Thesis advisor: Rudolph Hon / Groundwater in the Shepley's Hill Landfill (SHL) area had a high arsenic concentration for at least 20 years. This study is aimed at understanding the migration pathways of arsenic in the SHL area and postulating the possible sources and mechanisms for the mobilization of arsenic. A direct-push sampling technique (DPT) was applied in the summer of 2010 within the SHL and its downgradient area, which provided groundwater samples from various depths and locations. A long-term monitoring dataset from 1998 to 2009 was utilized as a subsidiary source for temporal analysis. Spatial distributions of arsenic and other major dissolved compositions were analyzed. Extremely high arsenic concentrations (up to ~ 15000 µg/L) were detected in the deep glacial sand deposits close to a peat layer within the SHL. Arsenic concentrations decrease dramatically in the downgradient area north of the SHL. The transport of arsenic in the SHL area is similar to that of iron. The source of arsenic is likely to been within the boundary of the SHL. The glacial sand overburden within the SHL provides enough source for the arsenic mobilization. A possible mechanism of arsenic mobilization in the SHL area is that the reductive dissolution/desorption of arsenic from iron bearing minerals under a lasting reducing environment created by decompositions of organic matter in waste and peat. / Thesis (MS) — Boston College, 2013. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Earth and Environmental Sciences.

Delineating the extent of brine contamination in shallow groundwater systems using piezometers is costly and does not provide adequate data resolution. Direct-push (D-P) electrical conductivity (EC) profiling enables rapid in situ measurements of bulk soil EC (ECa) at the cm scale. Previous studies using D-P EC profiling to detect contaminant plumes have solely relied on ECa measurements, and where attempts were made to isolate pore-water salinity variations from changes in ECa they were accomplished using simple linear methods. In this study D-P EC profiling was used to define groundwater salinity distributions using an established soil conductance model and estimate the timing of groundwater contamination at a long-term potash mine in south-central Saskatchewan, Canada. The site was dominated by fine-grained postglacial and glacial sediments with known Na-K-Cl brine impacts resulting from mining activities. Coreholes (n=22) were drilled to 7.6-12.2 m below ground (mbg) to obtain continuous cores for detailed geologic descriptions and measurements of index parameters (n=522) below the water table. Pore-water EC (ECw) and Cl- results from squeezed core samples (n=142) at 12 locations were compared to ECa measurements collected using a D-P probe adjacent to each corehole. Measured ECw and pore-water Cl- results ranged from 1.94-55.1 mS/cm and 87-20,700 mg/L, respectively. In situ D-P EC values from logs collected adjacent to all 22 coreholes ranged from 2-8 mS/cm within the oxidized zone (5-6 mbg) and decreased to background values of 0.3-2 mS/cm within the underlying unoxidized zone. Significant linear ECa–ECw regressions established for four lithological groups (r2=0.78-0.95) were used with porosity and dry density measurements to generate high-resolution depth profiles of ECw from D-P EC measurements. A significant linear ECw–Cl regression (r2=0.92) further enabled the generation of pore-water Cldepth profiles from ECw predictions. Observed 1D vertical profiles of Cl-, ECw, and ECa at three locations were modeled. Results suggested solute transport can be described as diffusion-dominated below depths of 3-5 mbg and that groundwater contamination began shortly after the onset of mining. Based on the results attained, this method can generate high-resolution depth profiles of pore-water salinity that can be used to define the lateral and vertical extent of brine contamination, dominant solute transport mechanisms, and timing of groundwater contamination.

