A película de amendoim é um resíduo da indústria de alimentos. Esse resíduo é rico em compostos fenólicos como resveratrol e procianidinas e apresenta elevada atividade antioxidante e atividade farmacológica. Apesar de suas atividades farmacológicas, compostos fenólicos apresentam baixa biodisponibilidade devido à glucuronidação catalisada pelas enzimas UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), que acontece na primeira passagem no intestino e/ou fígado, dificultando a utilização dos compostos fenólicos como agentes terapêuticos. Filmes de desintegração oral permitem que o princípio ativo seja absorvido no epitélio bucal diretamente pela circulação sistêmica podendo melhorar a biodisponibilidade desses compostos naturais. Nesse contexto, o objetivo desse trabalho foi desenvolver um filme de desintegração oral à base de gelatina e hidroxipropilmetilcelulose (GEL:HPMC) incorporado com extrato de película de amendoim como um carreador de compostos bioativos. O extrato de película de amendoim foi produzido utilizando-se etanol (70%) como solvente (razão sólidos/solvente de 1:20) à temperatura ambiente sob agitação mecânica (10 minutos), sendo realizada três extrações consecutivas. O extrato foi liofilizado para ser caracterizado em relação à atividade antioxidante, fenólicos totais e aflatoxinas. Os filmes de desintegração oral com diferentes concentrações de gelatina e hidroxipropilmetilcelulose (GEL:HPMC) foram produzidos por casting (2g de macromoléculas/100 g de solução filmogênica e 0,4g de sorbitol/100g de solução filmogênica). O extrato de película de amendoim foi incorporado líquido e concentrado nas concentrações de 10, 20 e 30g/100g de solução filmogênica. Os filmes foram caracterizados em relação à propriedades mecânicas, ângulo de contato, tempo de desintegração, mucoadesividade, pH de superfície, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e espectroscopia de infravermelho. O extrato (liofilizado) apresentou concentração fenólica igual a 718,57 mg de equivalente em ácido gálico/g e EC50 igual a 146,07 ± 8.37 µg/mL e 0,37 ng B₁/g. Os filmes sem adição de extrato, independente da formulação, apresentaram homogeneidade e, de um modo geral, os filmes à base de hidroxipropilmetilcelulose apresentaram melhores propriedades mecânicas, hidrofilicidade superior, tempo de desintegração reduzido e mucoadesividade superior em relação aos filmes com gelatina em sua composição. Comportamento similar foi observado para os filmes de desintegração oral com adição de extrato. Entretanto, filmes com adição de extrato e altas concentrações de gelatina (100:0, 75:25) apresentaram formação de complexos insolúveis entre taninos e proteínas, aparentes visualmente. Em função dos resultados obtidos, os filmes à base de hidroxipropilmetilcelulose (0:100) e com 20% de extrato de película de amendoim apresentaram propriedades mecânicas superiores (tensão na ruptura = 26,63 MPa, elongação = 4,97% e módulo elástico = 1284,82 MPa) e menor tempo de desintegração (17,87 segundos) em relação as demais formulações, sendo esta considerada a formulação otimizada como potencial aplicação para filmes de desintegração oral. / Peanut skin is a food industry byproduct which is rich in phenolic compounds, such as resveratrol and procyanidins. Moreover, it has high antioxidant and pharmacological properties. Despite these activities, phenolic compounds have low oral bioavailability due to glucuronidation catalyzed by the enzyme UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). This catalyze occurs in the first-pass metabolism (gut and/or liver) difficulting the use of phenolic compounds as therapeutic agents. For oral disintegrating films the active ingredient is directly absorbed into systemic circulation by oral epithelium improving the bioavailability of these natural compounds. The aim of this study was to develop oral disintegrating film composed of gelatin and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (GEL: HPMC) added of peanut skin extract as a vehicle for bioactive compounds. The peanut skin extract was produced using ethanol (70%) as solvent (solid/solvent