Eddy current (EC) based testing and measurement methods are well known in non-destructive testing (NDT) world. EC sensors are extensively studied and used for material health monitoring and its property measurement. Target displacement measurement is one of the well-known applications of EC method. The main advantage of EC sensor is its working capability in harsh environment like humidity, contamination etc. It is non-contact, rugged and requires less maintenance. The range and sensitivity of target displacement is mainly determined by the probe geometry and its construction method. Also displacement measurement depends upon geometry and electromagnetic (EM) properties of the target plate. Any variation of ambient temperature alters the EM properties of the probe as well as EM properties of the target. Thus, many parameters like geometry, EM properties and temperature involved in target displacement measurement. Hence, while using EC sensor for displacement measurement, it demands careful design and measurement procedure to achieve high sensitivity and high precision with low temperature drift. To achieve these, we present the following. 1) A temperature compensation technique 2) Optimization of probe geometry and its construction method to increase the range and sensitivity 3) Selection of suitable probe measurement parameter (Z, R, X) based on target material properties 4) Making the displacement measurement less sensitive to tolerance in probe construction parameter. A temperature compensation technique for target displacement measurement, using a self-running LC oscillator has been presented. A sensing coil is energized by a Hartley oscillator. The oscillator voltage is maintained at a constant level by a closed loop feedback circuit and the average feedback current to the oscillator is measured for target displacement detection. The temperature drift of the feedback current is compensated by applying temperature compensation function (TCF) and this is verified experimentally. Cold rolled mild steel (carbon steel) is taken as a target material and the sensor is tested over a temperature range of 20 °C – 80 °C. It shows that the temperature drift is less than ±30 ppm/°C over 3 mm target displacement. To match all the sensor modules in mass production, components selection procedure is presented. To avoid mismatch across sensors in manufacturing process, the transistor based oscillator is modified with operational trans-conductance amplifier (OTA). The same temperature compensation formula (TCF) is applied to compensate the temperature drift of feedback current and achieved intended accuracy. Geometry and construction parameters of the eddy current sensing probe is optimized for target displacement measurement using Ansoft Maxwell, electromagnetic design software. EC probe with different geometry are analyzed in search of suitable geometry for target displacement measurement. Four shapes of commercially available core have been chosen for probe construction. For each shape of sensing probe, the radius and height of the probe is increased by 0 mm to 9 mm to find the effect of them on sensitivity and range of target displacement measurement. It has been observed that the probe with less height and maximum diameter has shown better performance. In addition to that, the probe geometry is optimized to achieve more sensitivity and range within the space available for probe mounting. It helps to utilize the available space effectively for probe design. Coil winding and mount-ing it inside the core window also important parameter in probe design. It has been observed that de-pressing the sensing coil inside the core window from sensing face by 3 mm decreases the sensitivity by 40 %. Hence, it is recommended to place the coil on the extreme end of the sensing face of the core. To know the effect of core permeability, it is varied from 1000 to 15000. It has been observed that it has no effect on sensitivity and measurement range. Only optimizing the probe geometry and its construction method is not adequate for target displacement measurement. We know that the EC based displacement measurement is also target material dependent. Generally probe impedance is measured and then the temperature drift of the sensing coil resistance is compensated to know the target displacement. Most of the temperature compensation techniques use this compensation technique and it is shown that those are suitable for high conductivity targets like copper. Choosing Z for displacement measurement may not be only best choice for all target materials. The displacement can be measured also through either R or X of the probe. Choosing the proper probe parameter for a given target material will provide a less temperature drift for target displacement measurement. To know about this, a simulation has been