In this thesis, the root-locus theory for a class of diffusion systems is studied. The input and output boundary operators are co-located in the sense that their highest order derivatives occur at the same endpoint. It is shown that infinitely many root-locus branches lie on the negative real axis and the remaining finitely many root-locus branches lie inside a fixed closed contour. It is also shown that all closed-loop poles vary continuously as the feedback gain varies from zero to infinity.

In this thesis, the root-locus theory for a class of diffusion systems is studied. The input and output boundary operators are co-located in the sense that their highest order derivatives occur at the same endpoint. It is shown that infinitely many root-locus branches lie on the negative real axis and the remaining finitely many root-locus branches lie inside a fixed closed contour. It is also shown that all closed-loop poles vary continuously as the feedback gain varies from zero to infinity.

Orientador: Eduardo Miranda / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-31T13:24:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HoyosNeto_JoseAbel_D.pdf: 1434769 bytes, checksum: 70acbb99e5c8d9636d4209b0919b56ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: O propósito desse trabalho é estudar o papel da desordem em sistemas de spins fortemente interagentes de baixa dimensionalidade. Do ponto de vista teórico, cadeias de spin são extremamente atrativas por apresentarem uma nova física de baixas energias que vem da competição entre o ordenamento magnético e as .utuações quânticas. A introdução de desordem, onipresente no contexto experimental, é um elemento que pode desestabilizar as fases puras dando origem a uma nova física. Essa é a motivação principal do estudo de seu papel. Neste trabalho nós estudamos 4 sistemas de spins antiferromagnéticos desordenados:(i ) as escadas de spins-1/2 dos tipos 2 pernas e zig-zag, (ii ) as cadeias isotrópicas de spins SU(N), (iii ) a cadeia anisotrópica de spins SU(4), e (iv ) revisitamos a cadeia de spins-1/2. O estudo destes sistemas foi realizado aplicando generalizações da técnica do grupo de renormalização no espaço real para desordem forte. No caso do primeiro sistema, nós mostramos que as escadas de spins sempre renormalizam em cadeias de spins muito bem conhecidas. A escada de 2 pernas renormaliza para uma cadeia de spins-1/2 dimerizada antiferromagnética desordenada e, portanto, possui duas fases. Para dimerização forte ou equivalentemente desordem fraca, o sistema se encontra na fase de Haldane onde há um "gap" e a desordem é irrelevante. Para dimerização fraca ou equivalentemente desordem forte, o "gap" de Haldane se fecha e o sistema se encontra numa fase de Griffiths onde as quantidades termodinâmicas são controladas por um expoente não universal denominado expoente dinâmico z . Em contraste, a escada zig-zag renormaliza ou para uma cadeia de spins-1/2 antiferromagnética desordenada ou para uma cadeia de spins com acoplamentos ferro e antiferromagnéticos desordenada. Se a desordem e a frustração são suficientemente fracas, a escada renormaliza para a primeira cadeia, caso contrário esta pertence à mesma classe de universalidade da segunda. Além disso, relacionamos o expoente dinâmico da cadeia de spins com acoplamentos ferro e antiferromagnéticos com a distribuição de ponto fixo desses acoplamentos. Finalmente, através de argumentos simples, consideramos dizimações de acoplamentos correlacionados. Nesse caso, torna-se bem claro que a frustração é responsável pelo surgimento de acoplamentos ferromagnéticos que põem a escada na bacia de atração do ponto fixo das cadeias com acoplamentos ferro e antiferromagnéticos. Com relação à cadeia SU(N), desenvolvemos uma generalização do método do grupo de renormalização para desordem forte para uma cadeia isotrópica antiferromagnética de spins que pertencem à representações irredutíveis totalmente anti-simétricas do grupo SU(N), com N maior ou igual a 2. Conseguimos resolver as equações de fluxo analiticamente e descobrimos que essas cadeias pertencem a uma nova classe de universalidade cujos pontos fixos são de desordem infinita e, por tal motivo, nossos resultados se tornam assintoticamente exatos. Próximo a esses pontos fixos, os expoentes característicos são universais, i. e., independentes da desordem inicial da cadeia, e dependem somente do posto N do grupo de simetria. Devido às similaridades entre as regras de aglomeração de spins quando da dizimação de uma cadeia de spins com acoplamentos ferro e antiferromagnéticos e da dizimação da cadeia isotrópica de spins SU(N) no limite N ® µ , fomos capazes de calcular analiticamente, através de expansões de 1/N , a função correlação da primeira cadeia.Com relação à cadeia de spins SU(4), modificamos a generalização do método de grupo de renormalização para levar em conta a anisotropia dos acoplamentos. Conseguimos determinar o diagrama de fases através de cálculos analíticos e numéricos. Todos os pontos fixos encontrados são universais e de desordem infinita, entretanto, os expoentes característicos dependem de uma maneira não trivial da anisotropia do sistema. Por fim, revisitamos a cadeia de spins-1/2 antiferromagnética. Calculamos a amplitude da função de correlação média e a relacionamos com a amplitude da entropia de emaranhamento da mesma. Além disso, argumentamos em favor da universalidade dessas amplitudes / Abstract: The purpose of this thesis is the study of the role of quenched disorder in low-dimensional strongly interacting quantum spin systems. From the theoretical point of view, spin chains are extremely attractive due to their unconventional behavior that originates in the competition between magnetic ordering and quantum fluctuations. The introduction of disorder, ubiquitous in experimental realizations, is an element that can destabilize the clean phases giving rise to new physical behavior. That is the main motivation of this study. In this thesis, we study 4 random antiferromagnetic spin systems: (i ) the spin-1/2 two-leg and zigzag ladders, (ii ) the isotropic SU(N) spin chains, (iii ) the anisotropic SU(4) spin chain, and (iv ) we also revisit the spin-1/2 chain. For such a task, we use generalizations of the strong disorder real-space renormalization group method. Concerning the first systems, we show that the ladders are always renormalized to well-known spin chains. The two-leg ladder is renormalized to a random dimerized antiferromagnetic spin-1/2 chain, hence exhibiting two phases. For strong dimerization or equivalently weak disorder the system is in the gapful Haldane phase where disorder is irrelevant. Otherwise, the Haldane gap closes and the system is driven into a nonuniversal Griffiths phase, where the thermodynamical quantities are controled by the dynamical exponent z. In contrast, the zigzag ladder is renormalized either to a random antiferromagnetic spin-1/2 chain or to a random spin chain with both ferro- and antiferromagnetic couplings. If the randomness and frustration are sufficiently weak, the ladder is renormalized to the former chain, but otherwise it belongs to the same universality class of the latter one. In addition, we related the dynamical exponent of the ferro- and aniferromagnetic spin chain with its fixed point coupling constant distributions. Moreover, through simple qualitative arguments, we determined the phase diagram of the zigzag ladder with correlated disorder. That calculation clearly showed that frustration is responsible for the appearance of ferromagnetic couplings, which place the system in the basin of attraction of the fixed point of the ferro- and antiferromagnetic spin chains. With respect to theSU(N) spin chain, we developed a generalization of the strong-disorder renormalization group method to the case of an antiferromagnetic isotropic spin chain whose spins belong to the totally antisymmetric irreducible representations of the SU(N) group, with N greater than or equal to 2. We solved the flow equations analytically and found that such chains belong to a new universality class whose fixed point distributions are characterized by infinite disorder, rendering our results asymptotically exact. The characteristic exponents of these fixed points are universal, i. e., independent of the bare disorder, and depend only on the symmetry group rank. Due to the similarities of the spin clustering rules between the ferro- and antiferromagnetic spin chain and the isotropic SU(N) spin chain in the limit of N ® µ, we were able to analytically calcu- late, through a 1/N expansion, the mean correlation function of the former chain. In the case of the SU(4) spin chain, we modified the generalization of the renormalization group method to take into account the coupling anisotropy. We determined the phase diagram through analytical and numerical calculations. All fixed points found are universal and of infinite-randomness type. However, the characteristic exponents depend in a nontrivial fashion on the anisotropy. Finally, we revisited the antiferromagnetic spin-1/2 chain. We calculated the amplitude of the mean correlation function and related it with the amplitude of the entanglement entropy of the chain. In addition, we gave arguments in favor of the universality of these amplitudes / Doutorado / Física da Matéria Condensada / Doutor em Ciências

