Overall topic of presented thesis is development of methods of measurement of low impedances below 10 Ohm in a frequency range up to 1 MHz. The thesis comprises of three main parts. First part of thesis describes design of unique and simple calculable standards of resistance that are used for calibration of the bridge and as the reference standards for the calibrations. Next part of theses is focused on design of digital sampling bridge in various topologies suitable for measurement of various types of impedance standards up to frequency of 1 MHz. The thesis describes the HW components, data processing and corrections scheme allowing the designed bridge to reach expanded uncertainties (k=2) below 0.005% and 250 µrad at 1 MHz. One of the key points of the proposed corrections scheme is unique automatic linearity calibration method requiring minimal operator's effort. The theses also describes integration of Spice model of the bridge the bridge SW that allowed validation of functionality of the bridge and also analysis of uncertainty contributions related to interferences between the bridge components. The last part of the thesis shows selection of measurements of known impedances and international comparisons that proofs performance of the bridge.

The use of external dimensions in products has great importance in numerous areas and a digital measurement can lead to a more streamlined workflow. In this project are the suitability of sensors for measuring irregularly shaped objects investigated and a prototype for digital measurement built. The prototype consists of a measuring cart, Raspberry Pi, two cameras and MQTT with React web front-end. Measurement is started by a client and reported back to the client with the measurement station’s established measurement values. The result is presented as 79% of measured dimensions ending up within ±10 mm margin of the manually measured value. The result is based on tests of 10 objects with deviating characteristics to challenge the measurement capacity. The biggest challenge that has arisen has been the handling of objects’ perspectives in relation to the cameras. It is one of the areas that could be further developed to improve the reliability of the measuring station. / Användningen av yttermått hos produkter har en stor betydelse inom en stor mängd områden och en digital mätning av detta kan medföra en mer strömlinjeformad arbetsgång. I detta projektet undersöks sensorers lämplighet för mätning av oregelbundet formade objekt och det byggs en prototyp för digital mätning. Prototypen består av en mätvagn, Raspberry Pi, två kameror och MQTT med React-baserat webbgränssnitt. Mätning startas av en klient och rapporteras tillbaka till klienten med mätstationens fastslagna mätvärdena. Resultatet slutar i att 79% av uppmätta dimensioner hamnar inom ±10 mm marginal av manuellt uppmätt värde. Ett resultat som baseras på tester av 10 objekt med avvikande egenskaper för att utmana mätkapaciteten. Det största utmaningen som uppkommit har varit hanteringen av objekts perspektiv i förhållande till kamerorna. Det är ett av områdena som fortsatt har möjlighet att vidarutvecklas för att ytterliggare förbättra mätstationens pålitlighet.

<p>U tezi je rešavan centralni problem &ndash; detekcija nule dvobitnom<br />stohastičkom digitalnom mernom metodom (SDMM). Formulisane su<br />dve metode detekcije nule primenom dvobitne SDMM. Po prvoj metodi<br />dinamička rezerva je oko 100 dB a po drugoj ne manje od 160 dB. Obe<br />metode su proverene teorijski, simulaciono i eksperimentalno. Pored<br />rešenja centralnog problema, dato je i nekoliko rešenja problema<br />koji su sa njim vezani. Hipoteza ove teze &ndash; &bdquo;dvobitna SDMM je u opsegu<br />0 % - 10% FS bolja od standardne sempling metode (SSM)&ldquo; &ndash; je potpuno<br />potvrđena u svim razmatranim slučajevima.</p> / <p>The main goal of this thesis was null-detection using a two-bit stochastic<br />digital measurement method (SDMM). Two methods of null-detection, using<br />two-bit SDMM, were formulated. Using the first method around 100 dB of<br />dynamic reserve was achieved and using the second one no less than<br />160 dB. Both methods were theoretically, using simulation and experimentally<br />confirmed. In addition to the solution of the main problem, several other<br />related problems were also solved. The hypothesis of this thesis &ndash; &ldquo;two-bit<br />SDMM in range from 0 % - 10 % FS is better than the standard sampling<br />method (SSM)&rdquo; has been fully confirmed in all considered cases.</p>

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5.4pt;mso-para-margin:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}</style><![endif]-->U tezi se razmatra kriterijum optimalnosti stohastičkog fleš A/D konvertora (SFADC) koji predstavlja osnovu stohastičke digitalne metode merenja (SDMM). Razvijen je matematički i simulacioni model višebitnog SFADC i određen optimum broja bita rezolucije. Napravljen je hardverski prototip 4-bitnog stohastičkog mernog instrumenta (SMI), koji je ispitan brojnim eksperimentima i upoređen sa teorijski određenim vrednostima performansi merenja. 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Normal";mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;mso-style-noshow:yes;mso-style-priority:99;mso-style-qformat:yes;mso-style-parent:"";mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-para-margin:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}</style><![endif]--><span style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-font-kerning:10.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">The thesis considers the criterion of optimality of the stochastic flash A/D converter (SFADC), which is the basis of the stochastic digital measurement method (SDMM). The mathematical and simulation model of the multibit SFADC was developed and the optimal number of bits of resolution was determined. A hardware prototype of a 4-bit stochastic measuring instrument (SMI) was made, tested in numerous experiments and compared with theoretically determined measurement performance values. The hypothesis of this thesis - that there is an optimal number of SMI resolution bits in which the maximum benefit of the measurement precision is achieved at the price of duplication of the required hardware - is fully confirmed</span></p>

