La recherche en optique non linéaire s'est graduellement développée durant ces trois dernières décennies avec, en particulier, la découverte d'une multitude de phénomènes non linéaires dans les fibres optiques soumises à de fortes excitations lumineuses. Ce champ de recherche s'est récemment amplifié suite à l'avènement de nouvelles fibres optiques qui présentent un arrangement périodique de plusieurs centaines de canaux d'air parallèles le long de la fibre. Ces fibres, dénommées « fibre à cristal photonique » ont permis de convertir un faisceau laser monochromatique en un continuum de lumière blanche sur plus de 2 octaves en fréquence (c.-à-d., un laser arc en ciel allant de l'ultraviolet à l'infrarouge). De part leur propriété de brillance unique, ces nouvelles sources laser révolutionnent actuellement les applications en métrologie, en rendant possible des mesures absolues de fréquences optiques avec une précision sans précédent, mais aussi en optique biomédicale et en microscopie. Le cadre général dans lequel s'insère ce travail de thèse est celui de l'étude des phénomènes non linéaires et la génération de supercontinuum (SC) dans les fibres optiques hautement non linéaires et microstructurées. Dans un premier temps, nous démontrons analytiquement, et par le biais de validations numériques et expérimentales, que le phénomène d'instabilité modulationnelle présente une brisure de symétrie spectrale au voisinage de la longueur d'onde de dispersion nulle, due principalement à l'émission d'ondes dispersives induite par la fission de solitons instables. Puis nous décrivons une nouvelle méthode de mesure des coefficients de dispersion d'une fibre optique, jusqu'à l'ordre quatre, à partir de l'étude de ces deux processus. Nous étudions également des processus multiples de mélanges à quatre ondes à partir d'une onde pompe incohérente. Puis à partir de l'étude de ces phénomènes, nous développons une source SC entièrement fibrée, dont le spectre s'étend sur plus de 1000 nm autour de 1.5 μm, à l'aide d'une fibre optique hautement non linéaire et d'un laser à impulsions nanosecondes. Enfin, nous étudierons expérimentalement la génération de SC dans une fibre microstructurée présentant deux zéros de dispersion, en utilisant respectivement une excitation à une puis deux pompes. Nous montrons en particulier la génération de bandes doubles d'instabilité modulationnelle au voisinage du second zéro de dispersion, en accord avec nos prédictions analytiques, ainsi qu'une cascade Raman anti-Stokes, puis la génération de SC de 1400 nm à 1700 nm. Enfin, nous réalisons un double pompage de la fibre optique par doublage de la fréquence du laser nanoseconde, afin d'accroître la bande du SC vers le domaine visible de 550 nm a 1950 nm.

QC 20100618

This paper offers a comprehensive and integrative overview of all empirical data available from the open literature on the in-tunnel radiowave-communication channel's power loss characteristics, as a function of the tunnel's cross-sectional shape, cross-sectional size, longitudinal shape, wall materials, presence or absence of vehicular/human traffic, and presence/absence of branches. These data were originally presented in about 50 papers in various journals, conferences, and books.

This paper offers a comprehensive and integrative overview of all empirical data available from the open literature on the in-tunnel radiowave-communication channel's power loss characteristics, as a function of the tunnel's cross-sectional shape, cross-sectional size, longitudinal shape, wall materials, presence or absence of vehicular/human traffic, and presence/absence of branches. These data were originally presented in about 50 papers in various journals, conferences, and books.

Trapping centres and their distributions in as-grown TlGaSeS layered single crystals were studied using thermally stimulated current (TSC) measurements. The investigations were performed in the temperature range of 10&ndash / 160 K with various heating rates between 0.6&ndash / 1.2 K/s. Experimental evidence has been found for the presence of three electrons trapping centres with activation energies 12, 20, and 49 meV and one hole trapping centre located at 12 meV. Their capture cross-sections and concentrations were also determined. It is concluded that in these centres retrapping is negligible as confirmed by the good agreement between the experimental results and the theoretical predictions of the model that assumes slow retrapping. The optical properties of TlGaSeS layered single crystals have been investigated by measuring the transmission and the reflection in the wavelength region between 400 and 1100 nm. The optical indirect transitions with a band gap energy of 2.27 eV and direct transitions with a band gap energy of 2.58 eV were found by analyzing the absorption data at room temperature. The rate of change v of the indirect band gap with temperature was determined from the transmission measurements in the temperature range of 10&ndash / 300 K. The oscillator and the dispersion energies, the oscillator strength, and the zero-frequency refractive index were also reported. The parameters of monoclinic unit cell and the chemical composition of TlGaSes crystals were found by X-ray powder diffraction and energy dispersive spectroscopic analysis, respectively.

