The global disease scape is constantly shifting, influenced by demographic transitions, altering the balance of the burden of infectious and non‐communicable diseases. The epidemiological transitions can be divided into three stages: the first, an increase in infectious disease burden as populations settled, then grew into towns and cities providing conditions for infectious agents to maintain spread; the second transition follows industrialisation, changes in lifestyle, diet and improved sanitation whereby infectious diseases are reduced and non‐communicable disease (NCD) prevalence increases; the third transition describes the re‐emergence of infectious diseases as the AIDS epidemic and other emerging and re‐emerging disease outbreaks lead to an increasing burden of infectious diseases, particularly in developing countries. Analysis of the disease‐scape has been carried out using WHO Global Burden of Disease data and correlation to demographic factors calculated using World Bank Development Indicators. The balance of chronic NCDs and infectious diseases can be represented numerically as the unit rate of infectious to non‐communicable diseases. The rate, which indicates at which end the continuum lies can then be correlated to these demographic development indicators to assess the factors which are influential to the continuum. As the balance of infectious and non‐communicable diseases around the world alters, the focus of the advocacy at the global health level has been examined to assess if the trends follow that of the shifting continuum. This has been carried out through an assessment of the WHO World Health Assembly (WHA) resolutions adopted annually between 1948 and 2013 on the subject of infectious and/or non-communicable diseases. The principle of International health stemmed from the need to contain the international spread of communicable diseases, so it is not surprising that in the first decade of the WHO, 88% of the resolutions adopted for infectious and non‐communicable disease were adopted for infectious diseases. In the latest ten years of the WHO, 72% of the Assembly resolutions for infectious and non‐communicable diseases were focused on infectious diseases; this indicates that while there has been a shift in the balance, the adopted resolutions still focus heavily on infectious diseases. An example of how advocacy can elevate diseases to a higher position on the global health agenda is that of the Neglected Tropical Diseases. Following the Millennium Development Goals, this group of seventeen diseases has been highlighted as being “neglected” in terms of funding, research and political will. A review of the campaign to highlight this shows how global health advocacy can elevate diseases to a prominent position on the global health agenda. With this in mind, the advocacy for a sub‐group of Neglected Zoonotic Diseases has been examined at the WHA level. The results highlight the sporadic nature of support to control these diseases, and that activism for control of some of the major zoonotic diseases remains lacking. Rabies is explored as an example of a disease for which there are recommendations and support at the global level for the control and elimination of the disease, but for which barriers to control exist locally in endemic countries. The advocacy for diseases at the global health level has the possibility to impact the priorities of health care within individual nations. However the advocacy at this level may take time to reflect the changes within the disease‐scape. The impact of such advocacy is also limited by local political will, availability of resources and local cultural implications. Therefore there is a need to ensure that efforts to control diseases are tailored to specific populations and that resources are made available to support the advocacy.

Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS) / Climate change has induced a number of environmental issues that have affected people's lives beyond the scope of ecology; these effects have touched on the social, cultural and economic dimensions of life as well. In light of this, migration has increasingly been used as a climate adaptation strategy particularly in rural areas. This has not only changed migration patterns, it has also reconstructed the gender dynamics within the migration discourse through the ‘feminization of migration.’ Hence it has become important to analyse, understand and unpack the various ways in which women experience climate change and climate-induced migration, and how this has affected their lives. Additionally, women's position as active agents in climate migration and knowledge production has increasingly been acknowledged in climate and migration discourse This study focused on the effects of climate change on female migration patterns in Goromonzi District, Zimbabwe; and took place in Hiya village. The main research question aimed to find out if using migration as an adaptation strategy to climate change had positively changed the lives of women in rural Zimbabwe? With a focus on Hiya village in Goromonzi, Zimbabwe the research question was answered through identifying migration push factors for women, climate resistant livelihoods and the benefits of migration in light of climate induced environmental disasters. A mixed methods research approach was used however the research is largely qualitative.

Public health data show the tremendous economic and societal impact of pandemic influenza in the past. Currently, the welfare of society is threatened by the lack of planning to ensure an adequate response to a pandemic. This preparation is difficult because the characteristics of the virus that would cause the pandemic are unknown, but primarily because the response requires tools to support decision-making based on scientific methods. The response to the next pandemic influenza will likely include extensive use of antiviral drugs, which will create an unprecedented selective pressure for the emergence of antiviral resistant strains. Nevertheless, the literature has insufficient exhaustive models to simulate the spread and mitigation of pandemic influenza, including infection by an antiviral resistant strain. We are building a large-scale simulation optimization framework for development of dynamic antiviral strategies including treatment of symptomatic cases and chemoprophylaxis of pre- and post-exposure cases. The model considers an oseltamivir-sensitive strain and a resistant strain with low/high fitness cost, induced by the use of the several antiviral measures. The mitigation strategies incorporate age/immunitybased risk groups for treatment and pre-/post-exposure chemoprophylaxis, and duration of pre-exposure chemoprophylaxis. The model is tested on a hypothetical region in Florida, U.S., involving more than one million people. The analysis is conducted under different virus transmissibility and severity scenarios, varying intensity of non-pharmaceutical interventions, measuring the levels of antiviral stockpile availability. The model is intended to support pandemic preparedness and response policy making.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2007. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Feb. 10, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. / Härtill 7 uppsatser.