ratio 1:20) at room temperature under mechanical stirring (10 minutes) with three consecutive extractions. The extract was lyophilized to be characterized by antioxidant activity, total phenolic and aflatoxins. The oral disintegrating films were produced by casting (2g macromolecules/100 g filmogenic solution and 0.4g of sorbitol/100g of filmogenic solution) with different concentrations of gelatin and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (GEL: HPMC). The peanut skin extract was added to films liquid and concentrated at concentrations of 10, 20 and 30g / 100g of filmogenic solution. The films were characterized by mechanical properties, contact angle, disintegrating time, mucoadesivity, surface pH, scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. The extract (lyophilized) showed phenolic concentration of 718.57 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g, EC50 of 146.07 ± 8.37 µg/mL and 0.37 ng B₁/g. Films without extract, regardless of formulation were homogeneous. In general, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose films exhibited better mechanical properties, higher hydrophilicity and mucoadesivity and reduced disintegration time compared to films with gelatin in its composition. Similar behavior was observed for oral disintegrating films with addition of extract. Films formulation with high gelatin content (100: 0, 75:25) added of extract showed insoluble complexes formed between proteins and tannins. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose films (0: 100) added of peanut skin extract (20%) showed superior mechanical properties (tensile strength = 26.63 MPa, elongation = 4.97% and elastic modulus = 1284.82 MPa) and lower disintegration time (17.87 seconds) compared with other formulations, which is considered the optimized formulation as a potential application for oral disintegrating films.

A administração de princípios ativos pela mucosa oral é uma forma eficiente para a distribuição de fármacos e nutrientes, oferecendo diversas vantagens como uma fácil aplicação, evitando o metabolismo de primeira passagem hepática e potencialmente melhorando a biodisponibilidade dessas substâncias. A acerola e o camu-camu apresentam uma alta concentração de vitamina C e são consideradas fontes de diferentes compostos ativos, porém a vitamina C presente nas frutas é facilmente oxidada pelos fatores ambientais, e essas frutas são pouco acessíveis ao consumo populacional. Filmes de desintegração oral (FDO) podem apresentar rápido tempo de desintegração e fácil administração, o que os torna um material interessante para a veiculação de compostos com atividades farmacêuticas ou nutricionais. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento e caracterização de filmes de desintegração oral à base de amido e gelatina com adição de extrato seco de acerola e camu-camu produzidos por \"spray dryer\" como uma alternativa para a administração de vitamina C. Os FDOs foram produzidos pela técnica de casting, variando-se a proporção de amido e gelatina. Como plastificante foi utilizado o sorbitol (20 g / 100 g de polímero), mantendo-se constante a concentração de polímeros (2 g /100 g de solução filmogênica) e de extrato seco de acerola (4 g /100 g de solução filmogênica) e camu-camu (4 g / 100 g de solução filmogênica). Os extratos secos de acerola e camu-camu foram caracterizados com relação à concentração da vitamina C e da estabilidade desses extratos nessas condições (30 °C, UR 75 % e 40 °C, UR 75%). Os FDOs foram caracterizados em relação a espessura, propriedades mecânicas, ângulo de contato, FT-IR, microscopia electrônica de varredura, concentração de vitamina C, atividade antioxidante, atividade antimicrobiana, estabilidade da vitamina C, tempo de desintegração, estabilidade da atividade de eliminação de radicais de DPPH•, avaliação sensorial. Os extratos secos apresentaram uma boa estabilidade em relação à vitamina C e aos compostos antioxidantes (sequestro do radical DPPH•). Os FDOs sem adição de extrato, independente da formulação, mostraram-se homogêneos, com ausência de partículas insolúveis e alta capacidade