Wetlands play a crucial role not only as significant carbon sinks but also as natural archives of environmental and cultural history. However, investigating wetland sediments is challenging due to their complex stratigraphy and sensitive waterlogged conditions, requiring a specialised approach to subsurface exploration. This thesis investigates a unique wetland site using a multi-method approach that combines Electromagnetic Induction (EMI), Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), Direct Push (DP) sensing, and core drilling. The research comprehensively analyses the Holocene depositional history and evaluates the carbon storage capacity of the Verlorener Bach and Loosbach valley in the Bavarian Alpine foothills, with a focus on the Late Neolithic wetland settlement of Pestenacker, a UNESCO World Heritage site. i) Three primary stratigraphic units were identified: Pleistocene gravel deposits (unit I), organic- rich peat layers with freshwater carbonates (unit II), and overbank deposits with associated redeposited carbonates (unit III). EMI and ERT provided high-resolution spatial and vertical insights into the distribution and thickness of these units, leading to the creation of a validated 3D model of sediment stratigraphy. This revealed key transitions, including a significant Mid Holocene hydrological shift that halted peat formation in unit II. ii) Hydrological changes during the Mid Holocene were particularly influential in shaping the valley's stratigraphy. Increased precipitation and groundwater levels led to stream incision into the valley floor, which caused the drainage of peatlands (unit II) and the deposition of overbank deposits in unit III. These changes interrupted the accumulation of peat in unit II, transforming the landscape from a waterlogged, peat-forming environment into one dominated by fluvial processes and overbank deposits. This hydrological shift not only impacted peat development but also contributed to the environmental conditions that allowed for the Neolithic settlement of Pestenacker. iii) Geochemical analysis quantified the Total Carbon (TC) and Total Organic Carbon (TOC) stored in unit II and III. The peat layers in unit II were found to contain an estimated 43 kt of TC and 35 kt of TOC across the 15-hectare study area. These high carbon values highlight the importance of the peatlands as significant carbon sinks, due to their ability to store large amounts of organic material. The carbon content of the peat is closely linked to the waterlogged conditions that prevent the oxidation and decomposition of organic matter. These findings not only emphasize the role of this wetland in carbon storage but also underline its vulnerability to environmental changes that can lead to carbon release.:Acknowledgements Abstract Kurzfassung Table of content List of Figures List of Tables Acronyms and Symbols 1. Introduction 1.1 Investigating Wetlands – Significances, Challenges and Advancements 1.1.1 Importance of Wetlands as Environmental and Cultural Archives 1.1.2 Challenges in Investigating Wetlands 1.1.3 Multi-Method Investigation Approach 1.2 The Study Site 1.2.1 The Neolithic Settlement Site of Pestenacker 1.2.2 Geographical setting 1.3 Thesis Objectives 2. Published Studies 2.1 Compilation of different data sets of the Late Neolithic wetland site of Pestenacker and of the adjacent valley depositions 2.2 A hydrological tipping point and onset of Neolithic wetland occupation in Pestenacker (Lech catchment, S Germany) 2.3 Determining carbon storage of a complex peat stratigraphy using non- and minimal-invasive geophysical prospection techniques (Verlorener Bach and Loosbach valleys, southern Germany) 3. Discussion 3.1 Methodological Advancements: The Strength of a Multi-Method Approach 3.2 Stratigraphic Evolution of the Study Area 3.2.1 First stratigraphic shift: From the Pleistocene to the Early Holocene 3.2.2 Second stratigraphic Shift: The Mid Holocene Hydrological Tipping Point 3.3 Carbon Storage in Wetlands 3.4 Future Research Directions 3.4.1 Enhanced Direct Push Capabilities 3.4.2 Future Directions in Geoarchaeological Methods in Pestenacker 3.4.3 Long-term Monitoring of Hydrological Dynamics 4. Conclusion References Appendix A1 Summary of the Thesis A2 Author's List of Publications A3 Information of the Thesis and Overview of included contributions A4 Declaration of Independent