Sub-surface reservoirs are normally characterised by limited information from widely spaced wells (1D sections) and relative low-resolution seismic data (2D or 3D sections) making any derived geological model highly interpretive. The ability of outcrop exposures to study the sedimentary architecture (e.g. stacking patterns, lateral continuation, facies proportions and distribution) at a wide range of scales (km to mm) in continuous 3D accessible sections make them ideal analogues to help bridge the gap in resolution between seismic and well data in reservoir studies.In this study the sedimentary architecture of the outcrop exposures the Late Triassic Wolfville Formation are evaluated using traditional sedimentological (e.g. correlation panels, log sections) and digital (e.g. DGPS, LiDAR, DEM) field techniques to help better understand these often complex fluvial depositional systems for analogue reservoir studies. The sediments of the Wolfville Formation are superbly exposed in both cliff sections and on extensive wave-cut platforms along the shore of the Minas Basin (Nova Scotia, Canada). The succession lies unconformably on Pre-Triassic rocks and forms the earliest syn-rift unit in the Fundy basin. The unit comprises coarse- and fine-grained fluvial sandstones, aeolian dune deposits, and alluvial fan sediments. The laterally extensive and three-dimensional nature of the outcrop exposures offer a valuable insight in the sedimentary architecture of the fluvial system. A detailed sedimentological analysis of the succession allowed the determination of the large-scale sedimentary architecture of this gravelly to sandy bedload fluvial system. In order to characterise the architectural evolution in more detail digital outcrop studies were employed in three carefully selected study areas. The study areas are located along the southern Minas Basin shore within the gravelly and younger sandy-dominated part of the succession.The digital outcrop studies carried out in the study areas collected spatial data using differential GPS and LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) equipment. The integration of traditional collected geological and spatial data forms digital outcrop models (DOMs), which allow accurate mapping and evaluation of the geological properties geometry and distribution using novel spatial analysis techniques (e.g. classified point-cloud and perpendicular projection plane method). The results offer a better understanding on the heterogeneity of the depositional system, accurate geostatistical information on the characteristics of sedimentary bodies and genetic units (geometry, distribution and proportion) and provides a high-resolution stratigraphic-structural framework for geocellular outcrop models. In the geocellular outcrop models of the study areas the three-dimensional facies distribution are simulated using various modelling approaches, such as sequential indicator simulations, object modelling and multiple point statistics. The available control of the outcrop models allowed the various facies modelling approaches to be examined. The results are evaluated and discussed using qualitative comparison studies. In addition, these outcrop models provided detailed information on the three-dimensional fluvial architecture.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-11-29T11:27:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Reginaldo Macedônio da Silva_.pdf: 12568015 bytes, checksum: b7f2c89facf89b0186ab816497e38c2a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-29T11:27:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Reginaldo Macedônio da Silva_.pdf: 12568015 bytes, checksum: b7f2c89facf89b0186ab816497e38c2a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-11 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / PROSUP - Programa de Suporte à Pós-Gradução de Instituições de Ensino Particulares / O crescente avanço de novas tecnologias na área das geociências, como o posicionamento por GNSS, o mapeamento por GPR ou a geração de modelos tridimensionais com a técnica LIDAR permite a integração de técnicas de sensoriamento remoto em diferentes aplicações nas geociências. Para isso é necessário experimentar, testar e avaliar cientificamente o potencial de integração dessas diferentes tecnologias, de forma a explorar em sua plenitude os diferentes tipos de dados. A análise, descrição e interpretação de afloramentos são atividades corriqueiras dos trabalhos de campo geológicos. Apesar do avanço tecnológico das últimas décadas, a obtenção de dados quantitativos a partir do uso de instrumentos não se sobrepôs à tradicional forma de aquisição de dados pelos geólogos: a observação da rocha. Dessa forma, o estudo de afloramentos constitui uma fonte indispensável para a obtenção de dados intermediários entre as escalas megascópica (e.g., geologia regional) e microscópica (e.g., amostra), que por sua natureza são dependentes de aquisição por sensores remotos e instrumentos diversos. O principal desafio em pesquisas dessa natureza é integrar dados quantitativos e digitais, obtidos por instrumentos com diferentes princípios de aquisição e integrá-los aos dados qualitativos e analógicos obtidos pela subjetividade da percepção do geocientista. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar, testar e validar essa abordagem multidisciplinar para a modelagem de afloramentos considerando um estudo de caso real no Afloramento Morro Papaléo. Para tanto, considerou-se como premissa que o modelo geológico resultante da integração de dados de diferentes naturezas não tivesse erro posicional em ordem de grandeza superior à resolução espacial do sensor com maior limitação de amostragem. A integração de dados segundo procedimentos metodológicos adequados permitiu gerar um Modelo Digital de Afloramento (MDA) que tornou possível visualizar, medir e interpretar com exatidão a geologia a partir de uma representação geológica do objeto de estudo. A validação de campo foi realizada para assegurar que a qualidade da metodologia proposta pode ser utilizada nesse tipo de estudo. Quanto aos dados de subsuperfície, por meio de seções geofísicas, foi possível estabelecer correlações entre os dados obtidos com a técnica LIDAR, o que permitiu integrar dados de superfície e de subsuperfície. Portanto, com o estabelecimento do modelo 3D gerado numa base de dados consistente, calibrada e validada pode-se a qualquer tempo adicionar dados e incrementar o modelo de forma dinâmica. / The increasing advance of new technologies in the field of geosciences, such as GNSS positioning, mapping by GPR or the generation of three dimensional models with the LIDAR technique allows the integration of orbital and non-orbital remote sensing techniques for different applications in geosciences. Thus, it is necessary to experiment, test and scientifically evaluate the potential of integration of these different technologies in order to explore the different types of data. The analysis, description and interpretation of outcrops are daily activities of the geological fieldwork. Despite the technological advances in the last decades, the acquisiton of quantified data from instruments and sensors did not substitute the traditional source of data of the geologists: the observation of the rock. Thus, the study of outcrops is fundamental in the acquisition of intermediate data between the megascopic (e.g. regional geology) and microscopic scales (e.g., sample), quite dependent of acquisition by remote sensors and instruments. The main challenge in this type of research is to integrate quantitative digital data obtained by instruments and sensors based on different principles with qualitative, analogic data, obtained by the subjective perception of the geoscientist. The main purpose of this study was to analyze, test and validate this multidisciplinary approach to the modeling of outcrops considering a real case study in Morro Papaléo Outcrop. For this, it was considered as a premise that the geological model resulting from the integration of different data had not a positional error in an order of magnitude higher than the spatial resolution of the more limited sensor. The data integration using appropriate methodological procedures allowed generate a Digital Outcrop Model (DOM) which made it possible to view, measure and accurately interpret the geology from a 3D geological representation. The field validation was performed to ensure that the quality of the proposed methodology can be used in this type of study. Through geophysical sections was possible to correlate subsurface data with those obtained with the LIDAR technique, allowing data integration of surface and subsurface data. Therefore, with the establishment of the 3D model generated in a consistent database, calibrated and validated, at any time more data can be added to this dynamic model.

The Cutler Formation is composed of thick, arkosic, alluvial conglomerate, sandstone, and mudstone shed southwestward from the Uncompahgre Uplift into the Paradox Basin. More basin-ward the Cutler is recognized as a group consisting of differentiable formations. Discrete formations historically have not been distinguished near the uplift, but this study identified several separate successions in the Richardson Amphitheater. Research at the Richardson Amphitheater, ~12 km southwest of the uplift and ~30 km northeast of Moab, Utah, led to a systematic subdivision of the Permian Cutler Formation proximal to the uplift. Likely driven by channel cutting and migration across the alluvial fan, six 10-20 m thick successions are partially exposed. The dominant observed facies are basal conglomerate and channel-fill trough cross-stratified sandstone overlain by finer-grained distal sheetflood and frequently pedogenically altered sandstone. Down-warping of identified successions and the presence of additional sands within the area of flexure suggest that localized salt withdrawal created a sediment depocenter in the Richardson Amphitheater, ~6 km northwest of the Onion Creek salt diapir. The identified salt withdrawal feature is more proximal to the Uncompahgre Uplift than any of the major documented salt structures in the area and was not previously documented. Six measured stratigraphic sections and hundreds of high-precision differential GPS data points outlining major lateral erosional surfaces form the basis for interpretation. Five mapped erosional surfaces (bounding surfaces based upon differential GPS point interpolation) are laterally extensive within the approximately one square kilometer study area, and as such, represent stratigraphically significant surfaces. Within the generated structural geocellular model, stratigraphic data from measured sections informed facies modeling between major surfaces. This outcrop model may serve as an analogue for subsurface systems deposited in similar settings.