de formação de filme. Para os FDOs com maior concentração de amido foi observado reduzido tempo de desintegração e pH próximo ao bucal. Após a adição dos extratos, os FDOs apresentaram redução do tempo de desintegração, boa aceitação sensorial, propriedades antioxidantes e estabilidade pelo sequestro do radical DPPH•. O pH de superfície dos filmes com adição de extrato seco de acerola foi mais próximo ao bucal quando comparado com os filmes com camu-camu. No entanto, os FDOs com acerola apresentaram reduzida estabilidade da vitamina C em relação ao tempo de armazenamento, enquanto que os filmes com camu-camu apresentaram melhor estabilidade. De modo geral, na formulação produzida apenas com amido (100 g de amido / 100 g de polímeros) observou-se uma maior concentração da vitamina C no final da estabilidade realizada à 30 °C e umidade relativa de 75 %, elevada estabilidade dos compostos ativos (DPPH) e alta taxa de uniformidade na distribuição da vitamina C no filme de desintegração oral. Dessa forma, os FDOs podem ser considerados uma boa alternativa para a suplementação de vitamina C. / The administration of active ingredients through the oral mucosa is an efficient way to deliver drugs and nutrients because it offers various advantages such as easy application, avoiding the hepatic metabolism of the first pass and potentially improving the bioavailability these substances. Acerola and camu-camu have high concentration of vitamin C and are considered sources of different active compounds, however the vitamin C present in fruits is easily oxidized by environmental factors, and such fruits are poorly accessible to population consumption. Orally disintegrating films (ODF) can provide rapid disintegration and easy administration, which makes them interesting materials to deliver compounds with pharmaceutical or nutritional properties. This work aimed at the development and characterization of orally disintegrating films based on starch and gelatin with addition of acerola and camu-camu dry extract produced by spray dryer as an alternative to vitamin C administration. ODFs were produced with casting technique by varying the ratio of starch and gelatin. Sorbitol (20 g / 100 g polymer) was used as plasticizer, with constant the concentration of polymer (2 g / 100 g filmogenic solution), and dry extracts of acerola and camu-camu (4 g / 100 g filmogenic solution). Acerola and camu-camu dry extracts were characterized regarding vitamin C concentration and stability (30 °C, RH 75% and 40 °C, RH 75%). ODFs were characterized considering thickness, mechanical properties, contact angle, FT-IR, scanning electron microscopy, vitamin C concentration, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, vitamin C stability, disintegration time, stability of the scavenging activity of DPPH• radical, and sensory evaluation. Dry extracts showed good stability for vitamin C and antioxidant compounds (scavenging activity of DPPH• radical). ODFs without extract addition, regardless of the formulation, were homogeneous, without insoluble particles and with high film formation capacity. Reduced disintegration time and pH similar to oral pH was observed for ODFs with high starch concentration. After the addition of extracts, ODFs presented decreased disintegration time and good sensorial acceptation, antioxidant properties and stability of the scavenging activity of DPPH• radical. Surface pH of films with acerola dry extract was the closest to oral pH when compared with films with camu-camu dry extracts. However, ODFs with acerola dry extract showed reduced stability of vitamin C regarding storage time, whereas films with camu-camu dry extract showed better stability. In general, the formulation produced only with starch (100 g starch / 100 g polymer) presented higher concentration of vitamin C at the end of stability assay performed at 30 °C and 75% relative humidity, as well as high stability of active compounds (DPPH) and high uniformity rate in vitamin C distribution in the orally disintegrating film. Thus, ODFs can be considered a good alternative for the supplementation of vitamin C.