Work A5 Bibliographic Description A6 Curriculum Vitae / Feuchtgebiete spielen eine zentrale Rolle, nicht nur als bedeutende Kohlenstoffsenken, sondern auch als natürliche Archive für Umwelt- und Kulturgeschichte. Die Untersuchung von Feuchtbodensedimenten ist jedoch aufgrund ihrer komplexen Stratigraphie und empfindlichen, wasserreichen Bedingungen eine Herausforderung und erfordert angepasste Erkundungsmethoden. Diese Arbeit untersucht ein besonderes Feuchtgebiet mithilfe eines multimethodischen Ansatzes, der die Ergebnisse der elektromagnetischen Induktion (EMI), der elektrischen Widerstandstomographie (ERT), der Direct-Push-Technologie und klassischer Bohrkernuntersuchungen kombiniert. Die Studie analysiert umfassend die holozäne Talentwicklung und bewertet das Kohlenstoffspeicherpotenzial des Talsystems des Verlorenen Bachs und Loosbachs im bayerischen Alpenvorland. Im Fokus steht dabei die jungneolithische Feuchtbodensiedlung Pestenacker, eine UNESCO-Weltkulturerbestätte. i) Es werden drei primäre stratigraphische Einheiten identifiziert: pleistozäne glazi-fluviale Kiese (unit I), Niedermoortorfe mit Frischwassercarbonaten (unit II) und Überflutungssedimenten (unit III). Mithilfe von EMI und ERT lassen sich hochauflösende räumliche und vertikale Einblicke in die Verteilung und Mächtigkeit dieser Einheiten gewinnen, was zur Erstellung eines validierten 3D- Modells der Sedimentstratigraphie führt. Dabei werden bedeutende Übergänge sichtbar, darunter ein Kipppunkt im Mittleren Holozän, der die Torfbildung in unit II zum Stillstand bringt. ii) Die hydrologischen Veränderungen während des Mittleren Holozäns hatten einen besonders starken Einfluss auf die Entwicklung der Talstratigraphie. Erhöhte Niederschläge und steigende Grundwasserstände führten zur Eintiefung der Bäche in den Talboden, was die Entwässerung der Niedermoortorfe und die Ablagerung der Sedimente in unit III zur Folge hat. Diese Veränderungen beenden die Torfbildung in unit II und verwandelten die Landschaft von einem wasserreichen Niedermoor in ein von Überflutungssedimenten und Flussaktivitäten geprägtes Gebiet. Dieser hydrologische Wandel schuf die Umweltbedingungen, die es den Menschen der Altheimer Kultur ermöglichen, in diesem Gebiet zu siedeln. iii) Geochemische Analysen zeigen, dass die Torfschichten in unit II schätzungsweise 43 kt an Kohlenstoff (TC) und 35 kt an organischen Kohlenstoff (TOC) auf der 15 Hektar großen Untersuchungsfläche speichern. Diese hohen Kohlenstoffgehalte unterstreichen die Bedeutung der Niedermoortorfe als Kohlenstoffsenken, da sie in der Lage sind, große Mengen organischen Materials zu speichern. Der Kohlenstoffgehalt des Torfs ist eng mit den wasserreichen Bedingungen verknüpft, die die Oxidation und den Abbau organischer Substanzen verhindern. Diese Ergebnisse betonen nicht nur die Rolle dieses Feuchtgebietes bei der Kohlenstoffspeicherung, sondern auch seiner Anfälligkeit gegenüber Umweltveränderungen, die zur Freisetzung von gespeichertem Kohlenstoff führen könnten.:Acknowledgements Abstract Kurzfassung Table of content List of Figures List of Tables Acronyms and Symbols 1. Introduction 1.1 Investigating Wetlands – Significances, Challenges and Advancements 1.1.1 Importance of Wetlands as Environmental and Cultural Archives 1.1.2 Challenges in Investigating Wetlands 1.1.3 Multi-Method Investigation Approach 1.2 The Study Site 1.2.1 The Neolithic Settlement Site of Pestenacker 1.2.2 Geographical setting 1.3 Thesis Objectives 2. Published Studies 2.1 Compilation of different data sets of the Late Neolithic wetland site of Pestenacker and of the adjacent valley depositions 2.2 A hydrological tipping point and onset of Neolithic wetland occupation in Pestenacker (Lech catchment, S Germany) 2.3 Determining carbon storage of a complex peat stratigraphy using non- and minimal-invasive geophysical prospection techniques (Verlorener Bach and Loosbach valleys, southern Germany) 3. Discussion 3.1 Methodological Advancements: The Strength of a Multi-Method Approach 3.2 Stratigraphic Evolution of the Study Area 3.2.1 First stratigraphic shift: From the Pleistocene to the Early Holocene 3.2.2 Second stratigraphic Shift: The Mid Holocene Hydrological Tipping Point 3.3 Carbon Storage in Wetlands 3.4 Future Research Directions 3.4.1 Enhanced Direct Push Capabilities 3.4.2 Future Directions in Geoarchaeological Methods in Pestenacker 3.4.3 Long-term Monitoring of Hydrological Dynamics 4. Conclusion References Appendix A1 Summary of the Thesis A2 Author's List of Publications A3 Information of the Thesis and Overview of included contributions A4 Declaration of Independent Work A5 Bibliographic Description A6 Curriculum Vitae