Thesis (M.P.H.)--University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, 2008. / Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 47-01, page: . Adviser: John Herbold. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis--Universidad de Sevilla. / "Apéndice demografico": p. 134-180. Includes bibliographical references (p. 132-134).

Made available in DSpace on 2012-05-07T14:48:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 000033.pdf: 7866268 bytes, checksum: a1c0bde146b6919403f5eb6d11f6b460 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Este estudo, a partir de uma abordagem histórica, assume como objeto central a metodologia empregada para a erradicação da varíola no Brasil, entendida como parte de um movimento internacional de prevenção da disseminação de doenças transmissíveis, ao longo do século xx, para a qual contribuiu o emprego dos preceitos de vigilância epidemiológica, como ação relevante de saúde pública. Para tanto, será estabelecida uma análise dos variados níveis de circulação de interesses e de saberes, nacionais e internacionais, institucionais e individuais, procurando compreender a consolidação do projeto político-científico que viabilizou a implementação da vigilância epidemiológica na proposta de erradicação mundial da varíola .

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / A detecção de clusters de doenças é um desafio para a saúde pública e principalmente para elucidação da ocorrência de surtos, visto que surtos epidemiológicos são usualmente definidos como aglomeração de casos. As revisões da literatura disponíveis sobre a indicação de qual técnica de análise espacial (TAE) é apropriada para essa tarega se limitam a indicar a escolha das técnicas considerando os tipos de dados, o tipo de cluster e a medida da doença. São raras as diretrizes que sugerem o uso de TAE em investigações de surtos . É um estudo metodológico exploratório, com avaliação de métodos em duas etapas: (i) uma revisão narrativa do objeto da pesquisa e (ii) descrição e revisão crítica da aplicação das técnicas selecionadas na revisão narrativa. As técnicas consideradas de maior importância para investigação de surtos forma revisadas e descritas, incluindo técnicas dos tipos global, loca e focal. treze técnicas foram submetidas à revisão crítica e 14 perguntas relevantes para investigação de surtos foram apreciadas. A análise da capacidade de responta das técnicas selecionadas baseou-se nas características das técnicas e natureza das perguntas da investigação de surtos, buscando-se a equivalência da responta dada pelas técnicas de análise espacial em relação à responta que se pretende alcançar na pergunta da investigação. As técnicas forma classificadas quanto a quantidade de informação que elas fornecem para que a perunca seja respondida, indicando assim, a sua capacidade de responder , ou de responsividade. concluiu-se que as TAE podem contribuir para a investigação de surtos, uma vez que são capazes de responder algumas das perguntas de uma investigação. Todas as catorze perguntas estudadas forma respondidas em algum nível pelas treze técnicas revisadas. Técnicas espaço-temporais e puramente espaciais locais respondem ao maior número de perguntas. Já as espaço-temporais apresentam maior nível de responsividade às perguntas. As técnicas com menor número de perguntas respondidas forma as puramente espaciais focais.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / A detecção de clusters de doenças é um desafio para a saúde pública e principalmente para elucidação da ocorrência de surtos, visto que surtos epidemiológicos são usualmente definidos como aglomeração de casos. As revisões da literatura disponíveis sobre a indicação de qual técnica de análise espacial (TAE) é apropriada para essa tarega se limitam a indicar a escolha das técnicas considerando os tipos de dados, o tipo de cluster e a medida da doença. São raras as diretrizes que sugerem o uso de TAE em investigações de surtos . É um estudo metodológico exploratório, com avaliação de métodos em duas etapas: (i) uma revisão narrativa do objeto da pesquisa e (ii) descrição e revisão crítica da aplicação das técnicas selecionadas na revisão narrativa. As técnicas consideradas de maior importância para investigação de surtos forma revisadas e descritas, incluindo técnicas dos tipos global, loca e focal. treze técnicas foram submetidas à revisão crítica e 14 perguntas relevantes para investigação de surtos foram apreciadas. A análise da capacidade de responta das técnicas selecionadas baseou-se nas características das técnicas e natureza das perguntas da investigação de surtos, buscando-se a equivalência da responta dada pelas técnicas de análise espacial em relação à responta que se pretende alcançar na pergunta da investigação. As técnicas forma classificadas quanto a quantidade de informação que elas fornecem para que a perunca seja respondida, indicando assim, a sua capacidade de responder , ou de responsividade. concluiu-se que as TAE podem contribuir para a investigação de surtos, uma vez que são capazes de responder algumas das perguntas de uma investigação. Todas as catorze perguntas estudadas forma respondidas em algum nível pelas treze técnicas revisadas. Técnicas espaço-temporais e puramente espaciais locais respondem ao maior número de perguntas. Já as espaço-temporais apresentam maior nível de responsividade às perguntas. As técnicas com menor número de perguntas respondidas forma as puramente espaciais focais.