<p>Дисертација истражује утицај примене дитерског сигнала (дискретног аналогног униформног шума) генерисаног новом методом на повећање ефективне резолуције мерних инструмената базираних на стохастичкој дигиталној мерној методи. У дисертацији је дат преглед досадашњих решења базираних на стохастичкој дигиталној мерној методи у циљу сагледавања потребе и оправданости истраживања. Предложено решење представља комбинацију псеудослучајног и истински случајног генератора и као такво задржава најбоље особине из обе области. Дaт je прeдлoг нoве методе гeнeрисaњa шумa унифoрмнe рaспoдeлe aмплитудa. Умeстo уoбичajeнoг нaчинa гeнeрисaњa кoришћeњeм гeнeрaтoрa псeудoслучajних брojeвa и Д/А кoнвeртoрa, oвдe сe прeдлaжe гeнeрисaњe зaснoвaнo нa нeунифoрмнoм одабирању тeстeрaстoг или троугаоног нaпoнa. Oсим уштeдe збoг нeкoришћeњa Д/А кoнвeртoрa, дoбит je и мoгућнoст гeнeрисaњa нaпoнa из кoнтинуалнoг, умeстo дискрeтнoг скупa aмплитудa. Вeћинa дaнaшњих хaрдвeрских гeнeрaтoрa псeудoслучajнoг нaпoнa, сe бaзирa нa употреби микрoкoнтрoлeра и Д/A кoнвeртoра, пa je нa тaj нaчин рeзoлуциja гeнeрисaњa псeудoслучajнoг нaпoнa oгрaничeнa резолуцијом Д/A кoнвeрторa. Одабирањем тестерастог или троугаоног напона предложеном методом се остварује готово неограничена резолуција. Употреба овако генерисаног дитерског сигнала доводи до повећања ефективне резолуције код стохастичких мерних инстурмената. Симулацијом је одређена оптимална структура генератора на основу предложене методе. Експериментална мерења су изведена помоћу развијеног прототипа хардверског генератора.</p> / <p>Disertacija istražuje uticaj primene diterskog signala (diskretnog analognog uniformnog šuma) generisanog novom metodom na povećanje efektivne rezolucije mernih instrumenata baziranih na stohastičkoj digitalnoj mernoj metodi. U disertaciji je dat pregled dosadašnjih rešenja baziranih na stohastičkoj digitalnoj mernoj metodi u cilju sagledavanja potrebe i opravdanosti istraživanja. Predloženo rešenje predstavlja kombinaciju pseudoslučajnog i istinski slučajnog generatora i kao takvo zadržava najbolje osobine iz obe oblasti. Dat je predlog nove metode generisanja šuma uniformne raspodele amplituda. Umesto uobičajenog načina generisanja korišćenjem generatora pseudoslučajnih brojeva i D/A konvertora, ovde se predlaže generisanje zasnovano na neuniformnom odabiranju testerastog ili trougaonog napona. Osim uštede zbog nekorišćenja D/A konvertora, dobit je i mogućnost generisanja napona iz kontinualnog, umesto diskretnog skupa amplituda. Većina današnjih hardverskih generatora pseudoslučajnog napona, se bazira na upotrebi mikrokontrolera i D/A konvertora, pa je na taj način rezolucija generisanja pseudoslučajnog napona ograničena rezolucijom D/A konvertora. Odabiranjem testerastog ili trougaonog napona predloženom metodom se ostvaruje gotovo neograničena rezolucija. Upotreba ovako generisanog diterskog signala dovodi do povećanja efektivne rezolucije kod stohastičkih mernih insturmenata. Simulacijom je određena optimalna struktura generatora na osnovu predložene metode. Eksperimentalna merenja su izvedena pomoću razvijenog prototipa hardverskog generatora.</p> / <p>The dissertation investigates the impact of the application of the dithering signal (discrete analogue uniform noise) generated by the new method for increasing the effective resolution of measurement instruments based on the stochastic digital measurement method. The dissertation provides an overview of the existing solutions based on the stochastic digital measurement method in order to understand the need and justification of the research. The proposed solution represents a combination of a pseudorandom and truly random generator and as such holds the best features in both areas. А suggestion of a new way of generating the noise of the uniform distribution of amplitudes is presented. Instead of the usual way of generating using a pseudorandom number generator and a D/A converter, the generation based on the nonuniform sampling of sawtooth or triangle voltage is proposed. In addition to the savings due to the non-use of a D/A converter, the possibility of generating voltages from a continual instead of a discrete amplitude set is also obtained. Most of today&#39;s hardware pseudorandom voltage generators are based on the use of a microcontroller and D/A converter, so in this way the resolution of the pseudorandom voltage generation is limited by the resolution of the D/A converter. By sampling the sawtooth or triangle voltage using the proposed method, almost unlimited resolution is achieved. The use of this generated dither signal leads to an increase in effective resolution in stochastic measuring instruments. The simulation determined the optimal structure of the generator based on the proposed method. Experimental measurements were made using developed hardware.</p>