Wetland sites provide important knowledge about settlement history and historical infrastructure in the form of buried archaeological features. However, the subsurface is difficult to access, e.g. due to high groundwater levels or unstable sediments, making archaeological excavation difficult and the conservation of recovered artefacts, e.g. timbers, is expensive. In addition, one of the aims of heritage conservation is to disturb structures in such contexts as little as possible as part of preserving. Therefore, alternative non- and minimal-invasive methods, e.g. geophysical prospection and vibra-coring, are used for exploration. However, geophysical surveys face the issue of inaccurate depth values and rely on sufficient contrasts in the measured physical parameters. Vibra-coring allows direct access to the sediments, but again gives inaccurate depth values due to high compaction rates. For this reason, the implementation of alternative methods and the development of new methodical approaches to wetland site exploration are of extraordinary importance. One such wetland site is the Fossa Carolina, an early medieval canal that today is partially buried. Located in Southern Germany next to Treuchtlingen, south of Nuremberg, the canal was intended at the time to provide a navigable link between the Rhine-Main and Danube basins by bridging the European watershed. In the research for this thesis, direct push sensing was used as an alternative exploration technique to explore the site. In this method, various probes are pushed into the unconsolidated subsoil and the parameters are measured in situ with high depth accuracy. (i) Therefore, the colour logging tool (CLT) and the electrical conductivity (EC) probe were applied. (ii) In order to record archaeological structures and features, the soundings were distributed closely along a transect using an adaptive exploration strategy, thus recording a high-resolution cross-section of the structure. (iii) These prospections were integrated into a spatial-hierarchical multi-method approach by combining direct push sensing with geophysical survey and vibra-coring, inter alia. (iv) Thus, a deeply buried section of the Fossa Carolina (West-East Section) was explored, demonstrating at least one-way navigability and revealing the backfill stratigraphy. (v) Furthermore, the approach used helped to clarify the nature of conspicuous magnetic anomalies in the area adjacent to the canal. In the Northern and North-Eastern Sections, magnetic anomalies provided evidence of water-supplying structures. The exploration of these structures revealed an Early Holocene structure in the North-Eastern Section and a historic gravel road in the Northern Section. (vi) Additionally, a strong magnetic anomaly with a course parallel to the canal in the Northern Section could be temporally and stratigraphically associated with the construction of the canal. Thus, for the first time, a larger remnant of the construction process outside the canal could be identified, even if the origin could not be conclusively clarified. (vii) In a broader context, the in situ direct push cross-sections were integrated into a 3D modelling approach for the entire Fossa Carolina to quantify the excavation volume. (viii) The methodological approach was successfully applied to a wetland site at Pestenacker in Southern Germany to collect evidence for Holocene floodplain dynamics in the Late Neolithic settlement. Finally, the thesis demonstrates the enormous methodological potential of direct push sensing for the exploration of buried archaeological sites. In particular, the colour logging tool is proving to be extremely effective, further enhanced by the intelligent combination in multi-method approaches. This is confirmed by the significant results obtained at Fossa Carolina that shed new light on the canal{'}s navigability, water supply, and construction structure. Overall, this thesis demonstrates the valuable contribution that direct push methods can make to geoarchaeological research. It both introduces a new methodological approach