intracellular fluctuations in amoeba cells are also analyzed statistically by DH-QPM. With the capacity of yielding quantitative measures directly, DH-QPM provides efficient and versatile means for quantitative analysis of cellular or intracellular motility. Three-dimensional profiling and tracking by DHM enable label-free and quantitative analysis of the characteristics and dynamic processes of objects, since DHM can record real-time data for micro-scale objects and produce a single hologram containing all the information about their three-dimensional structure. Here, I utilize DHM to visualize suspended microspheres and microfibers in three dimensions, and record the four-dimensional trajectories of free-swimming cells in the absence of mechanical focus adjustment. The displacement of microfibers due to interactions with cells in three spatial dimensions is measured as a function of time at sub-second and micrometer levels in a direct and straightforward manner. It has thus been shown that DHM is a highly efficient and versatile means for quantitative tracking and analysis of cell motility.

In this dissertation we use digital holographic quantitative phase microscopy to observe and measure phase-only structures due to induced photothermal interactions and nanoscopic structures produced by photomechanical interactions. Our use of the angular spectrum method combined with off-axis digital holography allows for the successful hologram acquisition and processing necessary to view these phenomena with nanometric and, in many cases, subnanometric precision. We show through applications that this has significance in metrology of bulk fluid and interfacial properties. Our accurate quantitative phase mapping of the optically induced thermal lens in media leads to improved measurement of the absorption coefficient over existing methods. By combining a mathematical model describing the thermal lens with that describing the surface deformation effect of optical radiation pressure, we simulate the ability to temporally decouple the two phenomena. We then demonstrate this ability experimentally as well as the ability of digital holography to clearly distinguish the phase signatures of the two effects. Finally, we devise a pulsed excitation method to completely isolate the optical pressure effect from the thermal lensing effect. We then develop a noncontact purely optical approach to measuring the localized surface properties of an interface within a system using a single optical pressure pulse and a time-resolved digital holographic quantitative phase imaging technique to track a propagating nanometric capillary disturbance. We demonstrate the method's ability to accurately measure the surface energy of pure media and chemical monolayers formed by surfactants with good agreement to published values. We discuss the possible adaptation of this technique to applications for living biological cell membranes.