made for target displacement measurement with target metal of μr = 1, relative permittivity εr =1, and temperature coefficient of resistivity ∝ = 0.004 K-1. The conductivity (σ) of the target is varied from 1×106 S/m to 62×106 S/m in the temperature range of 20 ℃ – 80 ℃. Now the simulation has been repeated by fixing  as a constant and varying target μr. The metal plate with  = 1×106 S/m, εr=1 and ∝ = 0.004 K – 1 is taken as a target and μr is varied from 100 to 10000. For both conductivity and permeability sweep analysis, the target displacement is measured as a function of Z, R and X independently. The temperature drift in displacement measurement is also analysed for the above temperature range. An experiment has been conducted with copper, stainless steel and mild steel as target metal in the temperature range of 20 ℃ – 80 ℃. The temperature drift is calculated when the displacement is measured as function of Z, R and X. Based on the results, we have identified that the target material relative permeability determines the selection of probe measurement parameter for target displacement measurement. Hence, knowing tar-get r alone suffice to select the probe measurement parameter (Z or R or X) for displacement measurement. Optimizing the probe geometry, selecting the proper probe measurement parameter and temperature compensation technique suffice to provide a good sensitivity, range and low temperature drift for a single probe. But in general, one of the mass produced probes is selected as a reference probe and it is calibrated against the ambient temperature and target displacement. And the calibration curves are loaded to all the probes. Matching the probe construction parameters to each other across the production patches is not possible in mass production. This makes the temperature compensation function and displacement calibration are different for every individual probes for displacement measurement. This degrades the measurement accuracy. A simulation has been performed with pot core with commercial tolerance. Using this, we have obtained 24 probes due to variations in 1) Individual and few combinational variations in core and coil dimensions 2) Core permeability variation and 3) relative position of the coil with respect to core. Finally, we have quantified the displacement error for each probe. We have identified the important probe dimensional parameters that have to be controlled precisely in mass production to improve the measurement accuracy. It shows error of 0.86 % in the displacement measurement when the relative reactance and relative displacement is used for measurement. In practice, error in displacement measurement due to both the ambient temperature drift and the tolerance in probe construction parameter exist simultaneously. Hence, the combined error is computed for the target displacement range of 0 mm – 3 mm for the temperature range of 0 °C – 100 °C. The total error of less than 1 % is achieved for commercial standard probe tolerance. Finally, we have provided general factory production procedure and user calibration procedure of probe design to achieve cost effective displacement measurement with sensitivity and range with low temperature drift.

Rare earth elements (REEs) are critical materials in many electronics and green technology products. Though the demand for REEs is growing rapidly, China controls over 90% of the REEs supply and the US currently is not producing any REEs. As most of the REEs occurred together in the mineral ores with low concentrations and they have similar chemical and physical properties, the extraction and purification processes are challenging. Conventional methods for producing REEs require large amounts of toxic chemicals and generate large amounts of hazardous wastes. Therefore, it is important to develop alternative REE sources as well as efficient and environmentally friendly processes to produce REEs domestically. In this dissertation, coal fly ash, a major coal combustion byproduct, was explored as a potential source for REEs. Novel separation and purification methods were developed for producing high purity REEs from class F coal fly ash.<div><br></div><div>First, a sequential separation process was developed to recover and concentrate REEs from class F coal fly ash. The ash was first digested using a NaOH solution and subsequently dissolved in an acid to extract REEs as well as other chemicals. About 74% of REEs, 92 % of SiO2, 74% of Al2O3, 24% of Fe2O3, and 65% of CaO were extracted. Most (>99%) of the extracted REEs and cations (Al+3, Fe+3, Ca+2) were captured in a cation exchange column. Negatively charged Si species were eluted by water. The captured REEs were separated from the other cations in the column. A solution of NaCl was used to elute the cations and most of the REEs, which were strongly adsorbed in the column, were eluted using a solution of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA). In this separation process, high purity SiO2 (>99%), Al(OH)3 (>99%), and Fe(OH)3 (>95%) were produced. The eluted DTPA-REEs solution was then loaded in a cation exchange column. The REEs accumulated in the column could be further separated into pure REE fractions using a ligand-assisted displacement chromatography method (LAD), instead of the conventional liquid-liquid extraction method.