Objectives: To review, develop, and validate appropriate methods for quality control testing of sublingual (SL) tablets; to formulate and characterize new generations of SL tablets of epinephrine (E) for the potential first-aid treatment of anaphylaxis; and to evaluate the effects of non-medicinal ingredients (NMIs) on the in vitro characteristics and in vivo bioavailability of the formulated tablets. Methods: A custom-made apparatus and a novel method that simulates SL conditions were evaluated for dissolution testing of SL tablets. An electronic tongue (e-Tongue) was used to assess the degree of E bitterness and to demonstrate the masking effects of sweetening and/or flavoring agents. The effect of several NMIs in various properties on the in vitro characteristics of new generations of E SL tablets was evaluated. Formulations with the best in vitro characteristics, containing E 30 mg and 40 mg, were evaluated in vivo using our validated rabbit model and compared with placebo SL tablets (negative control) and E 0.3 mg intramuscular (IM) injection (positive control). Results: The novel in vitro dissolution testing resulted in accurate and reproducible data and was capable of detecting the effect of minor changes in formulations. Using the e-Tongue, E bitartrate had an extremely bitter taste which was masked to various degrees by the addition of aspartame, acesulfame potassium, and citric acid alone or in combination. Citric acid alone masked the bitter taste by >80%. The evaluation of NMIs revealed that the best formulation contained specific proportions of mannitol and coarse and fine grades of microcrystalline cellulose. Appropriate comparative testing resulted in the selection of a taste-masked E SL formulation with optimum in vitro characteristics. This formulation containing E 40 mg resulted in similar bioavailability to E 0.3 mg IM. This formulation containing E 30 mg had higher bioavailability than placebo, but lower bioavailability than E 40 mg tablets. Conclusions: Grades and proportions of NMIs carefully selected using appropriate in vitro testing resulted in successful formulations. The results of these in vitro tests enabled the development of the optimum E SL tablet formulation which was bioequivalent to the EpiPen. These tablets are potentially suitable for Phase 1 studies in humans and might transform the first-aid treatment of anaphylaxis in community settings.

Objectives: To review, develop, and validate appropriate methods for quality control testing of sublingual (SL) tablets; to formulate and characterize new generations of SL tablets of epinephrine (E) for the potential first-aid treatment of anaphylaxis; and to evaluate the effects of non-medicinal ingredients (NMIs) on the in vitro characteristics and in vivo bioavailability of the formulated tablets. Methods: A custom-made apparatus and a novel method that simulates SL conditions were evaluated for dissolution testing of SL tablets. An electronic tongue (e-Tongue) was used to assess the degree of E bitterness and to demonstrate the masking effects of sweetening and/or flavoring agents. The effect of several NMIs in various properties on the in vitro characteristics of new generations of E SL tablets was evaluated. Formulations with the best in vitro characteristics, containing E 30 mg and 40 mg, were evaluated in vivo using our validated rabbit model and compared with placebo SL tablets (negative control) and E 0.3 mg intramuscular (IM) injection (positive control). Results: The novel in vitro dissolution testing resulted in accurate and reproducible data and was capable of detecting the effect of minor changes in formulations. Using the e-Tongue, E bitartrate had an extremely bitter taste which was masked to various degrees by the addition of aspartame, acesulfame potassium, and citric acid alone or in combination. Citric acid alone masked the bitter taste by >80%. The evaluation of NMIs revealed that the best formulation contained specific proportions of mannitol and coarse and fine grades of microcrystalline cellulose. Appropriate comparative testing resulted in the selection of a taste-masked E SL formulation with optimum in vitro characteristics. This formulation containing E 40 mg resulted in similar bioavailability to E 0.3 mg IM. This formulation containing E 30 mg had higher bioavailability than placebo, but lower bioavailability than E 40 mg tablets. Conclusions: Grades and proportions of NMIs carefully selected using appropriate in vitro testing resulted in successful formulations. The results of these in vitro tests enabled the development of the optimum E SL tablet formulation which was bioequivalent to the EpiPen. These tablets are potentially suitable for Phase 1 studies in humans and might transform the first-aid treatment of anaphylaxis in community settings.