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There are two main tools for determining the stability of nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs): Lyapunov Theory and linearization. The former has the advantage of providing stability results for nonlinear equations directly, while the latter considers the stability of linear equations and then further justification is needed to show the linear stability implies local stability of the nonlinear equation. Linearization has the advantage of investigating stability on a simpler equation; however, the justification can be difficult to prove. Both Lyapunov Theory and linearization are applied to the Landau--Lifshitz equation, a nonlinear PDE that describes the behaviour of magnetization inside a magnetic object. It is known that the Landau-Lifshitz equation has an infinite number of stable equilibrium points. We present a control that forces the system from one equilibrium to another. This is proved using Lyapunov Theory. The linear Landau--Lifshitz equation is also investigated because it provides insight to the nonlinear equation. The linear model is shown to be well--posed and its eigenvalue problem is solved. The resulting eigenvalues suggest an appropriate control for the nonlinear Landau--Lifshitz equation. Mathematically, the control causes the initial equilibrium to no longer be an equilibrium and the second point to be an asymptotically stable equilibrium point. This implies the magnetization has moved to the second equilibrium and hence the control objective is successfully achieved. The existence of multiple stable equilibria is closely related to hysteresis. This is a phenomenon that is often characterized by a looping behaviour; however, the existence of a loop is not sufficient to identify hysteretic systems. A more precise definition is required, which is presented, and applied to the Landau--Lifshitz equation (both linear and nonlinear) to establish the presence of hysteresis.