<br></div><div><br></div><div>Detailed rate model simulations were developed for LAD and verified with experimental and literature data. The dynamic column profiles in simulations showed that a prestaurant which has a higher ligand affinity and a lower sorbent affinity than REEs is required to develop an isotachic train in LAD. When a constant-pattern isotachic train is developed, high concentration bands with high purity and high yield can be achieved. Further increase in column length is not needed. Thus, if purity, yield, sorbent, and ligand are fixed, the constant-pattern state gives the highest sorbent productivity and the highest ligand efficiency. It is critical to develop a method to find the general conditions required for developing constant-pattern states. Key dimensionless parameters affecting the constant-pattern states were formulated first based on the h-transformation theory for an ideal system and the shock layer theory for a nonideal system. Strategetic combinations of the key dimensionless groups were developed to express a dimensionless mininum column length as a function of the combined dimensionless groups. Rate model simulations were used to find various minimum column lengths for developing constant-pattern states from transient states. The simulation results were used to generate a correlation curve in a two-dimensional plot or map where the curve divided the map into two regions, the transient region, and the constant-pattern region. The map can be used to find the minimum required conditions for developing a constant-pattern state for a general LAD system at any scale.<br></div><div><br></div><div>A constant-pattern design method for both ideal and non-ideal (with significant mass transfer effects) LAD systems was developed based on the general correlation equation for the map. In addition, an equation for the yield of a target component as a function of the key dimensionless groups was derived based on the constant-pattern mass transfer zone lengths. The column length and operating velocity solved from the two equations ensured the yields and the constant–pattern state for the target components. A selectivity weighted composition factor was developed to allow the design method to specify a minimum target yield for one or multiple components. The design method is robust and scalable because it provides the optimal operating conditions to meet the minimum target yield and purity of one or multiple components for LAD systems at any scale. The design method was verified using simulations and experiments for different target yields, ligand concentrations, and feed compositions for ternary mixtures. The minimum target yields were achieved or exceeded in all cases tested. The results showed that high ligand concentration, long column length, and high effective sorbent selectivity can increase sorbent productivity. The minimum column length required to achieve a constant-pattern state and the productivity of LAD are limited by the lowest selectivity or by a minority component with a low concentration in the feed, even when it does not have the lowest selectivity. If both minor and major REE components in a mixture need to be recovered in the same LAD process, the overall productivity could be significantly limited. Thus, separating major components first and recycling/separating the minor components in a separate LAD process could increase the total productivity significantly. The productivities achieved using this design method are two orders of magnitude higher than the literature results with similar REE yields and purities.<br></div>

This thesis discusses implementation of LoD terrain visualization algorithm Seamless Patches for GPU-Based Terrain Rendering as extension for Coin3D library. It presents procedures which this algorithm uses for displaying large terrain datasets. Entire terrain is composed of patches that are stored in patch hierarchy. Patch hierarchy is traversed during runtime to generate active patches based on observer's position. Each patch consists of predefined tiles and connection strips so it doesn't need to store any geometry. During render of tiles and strips, displacement shader is applied. This thesis also evaluates results achieved in sample application and suggests some modifications to further increase algorithm performance.