A administração de princípios ativos pela mucosa oral é uma forma eficiente para a distribuição de fármacos e nutrientes, oferecendo diversas vantagens como uma fácil aplicação, evitando o metabolismo de primeira passagem hepática e potencialmente melhorando a biodisponibilidade dessas substâncias. A acerola e o camu-camu apresentam uma alta concentração de vitamina C e são consideradas fontes de diferentes compostos ativos, porém a vitamina C presente nas frutas é facilmente oxidada pelos fatores ambientais, e essas frutas são pouco acessíveis ao consumo populacional. Filmes de desintegração oral (FDO) podem apresentar rápido tempo de desintegração e fácil administração, o que os torna um material interessante para a veiculação de compostos com atividades farmacêuticas ou nutricionais. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento e caracterização de filmes de desintegração oral à base de amido e gelatina com adição de extrato seco de acerola e camu-camu produzidos por \"spray dryer\" como uma alternativa para a administração de vitamina C. Os FDOs foram produzidos pela técnica de casting, variando-se a proporção de amido e gelatina. Como plastificante foi utilizado o sorbitol (20 g / 100 g de polímero), mantendo-se constante a concentração de polímeros (2 g /100 g de solução filmogênica) e de extrato seco de acerola (4 g /100 g de solução filmogênica) e camu-camu (4 g / 100 g de solução filmogênica). Os extratos secos de acerola e camu-camu foram caracterizados com relação à concentração da vitamina C e da estabilidade desses extratos nessas condições (30 °C, UR 75 % e 40 °C, UR 75%). Os FDOs foram caracterizados em relação a espessura, propriedades mecânicas, ângulo de contato, FT-IR, microscopia electrônica de varredura, concentração de vitamina C, atividade antioxidante, atividade antimicrobiana, estabilidade da vitamina C, tempo de desintegração, estabilidade da atividade de eliminação de radicais de DPPH•, avaliação sensorial. Os extratos secos apresentaram uma boa estabilidade em relação à vitamina C e aos compostos antioxidantes (sequestro do radical DPPH•). Os FDOs sem adição de extrato, independente da formulação, mostraram-se homogêneos, com ausência de partículas insolúveis e alta capacidade de formação de filme. Para os FDOs com maior concentração de amido foi observado reduzido tempo de desintegração e pH próximo ao bucal. Após a adição dos extratos, os FDOs apresentaram redução do tempo de desintegração, boa aceitação sensorial, propriedades antioxidantes e estabilidade pelo sequestro do radical DPPH•. O pH de superfície dos filmes com adição de extrato seco de acerola foi mais próximo ao bucal quando comparado com os filmes com camu-camu. No entanto, os FDOs com acerola apresentaram reduzida estabilidade da vitamina C em relação ao tempo de armazenamento, enquanto que os filmes com camu-camu apresentaram melhor estabilidade. De modo geral, na formulação produzida apenas com amido (100 g de amido / 100 g de polímeros) observou-se uma maior concentração da vitamina C no final da estabilidade realizada à 30 °C e umidade relativa de 75 %, elevada estabilidade dos compostos ativos (DPPH) e alta taxa de uniformidade na distribuição da vitamina C no filme de desintegração oral. Dessa forma, os FDOs podem ser considerados uma boa alternativa para a suplementação de vitamina C. / The administration of active ingredients through the oral mucosa is an efficient way to deliver drugs and nutrients because it offers various advantages such as easy application, avoiding the hepatic metabolism of the first pass and potentially improving the bioavailability these substances. Acerola and camu-camu have high concentration of vitamin C and are considered sources of different active compounds, however the vitamin C present in fruits is easily oxidized by environmental factors, and such fruits are poorly accessible to population consumption. Orally disintegrating films (ODF) can provide rapid disintegration and easy administration, which makes them interesting materials to deliver compounds with pharmaceutical or nutritional properties. This work aimed at the development and characterization of orally disintegrating films based on starch and gelatin with addition of acerola and camu-camu dry extract produced by spray dryer as an alternative to vitamin C administration. ODFs were produced with casting technique by varying the ratio of starch and gelatin. Sorbitol (20 g / 100 g polymer) was used as plasticizer, with constant the concentration of polymer (2 g / 100 g filmogenic solution), and dry extracts of acerola and