and provides new empirical evidence concerning the construction of an example of early medieval infrastructure.:Preface Acknowledgements Abstract Kurzfassung Contents List of Figures List of Tables Acronyms and Symbols 1 Introduction 1.1 Geoarchaeological exploration in wetlands: possibilities and challenges 1.1.1 Proven exploration methods 1.1.2 Direct push sensing 1.1.3 Exploration strategies 1.2 The study site 1.2.1 The Fossa Carolina - State of the art in brief 1.2.2 Natural settings 1.3 Aims of the thesis 2 Published Studies 2.1 Minimalinvasive Direct-push-Erkundung in der Feuchtboden(geo)archäologie am Beispiel des Karlsgrabens (Fossa Carolina) 2.2 Non-invasive prospection techniques and direct push sensing as high-resolution validation tools in wetland geoarchaeology – Artificial water supply at a Carolingian canal in South Germany? 2.3 High-Resolution Direct Push Sensing in Wetland Geoarchaeology—First Traces of Off-Site Construction Activities at the Fossa Carolina 2.4 3D-Modelling of Charlemagne’s Summit Canal (Southern Germany)—Merging Remote Sensing and Geoarchaeological Subsurface Data 2.5 A hydrological tipping point and onset of Neolithic wetland occupation in Pestenacker (Lech catchment, S Germany) 3 Discussion 3.1 Direct push sensing for wetland exploration 3.1.1 High-resolution direct push sensing cross-sections 3.1.2 Integration and comparison of direct push sensing in a spatially hierarchical multi-method approach 3.1.3 Direct push colour logging tool (CLT) data for ground truthing 3.1.4 Perspectives on direct push sensing in geoarchaeology 3.2 Results of the exploration of the Fossa Carolina 3.2.1 Chronostratigraphic recording in the West-East and Northern Sections 3.2.2 Characteristics of the canal construction in the West-East and Northern Sections 3.2.3 Validation of off-canal structures in the Northern and North-Eastern Sections 3.2.4 Water supply for the Fossa Carolina 3.2.5 Pending issues in the study of the Fossa Carolina 4 Conclusion References Appendix A1 - Author publications A2 - Article contribution A3 - Declaration of originality A4 - Bibliographic description / Feuchtgebiete bergen durch begrabene archäologische Strukturen wichtige Erkenntnisse zur Siedlungsgeschichte und historischen Infrastruktur. Schwierige Untergrundverhältnisse, z. B. durch hohen Grundwasserspiegel oder instabile Sedimente, erschweren jedoch archäologische Ausgrabungen und die Konservierung der geborgenen Artefakte, z. B. Hölzer, verursacht hohe Kosten. Darüber hinaus ist ein Ziel der Bodendenkmalpflege, archäologische Strukturen so wenig wie möglich zu beeinträchtigen und sie in situ zu erhalten. Daher werden alternative nicht- und minimal-invasive Methoden, z. B. geophysikalische Prospektionen und Rammkernsondierungen, zur Exploration eingesetzt. Bei geophysikalischen Untersuchungen ergeben sich jedoch Schwierigkeiten durch ungenaue Tiefenwerte und die Methoden sind auf ausreichende Kontraste der gemessenen physikalischen Parameter angewiesen. Rammkernsondierungen ermöglichen einen direkten Zugriff auf die Sedimente, erzeugen jedoch wiederum ungenaue Tiefenwerte durch hohe Kompaktionsraten. Aus diesem Grund sind die Implementierung alternativer Methoden und die Entwicklung neuer methodischer Ansätze für die Erforschung von Feuchtgebietsstandorten von herausragender Bedeutung. Die Fossa Carolina, ein frühmittelalterlicher, heute teilweise verschütteter Kanal, ist ein solcher Standort. Das Bauwerk befindet sich in Süddeutschland in der Nähe von Treuchtlingen, südlich von Nürnberg und sollte eine schiffbare Verbindung zwischen dem Rhein-Main- und dem Donaueinzugsgebiet herstellen, indem es die europäische Hauptwasserscheide überbrückte. Zur Erkundung des Bauwerks wurde als Alternative die in situ Direct-Push-Methode eingesetzt. Bei dieser Methode werden verschiedene Sonden in den unkonsolidierten Untergrund gedrückt und die Parameter in situ tiefengenau gemessen. (i) Dabei kamen die Farbsonde, engl. colour logging tool (CLT), und die Sonde zur Messung der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit, engl. electrical conductivity (EC) probe, zum Einsatz. (ii) Zur Erfassung archäologischer Strukturen und Befunde wurden die Sondierungen mit einer adaptiven Erkundungsstrategie auf einem Transekt engmaschig verteilt und somit ein hochaufgelöster Querschnitt des Bauwerks erfasst. (iii) Darüber hinaus wurden