Concrete, due to its low cost, durability and fire resistance, is one of the world’s most widely used construction materials. Concrete is typically reinforced with steel bars and welded wire mesh. Since the cost of steel is increasing and steel corrosion is a significant contributor to structural failure, it is advantageous to find an alternative replacement reinforcement material which can not only replace the steel, but also resist corrosion. Over the past few decades, polymeric fibres have been used as concrete reinforcement. The chemical bond between the polymeric fibre and the cementitious matrix is an important factor in the fibre’s performance as a concrete reinforcement. Despite the great importance of the chemical bonding at the polymeric fibre/concrete interface, the chemical bonding at the interface is not well understood. To investigate the chemical interactions between polymeric materials and concrete, model systems of polymeric powder/white cement and polymeric fibre/white cement were chosen, where white cement was chosen for its suitability for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments. The chemical interactions between poly(ethylenevinyl acetate) (EVA), poly(ether imide) (PEI), and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) polymeric powders were studied via 13C NMR spectroscopy. It was found that EVA admixture undergoes hydrolysis in a cementitious matrix and follows a pseudo-second order kinetics model up to 32 days of cement hydration. PEI was also found to undergo hydrolysis at the imide functional group in a cementitious matrix. PVDF powder undergoes dehydrofluorination in the cementitious environment, producing a brown coloured polymer which is a result of conjugation of the polymer backbone. The interfacial transition zone between fluoropolymeric powder/white cement and steel and polymeric fibres (high density polyethylene/polypropylene, poly(vinyl alcohol), PEI, PVDF, and Nylon 6.6) was studied at short range using 19F, 27Al, and 43Ca NMR spectroscopy and at long range using the scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy method. It was concluded that the chemistry of polymeric fibres themselves can alter the surrounding interfacial transition zone such that the calcium silicate hydrate favours a tobermorite or jennite-like structure, which could contribute to a strong or weak interface.

No description available.

The physical processes in lakes remain only partially understood despite successful data collection from a variety of sources spanning several decades. Although numerical models are already frequently employed to simulate the physics of lakes, especially in the context of water quality management, improved methods are necessary to better capture the wide array of dynamically important physical processes, spanning length scales from ~ 10 km (basin-scale oscillations) - 1 m (short internal waves). In this thesis, high-order numerical methods are explored for specialized model equations of lakes, so that their use can be taken into consideration in the next generation of more sophisticated models that will better capture important small scale features than their present day counterparts. The full three-dimensional incompressible density-stratified Navier-Stokes equations remain too computationally expensive to be solved for situations that involve both complicated geometries and require resolution of features at length-scales spanning four orders of magnitude. The main source of computational expense lay with the requirement of having to solve a three-dimensional Poisson equation for pressure at every time-step. Simplified model equations are thus the only way that numerical lake modelling can be carried out at present time, and progress can be made by seeking intelligent parameterizations as a means of capturing more physics within the framework of such simplified equation sets. In this thesis, we employ the long-accepted practice of sub-dividing the lake into vertical layers of different constant densities as an approximation to continuous vertical stratification. We build on this approach by including weakly non-hydrostatic dispersive correction terms in the model equations in order to parameterize the effects of small vertical accelerations that are often disregarded by operational models. Favouring the inclusion of weakly non-hydrostatic effects over the more popular hydrostatic approximation allows these models to capture the emergence of small-scale internal wave phenomena, such as internal solitary waves and undular bores, that are missed by purely hydrostatic models. The Fourier and Chebyshev pseudospectral methods are employed for these weakly non-hydrostatic layered models in simple idealized lake geometries, e.g., doubly periodic domains, periodic channels, and annular domains, for a set of test problems relevant to lake dynamics since they offer excellent resolution characteristics at minimal memory costs. This feature makes them an excellent benchmark to compare other methods against. The Discontinuous Galerkin Finite Element Method (DG-FEM) is then explored as a mid- to high-order method that can be used in arbitrary lake geometries. The DG-FEM can be interpreted as a domain-decomposition extension of a polynomial pseudospectral method and shares many of the same attractive features, such as fast convergence rates and the ability to resolve small-scale features with a relatively low number of grid points when compared to a low-order method. The DG-FEM is further complemented by certain desirable attributes it shares with the finite volume method, such as the freedom to specify upwind-biased numerical flux functions for advection-dominated flows, the flexibility to deal with complicated geometries, and the notion that each element (or cell) can be regarded as a control volume for conserved fluid quantities. Practical implementation details of the numerical methods used in this thesis are discussed, and the various modelling and methodology choices that have been made in the course of this work are justified as the difficulties that these choices address are revealed to the reader. Theoretical calculations are intermittently carried out throughout the thesis to help improve intuition in situations where numerical methods alone fall short of giving complete explanations of the physical processes under consideration. The utility of the DG-FEM method beyond purely hyperbolic systems is also a recurring theme in this thesis. The DG-FEM method is applied to dispersive shallow water type systems as well as incompressible flow situations. Furthermore, it is employed for eigenvalue problems where orthogonal bases must be constructed from the eigenspaces of elliptic operators. The technique is applied to the problem calculating the free modes of oscillation in rotating basins with irregular geometries where the corresponding linear operator is not self-adjoint.