camu-camu (4 g / 100 g filmogenic solution). Acerola and camu-camu dry extracts were characterized regarding vitamin C concentration and stability (30 °C, RH 75% and 40 °C, RH 75%). ODFs were characterized considering thickness, mechanical properties, contact angle, FT-IR, scanning electron microscopy, vitamin C concentration, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, vitamin C stability, disintegration time, stability of the scavenging activity of DPPH• radical, and sensory evaluation. Dry extracts showed good stability for vitamin C and antioxidant compounds (scavenging activity of DPPH• radical). ODFs without extract addition, regardless of the formulation, were homogeneous, without insoluble particles and with high film formation capacity. Reduced disintegration time and pH similar to oral pH was observed for ODFs with high starch concentration. After the addition of extracts, ODFs presented decreased disintegration time and good sensorial acceptation, antioxidant properties and stability of the scavenging activity of DPPH• radical. Surface pH of films with acerola dry extract was the closest to oral pH when compared with films with camu-camu dry extracts. However, ODFs with acerola dry extract showed reduced stability of vitamin C regarding storage time, whereas films with camu-camu dry extract showed better stability. In general, the formulation produced only with starch (100 g starch / 100 g polymer) presented higher concentration of vitamin C at the end of stability assay performed at 30 °C and 75% relative humidity, as well as high stability of active compounds (DPPH) and high uniformity rate in vitamin C distribution in the orally disintegrating film. Thus, ODFs can be considered a good alternative for the supplementation of vitamin C.

A película de amendoim é um resíduo da indústria de alimentos. Esse resíduo é rico em compostos fenólicos como resveratrol e procianidinas e apresenta elevada atividade antioxidante e atividade farmacológica. Apesar de suas atividades farmacológicas, compostos fenólicos apresentam baixa biodisponibilidade devido à glucuronidação catalisada pelas enzimas UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), que acontece na primeira passagem no intestino e/ou fígado, dificultando a utilização dos compostos fenólicos como agentes terapêuticos. Filmes de desintegração oral permitem que o princípio ativo seja absorvido no epitélio bucal diretamente pela circulação sistêmica podendo melhorar a biodisponibilidade desses compostos naturais. Nesse contexto, o objetivo desse trabalho foi desenvolver um filme de desintegração oral à base de gelatina e hidroxipropilmetilcelulose (GEL:HPMC) incorporado com extrato de película de amendoim como um carreador de compostos bioativos. O extrato de película de amendoim foi produzido utilizando-se etanol (70%) como solvente (razão sólidos/solvente de 1:20) à temperatura ambiente sob agitação mecânica (10 minutos), sendo realizada três extrações consecutivas. O extrato foi liofilizado para ser caracterizado em relação à atividade antioxidante, fenólicos totais e aflatoxinas. Os filmes de desintegração oral com diferentes concentrações de gelatina e hidroxipropilmetilcelulose (GEL:HPMC) foram produzidos por casting (2g de macromoléculas/100 g de solução filmogênica e 0,4g de sorbitol/100g de solução filmogênica). O extrato de película de amendoim foi incorporado líquido e concentrado nas concentrações de 10, 20 e 30g/100g de solução filmogênica. Os filmes foram caracterizados em relação à propriedades mecânicas, ângulo de contato, tempo de desintegração, mucoadesividade, pH de superfície, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e espectroscopia de infravermelho. O extrato (liofilizado) apresentou concentração fenólica igual a 718,57 mg de equivalente em ácido gálico/g e EC50 igual a 146,07 ± 8.37 µg/mL e 0,37 ng B₁/g. Os filmes sem adição de extrato, independente da formulação, apresentaram homogeneidade e, de um modo geral, os filmes à base de hidroxipropilmetilcelulose apresentaram melhores propriedades mecânicas, hidrofilicidade superior, tempo de desintegração reduzido e mucoadesividade superior em relação aos filmes com gelatina em sua composição. Comportamento similar foi observado para os filmes de desintegração oral com adição de extrato. Entretanto, filmes com adição de extrato e altas concentrações de gelatina (100:0, 75:25) apresentaram formação de complexos insolúveis entre taninos e proteínas, aparentes visualmente. Em função dos resultados obtidos, os filmes à base de hidroxipropilmetilcelulose (0:100) e com 20% de