diese Prospektionen in einen räumlich-hierarchischen Multimethodenansatz integriert, indem in situ Direct-Push-Sondierungen mit z. B. geophysikalischen Erkundungen und Rammkernsondierungen kombiniert wurden. Somit wurde (iv) ein tiefliegender, begrabener Abschnitt der Fossa Carolina im West-Ost-Bereich erkundet, dort die Schiffbarkeit für mindestens eine Schiffsbreite nachgewiesen und die Sedimentstratigraphie der Verfüllung beschrieben. Weiterhin wurde der Ansatz genutzt, um magnetische Anomalien im Umfeld des Kanals zu prospektieren. (v) Im nördlichen und nordöstlichen Bereich lieferten magnetische Anomalien Hinweise auf wasserzuführende Bauwerke im Untergrund. Die Erkundung ergab eine frühholozäne Struktur im nordöstlichen Bereich und eine historische Schotterstraße im nördlichen Bereich. (vi) Weiterhin konnte eine starke magnetische Anomalie mit parallelem Verlauf zum Kanal im nördlichen Bereich zeitlich und stratigraphisch dem Bauwerk zugeordnet werden. Somit konnte zum ersten Mal eine größere Spur des Baus außerhalb des Kanals nachgewiesen werden, auch wenn die Entstehung nicht abschließend geklärt werden konnte. (vii) Im übergeordneten Kontext konnten die Daten der in situ Direct-Push-Transekte in einen 3D-Modellierungsansatz für die gesamte Fossa Carolina zur Quantifizierung des Aushubs integriert werden. (viii) Neben der Erforschung der Fossa Carolina wurde der methodische Ansatz zusätzlich an einem Feuchtgebietsstandort bei Pestenacker in Süddeutschland angewendet, um Informationen über die holozäne Auendynamik an der spätneolithischen Siedlung zu gewinnen. Schlussendlich belegt die Dissertation das enorme methodische Potential der in situ Direct-Push-Erkundungen für die Prospektion von Bodendenkmälern. Dabei erweist sich insbesondere die Farbsonde als äußerst wirkungsvoll, was durch die gezielte Kombination in multi-methodischen Ansätzen noch verstärkt wird. Dies wird durch die aussagekräftigen Ergebnisse an der Fossa Carolina belegt, mit deren Hilfe insbesondere neue Erkenntnisse zur Schiffbarkeit, Wasserzuführung und Baustruktur gewonnen werden konnten. Insgesamt demonstriert diese Dissertation den wertvollen Beitrag, den in situ Direct-Push-Methoden zur geoarchäologischen Forschung leisten können. Sie präsentiert sowohl einen neuen methodischen Ansatz als auch neue empirische Erkenntnisse zu einem frühmittelalterlichen Bauwerk.:Preface Acknowledgements Abstract Kurzfassung Contents List of Figures List of Tables Acronyms and Symbols 1 Introduction 1.1 Geoarchaeological exploration in wetlands: possibilities and challenges 1.1.1 Proven exploration methods 1.1.2 Direct push sensing 1.1.3 Exploration strategies 1.2 The study site 1.2.1 The Fossa Carolina - State of the art in brief 1.2.2 Natural settings 1.3 Aims of the thesis 2 Published Studies 2.1 Minimalinvasive Direct-push-Erkundung in der Feuchtboden(geo)archäologie am Beispiel des Karlsgrabens (Fossa Carolina) 2.2 Non-invasive prospection techniques and direct push sensing as high-resolution validation tools in wetland geoarchaeology – Artificial water supply at a Carolingian canal in South Germany? 2.3 High-Resolution Direct Push Sensing in Wetland Geoarchaeology—First Traces of Off-Site Construction Activities at the Fossa Carolina 2.4 3D-Modelling of Charlemagne’s Summit Canal (Southern Germany)—Merging Remote Sensing and Geoarchaeological Subsurface Data 2.5 A hydrological tipping point and onset of Neolithic wetland occupation in Pestenacker (Lech catchment, S Germany) 3 Discussion 3.1 Direct push sensing for wetland exploration 3.1.1 High-resolution direct push sensing cross-sections 3.1.2 Integration and comparison of direct push sensing in a spatially hierarchical multi-method approach 3.1.3 Direct push colour logging tool (CLT) data for ground truthing 3.1.4 Perspectives on direct push sensing in geoarchaeology 3.2 Results of the exploration of the Fossa Carolina 3.2.1 Chronostratigraphic recording in the West-East and Northern Sections 3.2.2 Characteristics of the canal construction in the West-East and Northern Sections 3.2.3 Validation of off-canal structures in the Northern and North-Eastern Sections 3.2.4 Water supply for the Fossa Carolina 3.2.5 Pending issues in the study of the Fossa Carolina 4 Conclusion References Appendix A1 - Author publications A2 - Article contribution A3 - Declaration of originality A4 - Bibliographic description