Molecular and functional analysis of small molecule binding to protein can provoke insights into cellular signaling and regulatory systems as well as facilitate pharmaceutical drug discovery. In label free small molecule detection the displacement assay format can be applied. This assay format comprises the displacement of receptor molecules bond to immobilized ligand by a competition reaction with ligand in solution. This is beneficial because displacement of high molecular receptors is detected compared to low molecular ligand as in classical binding analysis therefore potentially lowering the method detection limit. It was hypothesized that with choosing appropriate measuring methods and theoretical modeling reaction rate constants can be determined separately in every kinetic stage of the assay format. Herein elucidating the dominant valence of antibody antigen binding in the established assay was of great importance. Using the Influenza Hemagglutinin (HA) peptid binding to mono or bivalent Anti-Hemagglutinin peptide antibody displacement assay formats could be established. The exact time resolved analysis of binding and dissolution of ligand HA and Anti-Hemagglutinin peptide antibody was achieved with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy. Mathematical models could be developed from kinetic equations of ligand binding to mono or bivalent antibody. With this, an accurate simulation of the SPR results was reached. The simulation plot had to be exactly adjusted to the SPR results to determine all kinetic rate constants defining ligand and receptor binding kinetics. Large variations in receptor concentration gave almost identical rate constants in binding; this proves the quality of SPR measurements and demonstrates consistence between measurement, simulation, and binding model. Maximum decline of SPR response could be used to determine ligand concentrations in analyte. Displacement dependence from antigen concentration was found to be exponential and was explained by rebinding. Kinetic data and models could be transferred for the simulation of almost stationary displacement assay formats realized with impedance and fluorescence spectroscopy. With the obtained results it was possible to detect the displacement of the bacterial signaling autoinducer AI-2 by a displacement assay format using periplasmic binding protein LuxP as receptor. Concluding it can be said that the hypothesis could be proved and the obtained results can facilitate the use of displacement assay formats in biosensing. Displacement assay formats should be especially interesting in small molecule detection and in compact integrated mass sensitive sensor designs suitable as mobile sensors in outdoor screening.:Zusammenfassung i Summery iii Inhaltsverzeichnis v 1. Problemstellung 1 2. Kinetisches Modell für Displacement-Assays mit monovalenten Antikörpern 5 2.1 Kinetisches Modell 6 2.1.1 Grundgleichungen 6 2.1.2 Analytische Näherungslösung 8 2.1.3 Numerische Lösung 10 2.2 Vergleich mit experimentellen Beispielen 18 2.2.1 Surface-Plasmonen-Resonanzspektroskopie eines Hämagglutinin- Peptid/Hämagglutinin-Antikörper-Displacement-Assays 18 2.2.2 Fluoreszenzspektroskopie eines Hämagglutinin-Peptid/Hämagglutinin-Antikörper-Displacement-Assays 36 2.2.3 Analyse eines LuxP/AI2-Displacementassays mittels SPR-Spektroskopie 52 3. Kinetisches Modell für Displacement-Assays mit bivalenten Antikörpern 70 3.1 Kinetisches Modell 70 3.1.1 Grundgleichungen 70 3.1.2 Numerische Lösung 72 3.2 Vergleich mit experimentellen Beispielen 80 3.2.1 Surface-Plasmonen-Resonanzspektroskopie eines Hämagglutinin- Peptid/Hämagglutinin-Antikörper-Displacement-Assays 80 3.2.2 Impedanzspektroskopie eines Hämagglutinin-Peptid/Hämagglutinin-Antikörper-Displacement-Assays 88 4. Konklusionen und Ausblick 92 5. Anhänge 98 A1: Oberflächenplasmonenresonanzspektroskopie 98 A2: Aufbau der Messschichten und Messreihen eines Hämagglutinin-Peptid/Hämagglutinin-Antikörper-Displacement-Assays 105 A3: Schichtaufbau zur Analyse eines LuxP/AI2-Displacementassays mittels SPR-Spektroskopie 119 A4: Aufbau zur Fluoreszenzspektroskopie eines Hämagglutinin-Peptid/Hämagglutinin-Antikörper-Displacement-Assays 125 A5: Impedanzspektroskopie 128 A6: Transferratenkonstanten 139 A7: Abkürzungsverzeichnis 