Submitted by William Justo Figueiro (williamjf) on 2015-07-09T22:32:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 27b.pdf: 4120563 bytes, checksum: 28666d8a39aa4371e2cad8353a3b6fc2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-09T22:32:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 27b.pdf: 4120563 bytes, checksum: 28666d8a39aa4371e2cad8353a3b6fc2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-01 / Petrobras - Petróleo Brasileiro S. A. / UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos / O presente estudo visou o desenvolvimento e aplicação de uma metodologia para a detecção e classificação de diferentes respostas espectrais em nuvens de pontos obtidas a partir de escâner a laser terrestre (Laser Scanner Terrestre) com o intuito de identificar a presença de diferentes rochas em afloramentos e a geração de um Modelo Digital de Afloramento. A ferramenta para a classificação de padrões espectrais, denominada K-Clouds, foi desenvolvida com base em análise de agrupamentos (clusters), que a partir de uma indicação do número de classes fornecido pelo usuário através da análise de um histograma dos dados, realiza a classificação da nuvem de pontos. Os dados classificados podem então ser interpretados por geólogos para uma melhor compreensão e identificação das rochas presentes no afloramento. Além da detecção de diferentes rochas, verificouse que é possível detectar pequenas alterações nas características físico-químicas das mesmas, como aquelas causadas por intemperismo e variação composicional. / The present study aimed to develop and implement a method for detection and classification of spectral signatures in point clouds obtained from Terrestrial Laser Scanner in order to identify the presence of different rocks in outcrops and to generate a Digital Outcrop Model. To achieve this objective, a software based on cluster analysis was created, named K-Clouds. This software was developed through a partnership between UNISINOS and the company V3D. This tool was designed to, beginning with an analysis and interpretation of a histogram from a point cloud of the outcrop and subsequently indication of a number of classes provided by the user, process the intensity return values. This classified information can then be interpreted by geologists, to provide a better understanding and identification from the existing rocks in the outcrop. Beyond the detection of different rocks, this work was able to detect small changes in the physical-chemical characteristics of the rocks, as they were caused by weathering or compositional changes.

The Frontier Formation in the Green River Basin of southwestern Wyoming consists of Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) marine and non-marine sandstones, siltstones, mudstones and coals deposited on the western margin of the Cretaceous Interior Seaway. Tight gas reservoirs exist in subsurface fluviodeltaic sandstones in the upper Frontier Formation (Dry Hollow Member) on the north-south trending Moxa Arch within the basin. These strata crop out in hogback ridges of the Utah-Idaho-Wyoming Thrust Belt approximately 40 km west of the crest of the Moxa Arch. Detailed, quantitative outcrop descriptions were constructed using emerging photogrammetric techniques along with field observations and measured sections at five key outcrop localities along the thrust belt. Understanding the architectural style of this low net-to-gross fluvial system allows for improved reservoir prediction in this and other comparable basins. The architectural style of the Dry Hollow Member fluvial deposits varies vertically as the result of a relative shoreline transgression during Dry Hollow deposition. Amalgamated conglomerates and associated fine to coarse sandstones near the base of the section and much thinner, isolated sandstones near the top of the Dry Hollow occur in laterally extensive units that can be identified over tens of kilometers. These units also provide means to relate outcrop and subsurface stratigraphic architecture. Combined with available subsurface data, fully-realized 3D static reservoir models for use as analogs in subsurface reservoir characterization may be constructed. Grain size, reservoir thickness and connectivity of fluvial sandstones is generally greatest near the base of this member and decreases upward overall. Despite relative isolation of some channel bodies, geocellular facies modeling indicates good lateral and vertical connectivity of most channel sandstones. The Kemmerer Coal Zone, with little sandstone, divides lower and upper well-connected sandy units.