Fault detection and isolation (FDI) are essential in ensuring safe and reliable operations in industrial systems. Extensive research has been carried out on FDI for one dimensional (1-D) systems, where variables vary only with time. The existing FDI strategies are mainly focussed on 1-D systems and can generally be classified as model based and process history data based methods. In many industrial systems, the state variables change with space and time (e.g., sheet forming, fixed bed reactors, and furnaces). These systems are termed as distributed parameter systems (DPS) or two dimensional (2-D) systems. 2-D systems have been commonly represented by the Roesser Model and the F-M model. Fault detection and isolation for 2-D systems represent a great challenge in both theoretical development and applications and only limited research results are available. In this thesis, model based fault detection strategies for 2-D systems have been investigated based on the F-M and the Roesser models. A dead-beat observer based fault detection has been available for the F-M model. In this work, an observer based fault detection strategy is investigated for systems modelled by the Roesser model. Using the 2-D polynomial matrix technique, a dead-beat observer is developed and the state estimate from the observer is then input to a residual generator to monitor occurrence of faults. An enhanced realization technique is combined to achieve efficient fault detection with reduced computations. Simulation results indicate that the proposed method is effective in detecting faults for systems without disturbances as well as those affected by unknown disturbances.The dead-beat observer based fault detection has been shown to be effective for 2-D systems but strict conditions are required in order for an observer and a residual generator to exist. These strict conditions may not be satisfied for some systems. The effect of process noises are also not considered in the observer based fault detection approaches for 2-D systems. To overcome the disadvantages, 2-D Kalman filter based fault detection algorithms are proposed in the thesis. A recursive 2-D Kalman filter is applied to obtain state estimate minimizing the estimation error variances. Based on the state estimate from the Kalman filter, a residual is generated reflecting fault information. A model is formulated for the relation of the residual with faults over a moving evaluation window. Simulations are performed on two F-M models and results indicate that faults can be detected effectively and efficiently using the Kalman filter based fault detection. In the observer based and Kalman filter based fault detection approaches, the residual signals are used to determine whether a fault occurs. For systems with complicated fault information and/or noises, it is necessary to evaluate the residual signals using statistical techniques. Fault detection of 2-D systems is proposed with the residuals evaluated using dynamic principal component analysis (DPCA). Based on historical data, the reference residuals are first generated using either the observer or the Kalman filter based approach. Based on the residual time-lagged data matrices for the reference data, the principal components are calculated and the threshold value obtained. In online applications, the T2 value of the residual signals are compared with the threshold value to determine fault occurrence. Simulation results show that applying DPCA to evaluation of 2-D residuals is effective.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第18402号 / 情博第517号 / 新制||情||91(附属図書館) / 31260 / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科複雑系科学専攻 / (主査)教授 山本 裕, 教授 西村 直志, 教授 太田 快人 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DFAM

Ferromagnetismo itinerante permanece um problema elusivo em Física. O fenômeno resulta da competição entre interação eletrônica e efeitos de muitos corpos e não pode ser tratado perturbativamente. Particularmente em uma dimensão, teoremas proíbem fases ferromagnéticas em T = 0 para modelos de rede com hopping de primeiros vizinhos. Nos últimos vinte anos, entretanto, apareceram modelos na literatura que estendem o hopping para além de primeiros vizinhos e para os quais ordem ferromagnética foi rigorosamente estabelecida. Praticamente todas as demonstrações da existência de ferromagnetos unidimensionais são feitas em fase isolante (com exceção de casos patológicos, como repulsão infinita). Isto nos levou a investigar o acoplamento entre os setores de spin e carga no regime fortemente interagente quando se dopa o sistema, o que introduz pontos de Fermi pF e -pF. Encontramos, com teoria de perturbação, singularidades logarítmicas na autoenergia do mágnon quando seu momentum é pF ou -pF. Derivamos uma teoria de campo efetiva para o espalhamento em torno desses pontos entre os mágnons e férmions sem spin (que representam o setor de carga). O modelo efetivo é similar ao modelo Kondo, que consiste de uma impureza magnética localizada acoplada localmente com um mar fermiônico por uma interação de troca entre spins. Em nosso modelo, há, na realidade, um pseudospin que indica se o momentum de uma partícula é próximo de pF ou de -pF e o mágnon se comporta como uma impureza móvel. A mobilidade da impureza leva a uma relação de dispersão para os férmions dependente do pseudospin da impureza. / Itinerant ferromagnetism remains an elusive problem in Physics. The phenomenon arises from a competition between electronic interaction and many-body effects and cannot be treated perturbatively. Particularly in 1D, there are rigorous proofs that forbid ferromagnetic phase for lattice models with nearest-neighbours hopping only. In the last twenty years, however, models with hopping beyond nearest-neighbours were proposed in the literature and for which ferromagnetic phase was rigorously established. Virtually every proof of the existence of one-dimensional ferromagnets is done in an insulator phase (disregarding some pathological cases, such as infinite electronic repulsion). That motivated us to investigate the coupling between spin and charge sectors in the strongly interacting regime when we dope the system, introducing two Fermi points, pF and -pF. We found out, through perturbation theory, logarithmic singularities in the magnon selfenergy when its momentum is pF or -pF. To understand them, we derived an effective field theory for the scattering between magnons and spinless fermions (which represent the charge sector) close to these points. The effective model resembles the Kondo model, which describes a magnetic impurity locally coupled to a fermionic sea through spin exchange interaction. In our model, there is actually a pseudospin that indicates if a particle momentum is closest to pF or -pF and the magnon behaves as a mobile impurity. The impurity mobility leads to a fermionic dispersion relation that depends on the impurity pseudospin.