Dans cette thèse nous nous intéressons aux propriétés qualitatives des solutions de quelques équations d’ondes en milieux dispersifs ou dispersifs-dissipatifs. Dans le premier chapitre, nous étudions l’explosion de solutions dans le régime log-log et l’existence globale pour le problème de Cauchy de l’équation de Schrödinger L2-critique amortie. Dans un second chapitre, nous considérons l’équation de Schrödinger L2-critique avec un amortissement non linéaire. Selon la puissance du terme d’amortissement, nous montrons l’existence globale ou l’explosion en régime log-log. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous étudions le problème de Cauchy pour l’équation de Kadomtsev-Petviashvili-Burgers-I (KPBI) en deux dimensions,nous montrons que le problème est localement bien posé dans Hs(R2) pour tout s > -½, et que l’existence est globale dans L2(R2) sans aucune condition sur la donnée initiale. Dans le dernier chapitre, nous considèrons l’équation d’Ostrovsky sur le cercle, et nous construisons des mesures invariantes par le flot selon les quantitées conservées par cette équation. / This thesis deals with the qualitative properties of solutions to some wave equations in dispersive or dispersive-dissipative media. In the first chapter, we study the blowup in the log-log regime and global existence of solutions to the Cauchy problem for the L2-critical damped nonlinear Schrödinger equation. In the second chapter, we consider the Cauchy problem for the L2-critical nonlinear Schrödinger equation with a nonlinear damping. According to the power of the damping term, we prove the global existence or the existence of finite time blowup dynamics with a log-log blow-up law. In the third chapter, we study the Cauchy problem for the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili-Burgers-I (KPBI) equations in two dimensions. We show that the problem is locally and globally well posed in Hs(R2) for any s > -½ , and that the existence is global in L2(R2) without any condition on the initial data. In the last chapter, we consider the Ostrovsky equation on the circle. We construct invariant measures under the flow for the conserved quantities of the equation.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:31:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sakamoto_ss_me_araca.pdf: 2232778 bytes, checksum: 2d567023e0bd2b444f0d70e7197d8eaf (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O papel dos elementos traço em tumores mamários tem sido investigado nas últimas décadas, mas comparações de subclasses de tumores mamários malignos são ainda inéditas em medicina veterinária. Portanto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi identificar a concentração dos elementos cálcio, ferro, cobre e zinco em neoplasias mamárias de cadelas, comparando-se um grupo controle com três tipos histológicos malignos. Cinquenta e uma biopsias mamárias foram avaliadas e divididas em quatro grupos (G1 - controle, G2 - carcinoma complexo, G3 - carcinoma tubular/tubulopapilífero e G4 – carcinoma sólido). O material foi colhido de mastectomias realizadas na rotina do Hospital Veterinário da UNESP-Araçatuba sendo classificado segundo os critérios diagnósticos propostos pela Organização Mundial de Saúde. As amostras foram analisadas, quanto aos elementos traço, pela técnica de Fluorescência de Raios X por Dispersão de Energia (EDXRF). A análise estatística revelou aumento significativo (p<0,05) dos elementos cálcio, ferro e zinco entre os grupos G1 e G2. Comparações entre o sistema TNM (Tumor/Linfonodo/Metástases) e os elementos traço não foram significativas (p˃0,05) à análise estatística, já que os mesmos demonstraram estar correlacionados ao tipo histológico e não ao sistema TNM de prognóstico de vida. O aparelho de EDXRF mostrou-se eficaz para a análise dos elementos traço, além de ser uma técnica mais acessível, multielementar e não destrutiva, permitindo que outras metodologias possam ser utilizadas para estudos complementares com as mesmas amostras / The role of trace elements in breast cancer has been investigated in recent decades, but comparisons of subclasses of malignant mammary tumors are still unpublished in veterinary medicine. So, the aim of this work was to identify the concentration of calcium, iron, cooper and zinc in canine mammary tumors, comparing them with a control group and three malignant neoplasias. 51 mammary fragments of biopsies were analyzed and divided in four groups (G1 – Control, G2 - Complex Carcinomas, G3 – Tubular/Tubulopapillary Carcinoma and G4 – Solid Carcinoma). Samples of the tumors were collected during surgical procedures, mastectomy, performed at Veterinary Hospital of Sao Paulo State University – Araçatuba and were classified according to the diagnostic criteria proposed by the World Health Organization. Samples were analyzed by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Equipment (EDXRF). Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference (p<0.05) only in the groups G1 and G2, concerning to the calcium, iron and zinc elements. The comparison between TNM system and trace elements revealed an absence of statistical evaluation, because trace elements were connected with histopathologycal graduation. The EDXRF was useful for trace element analyses and it is a non-destructive, multielementar technology that permits complementary studies with the same samples