141 6. Literatur 146 7. Danksagung 155 8. Selbständigkeitserklärung 157 / Die Analyse des Bindungsverhaltens niedermolekularer Liganden an Proteine ist für die Aufklärung von biologischen Regulationssystemen oder bei der Suche neuer medizinischer Wirkstoffe von Wichtigkeit. Ein markierungsfreies Detektions¬prinzip zur Erfassung niedermolekularer Liganden ist die Displacement- oder Replacement-Methode. Bei dieser tritt die Bindung des Rezeptors an den immobilisierten Liganden mit der Bindung an freien Liganden in Konkurrenz, sodass anstelle der niedermolekularen Liganden die hochmolekularen Rezeptoren detektiert werden können. In dieser Arbeit wurde von der Hypothese ausgegangen, dass durch die Auswahl geeigneter Messverfahren und der zugeordneten Modellierung die einzelnen kinetischen Stadien des Displacements separat zur Bestimmung der kinetischen Konstanten der Displacementprozesse genutzt werden können. Dabei sollte unter anderem auch eine Aussage über die dominierende Valenz der Antigen-Antikörper-Bindung erreicht werden. Hierzu wurden auf der Basis des Modellsystems Hämagglutinin-Peptid/ Hämagglutinin-Antikörper Displacement-Assays mit mono- und bivalenten Anti-körpern entwickelt, anhand derer eine genaue zeitaufgelöste Analyse des Bindungs- und Ablösungsverhaltens vom Liganden HA an den Anti-HA-Antikörper (Rezeptor) mittels Oberflächenplasmonenresonanz(SPR)-Spektroskopie erzielt wurde. Ausgehend von den Reaktionsgleichungen zwischen Liganden und mono- und bivalenten Rezeptoren wurden mathematische Modelle entwickelt, die eine exakte Simulation der SPR-Ergebnisse ermöglichten. Durch genaues Anpassen der Simulationsplots an die Messplots konnten alle Ratenkonstanten, die die Kinetik der Reaktionen zwischen Liganden, Rezeptoren und ihren Komplexen bestimmen, ermittelt werden. Da auch für eine große Variation der Rezeptorkonzentrationen in der Analytlösung nahezu identische Werte für die Ratenkonstanten erhalten wurden, ergeben Messungen und Simulationen ein konsistentes Bild der Anbindungskinetik und bestätigen die Qualität der Messungen. Aus Messungen des maximalen Responsabfalles kann die Konzentration der freien Antigene beim Displacement ermittelt werden. Man findet eine exponentielle Abhängigkeit des Displacements von der Konzentration der freien Antigene, die sich durch den sogenannten „Rebindingeffekt“ erklären lässt. Die gewonnenen kinetischen Daten und entwickelten Modellierungsverfahren konnten zur Simulation quasistationärer Detektionsverfahren, die mit Fluoreszenz- und Impedanzspektroskopie durchgeführt wurden, erfolgreich angewandt werden. Die erzielten Erkenntnisse konnten auf ein wissenschaftlich herausforderndes biologisches System (LuxP/AI2) angewandt werden, bei dem das niedermolekulare Signalmolekül AI2 über ein Displacementassay detektiert wurde. Dieses System ermöglicht einen Einblick in die Intra- und Interspezieskommunikation bei Bakterien. Insgesamt zeigt sich, dass die hier formulierte Hypothese als bewiesen angesehen werden kann. Die in dieser Arbeit gewonnenen Erkenntnisse eröffnen verschiedene Einsätze der Displacementmethode in der Biosensorik. Insbesondere lassen sich damit kleine Moleküle markierungsfrei quantitativ bestimmen, ohne hoch präzise Analysengeräte einsetzen zu müssen. Damit ergibt sich die Möglichkeit, sehr kompakte integrierte massensensitive Sensoren, die nicht die Empfindlichkeit hochempfindlicher SPR-Spektrometer erreichen, zur Detektion kleiner Moleküle einzusetzen. Dies ist besonders für mobile Anwendungen von Interesse.:Zusammenfassung i Summery iii Inhaltsverzeichnis v 1. Problemstellung 1 2. Kinetisches Modell für Displacement-Assays mit monovalenten Antikörpern 5 2.1 Kinetisches Modell 6 2.1.1 Grundgleichungen 6 2.1.2 Analytische Näherungslösung 8 2.1.3 Numerische Lösung 10 2.2 Vergleich mit experimentellen Beispielen 18 2.2.1 Surface-Plasmonen-Resonanzspektroskopie eines Hämagglutinin- Peptid/Hämagglutinin-Antikörper-Displacement-Assays 18 2.2.2 Fluoreszenzspektroskopie eines Hämagglutinin-Peptid/Hämagglutinin-Antikörper-Displacement-Assays 36 2.2.3 Analyse eines LuxP/AI2-Displacementassays mittels SPR-Spektroskopie 52 3. Kinetisches Modell für Displacement-Assays mit bivalenten Antikörpern 70 3.1 Kinetisches Modell 70 3.1.1 Grundgleichungen 