Tubular reactors cover a large class of processes in chemical and biochemical engineering. They are typically reactors in which the medium is not homogeneous (like fixed-bed reactors, packed-bed reactors, fluidized-bed reactors,...) and possibly involve diferent phases (liquid/solid/gas). The dynamics of nonisothermal axial dispersion or plug flow tubular reactors are described by semilinear partial differential equations (PDE's) derived from mass and energy balances. The main source of nonlinearities in such dynamics is concentrated in the kinetics terms of the model equations. Like tubular reactors many physical phenomena are modelled by partial differential equations (PDE's). Such systems are called distributed parameter systems. Control problems of these systems can be formulated in state-space form in a way analogous to those of lumped parameter systems (those described by ordinary differential equations) if one introduces a suitable infinite-dimensional state-space and suitable operators instead of the usual matrices. This thesis deals with the synthesis of optimal control laws with a view to regulate the temperature and the reactant concentration of a nonisothermal plug flow reactor model. Several tools of linear and semilinear infinite-dimensional system theory are extended and/or developed, and applied to this model. On the one hand, the concept of asymptotic stability is studied for a class of infinite-dimensional semilinear Banach state- space systems. Asymptotic stability criteria are established, which are based on the concept of strictly m-dissipative operator. This theory is applied to a nonisothermal plug flow reactor. On the other hand, the concept of optimal Linear-Quadratic (LQ) feedback is studied for class of infinite-dimensional linear systems. This theory is applied to a linearized plug flow reactor model in order to design an LQ optimal feedback controller. Then the resulting nonlinear closed-loop system performances are analyzed. Finally this control design strategy is extended to a large class of first-order hyperbolic PDE's systems.

Plasmonic waves in solid-state are caused by collective oscillation of mobile charges inside or at the surface of conductors. In particular, surface plasmonic waves propagating at the skin of metals have recently attracted interest, as they reduce the wavelength of electromagnetic waves coupled to them by up to ~10 times, allowing one to create miniaturized wave devices at optical frequencies. In contrast, plasmonic waves on two-dimensional (2D) conductors appear at much lower infrared and THz-GHz frequencies, near or in the electronics regime, and can achieve far stronger wavelength reduction factor reaching well above 100. In this thesis, we study the unique machinery of 2D plasmonic waves behind this ultra-subwavelength confinement and explore how it can be used to create various interesting devices. To this end, we first develop a physically intuitive theoretical formulation of 2D plasmonic waves, whose two main components---the Coulomb restoration force and inertia of the collectively oscillating charges---are combined into a transmission-line-like model. We then use this formulation to create various ultra-subwavelength 2D plasmonic devices. For the 2D conductor, we first choose GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure---a 2D electron gas consisting of massive (m*>0) electrons---demonstrating plasmonic bandgap crystals, interferometers, and negatively refracting metamaterials. We then examine a 2D plasmonic device based on graphene, a 2D electron gas consisting of effectively massless (m*=0) electrons. We theoretically show and experimentally demonstrate that the massless electrons in graphene can surprisingly exhibit a collective mass when subjected to a collective excitation, providing the inertia that is essential for the propagation of 2D plasmonic waves. Lastly, we theoretically investigate the thermal current fluctuation behaviors in massive and massless electron gases. While seemingly unrelated on first sight, we show that the thermal current fluctuation is actually intimately linked to the collective mass of the massive or massless electron gas. Thus, we show that the thermal current fluctuation behaviors can also be described by the same theoretical framework introduced earlier, suggesting a possibility to design new concept devices and experiments based on this linkage. / Engineering and Applied Sciences