extrato de película de amendoim apresentaram propriedades mecânicas superiores (tensão na ruptura = 26,63 MPa, elongação = 4,97% e módulo elástico = 1284,82 MPa) e menor tempo de desintegração (17,87 segundos) em relação as demais formulações, sendo esta considerada a formulação otimizada como potencial aplicação para filmes de desintegração oral. / Peanut skin is a food industry byproduct which is rich in phenolic compounds, such as resveratrol and procyanidins. Moreover, it has high antioxidant and pharmacological properties. Despite these activities, phenolic compounds have low oral bioavailability due to glucuronidation catalyzed by the enzyme UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). This catalyze occurs in the first-pass metabolism (gut and/or liver) difficulting the use of phenolic compounds as therapeutic agents. For oral disintegrating films the active ingredient is directly absorbed into systemic circulation by oral epithelium improving the bioavailability of these natural compounds. The aim of this study was to develop oral disintegrating film composed of gelatin and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (GEL: HPMC) added of peanut skin extract as a vehicle for bioactive compounds. The peanut skin extract was produced using ethanol (70%) as solvent (solid/solvent ratio 1:20) at room temperature under mechanical stirring (10 minutes) with three consecutive extractions. The extract was lyophilized to be characterized by antioxidant activity, total phenolic and aflatoxins. The oral disintegrating films were produced by casting (2g macromolecules/100 g filmogenic solution and 0.4g of sorbitol/100g of filmogenic solution) with different concentrations of gelatin and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (GEL: HPMC). The peanut skin extract was added to films liquid and concentrated at concentrations of 10, 20 and 30g / 100g of filmogenic solution. The films were characterized by mechanical properties, contact angle, disintegrating time, mucoadesivity, surface pH, scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. The extract (lyophilized) showed phenolic concentration of 718.57 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g, EC50 of 146.07 ± 8.37 µg/mL and 0.37 ng B₁/g. Films without extract, regardless of formulation were homogeneous. In general, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose films exhibited better mechanical properties, higher hydrophilicity and mucoadesivity and reduced disintegration time compared to films with gelatin in its composition. Similar behavior was observed for oral disintegrating films with addition of extract. Films formulation with high gelatin content (100: 0, 75:25) added of extract showed insoluble complexes formed between proteins and tannins. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose films (0: 100) added of peanut skin extract (20%) showed superior mechanical properties (tensile strength = 26.63 MPa, elongation = 4.97% and elastic modulus = 1284.82 MPa) and lower disintegration time (17.87 seconds) compared with other formulations, which is considered the optimized formulation as a potential application for oral disintegrating films.

Diploma thesis called "Typology of weak, fragile, failing, failed, collapsed states" lays the objective to look into all kinds of collapsed states, and then it wants to compare to what measurement answers the specified typological conception to the reality. In the introduction the study attends to definitions of the terms state,sovereignty and nation which are nearly connected with the issue. As well the reasons for geographical enlistment will be given at the same time. The first chapter is focused on the characteristic features of the different types of watched states. That is why the comparison of the terms is included, its objective is specification and coherence of the terminology. The next part will be engaged in the application of chosen marks to the concrete African countries. There is simultaneously offered the answer to question, in what way and to what measurement the theoretical conception differ from the real functioning. And then it is seen if the enlistment of countries agrees with their general situation, and there are eventually watched some reasons if it does not agree. The last but one chapter is focused on the critical review of the whole typology of collapsed states and it mediates a wide range of aspects and findings which are brought by the typology. The end provides some...

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No description available.

L’objectif de ce projet était de développer une formulation liquisolide (LS) de clozapine ayant des propriétés de dissolution améliorées et évaluer sa stabilité et ainsi que sa robustesse à la modification d’excipients. Le propylène glycol (PG), la cellulose microcrystalline (MCC) et le glycolate d’amidon sodique (SSG) ont été utilisés respectivement en tant que véhicule liquide non volatile, agent de masse et agent désintégrant pour la préparation de comprimés LS. Le dioxyde de silicium colloïdal (CSD), le silicate de calcium (CS) et l'aluminométasilicate de magnésium (MAMS) ont été choisis comme agents d’enrobage sec. La caractérisation complète des mélanges et des comprimés a été effectuée. Le taux de libération des comprimés LS était statistiquement supérieur à celui des comprimés réguliers. La surface spécifique des matériaux d’enrobage avait un effet sur les propriétés d’écoulement des mélanges et la taille des particules des matériaux d’enrobage a eu un effet sur la vitesse de dissolution. Le ratio support/enrobage du mélange de poudres (valeur de R) était un paramètre important pour les systèmes LS et devait être plus grand que 20 afin d’obtenir une meilleure libération du médicament. La formulation choisie a démontré une stabilité pour une période d’au moins 12 mois. La technique LS s’est avéré une approche efficace pour le développement de comprimés de clozapine ayant des propriétés de dissolution améliorées. Les comprimés oro-dispersibles (ODT) sont une formulation innovante qui permettent de surmonter les problèmes de déglutition et de fournir un début d'action plus rapide. Dans l’optique d’améliorer les propriétés de dissolution, un essai a été effectué pour étudier la technique LS dans la formulation des ODT de clozapine. Le PG, la MCC, le CSD et la crospovidone (CP) ont été utilisés respectivement en tant que véhicule liquide non volatile, agent de masse, agent d’enrobage sec et agent superdésintégrant pour la préparation de comprimés oro-dispersibles liquisolides (OD-LST). Le mannitol a été choisi comme agent de masse et agent édulcorant. La saccharine de sodium a été utilisée comme agent édulcorant. La caractérisation complète des comprimés a été effectuée. Le taux de libération des OD-LSTs était statisquement supérieur comparativement aux comprimés ODTs. La formulation choisie a démontré une stabilité pour une période d’au moins 6 mois. Il a été conclu que des ODT de clozapine peuvent être préparés avec succès en utilisant la technologie LS dans le but d’améliorer la désintégration et le taux de dissolution de la clozapine dans la cavité orale. / The objective of this research was to develop a liquisolid (LS) formulation of clozapine with improved dissolution properties and evaluate its robustness to excipient modifications as well as its stability. Propylene glycol (PG), microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and sodium starch glycolate (SSG) were employed as non-volatile liquid vehicle, carrier material and disintegrant respectively for preparing LS compacts. Colloidal silicon dioxide (CSD), calcium silicate (CS) and magnesium aluminometasilicate (MAMS) were selected as coating materials. Complete characterisation of the blends and tablets was performed. The drug release rates of LS compacts were distinctly higher as compared to regular tablets. The specific surface areas of coating materials had an effect on the flow properties of the blends and the particle sizes of coating materials affected the dissolution rate. The carrier : coating ratio of the powder system (R value) was an important parameter for LS systems and had to be larger than 20 to obtain enhanced drug release. The selected formulation demonstrated stability for a period of at least 12 months. The LS technique was an effective approach to prepare clozapine tablets with enhanced dissolution properties. Orally disintegrating tablets (ODT) constitute an innovative dosage form that overcomes the problems of swallowing and provides a quick onset of action. In view of enhancing dissolution properties an attempt has been made to study LS technique in formulation of ODT of clozapine. PG, MCC, CSD and crospovidone (CP) were employed as non-volatile liquid vehicle, carrier material, coating material and superdisintegrant respectively for preparing orally disintegrating liquisolid tablets (OD-LST). Mannitol was selected as a carrier material and sweetening agent. Sodium saccharin (SS) was employed as a sweetening agent. Complete characterisation of the tablets was performed. The drug release rates of OD-LSTs were distinctly higher as compared to regular ODTs. The selected formulation demonstrated stability for a period of at least 6 months. It was concluded that the ODT of clozapine can be successfully prepared using LS technology in order to improve disintegration and dissolution rate of clozapine in oral cavity.