70 3.1.2 Numerische Lösung 72 3.2 Vergleich mit experimentellen Beispielen 80 3.2.1 Surface-Plasmonen-Resonanzspektroskopie eines Hämagglutinin- Peptid/Hämagglutinin-Antikörper-Displacement-Assays 80 3.2.2 Impedanzspektroskopie eines Hämagglutinin-Peptid/Hämagglutinin-Antikörper-Displacement-Assays 88 4. Konklusionen und Ausblick 92 5. Anhänge 98 A1: Oberflächenplasmonenresonanzspektroskopie 98 A2: Aufbau der Messschichten und Messreihen eines Hämagglutinin-Peptid/Hämagglutinin-Antikörper-Displacement-Assays 105 A3: Schichtaufbau zur Analyse eines LuxP/AI2-Displacementassays mittels SPR-Spektroskopie 119 A4: Aufbau zur Fluoreszenzspektroskopie eines Hämagglutinin-Peptid/Hämagglutinin-Antikörper-Displacement-Assays 125 A5: Impedanzspektroskopie 128 A6: Transferratenkonstanten 139 A7: Abkürzungsverzeichnis 141 6. Literatur 146 7. Danksagung 155 8. Selbständigkeitserklärung 157

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Inter-governmental organisations (IGOs) are given mandates by states to perform particular tasks: from refugee protection to the management of migration to promoting development. As new global challenges arise, such as climate change, these organisations must decide whether to ignore them or change in response. But what drives inter-governmental organisations to move beyond their mandates, if it is not their member states? International Relations offers a limited account of if and how they will respond to new issue areas. Principal-agent theory treats IGOs as units with fixed preferences to expand and maximise their tasks and scope (Hawkins et al. 2006; Nielson and Tierney 2003; Pollack 2003). Meanwhile, sociological institutionalism argues that IOs are driven by a logic of appropriateness and staff will only support expansion if it fits coherently with their organisational identity and culture (Barnett and Coleman 2005). I build on these two theories and propose that IGO behaviour should be explained by organisational type. IGOs exist along a spectrum from normative to functional ideal-types. Normative IGOs have supervisory status over a body of international law, seek moral legitimacy and follow a logic of appropriateness. Functional IGOs are projectised organisations which seek pragmatic legitimacy and adopt a logic of consequences. I illustrate how IGO type interacts with the status of the new issue area to determine the timing, nature and extent of organisational change. I focus on the responses to climate change of three inter-governmental organisations: the United Nations High Commission for Refugees, a normative organisation; the International Organisation for Migration, a functional organisation; and the United Nations Development Programme, a hybrid organisation. IGO type has important implications for IR scholars and policy-makers as we look to these institutions to provide global solutions to global issues such as climate change, migration, refugees and development.

How we develop cities in the twenty-first century remains a subject of contentious debate worldwide. As neoliberal strategies are implemented in redevelopment projects, public safety nets are reduced and low-income communities of color in declining urban neighborhoods become particularly vulnerable. This multiple case study seeks to understand the experiences of post crisis urban redevelopment for low-income communities of color in 5 major U.S. cities. The data I analyzed include 101 short videos from the interactive documentary platform Land of Opportunity, documenting the process of post-crisis urban redevelopment in New Orleans, New York, Chicago, Detroit, and San Francisco. In doing so, I discovered that residents' experiences vary greatly based on redevelopment strategy that was employed and the level of resident involvement in the redevelopment process.

DNA provides an ideal substrate for nanoscale construction and programmable dynamic mechanisms. DNA mechanisms can be used to produce DNA motors which do mechanical work, e.g. transportation of a substrate along a track. I explore a method for control of a DNA mechanism ubiquitous in DNA motor designs, toehold-mediated strand displacement, by which one strand in a duplex can be swapped for another. My method uses a mismatch between a pair of nucleotides in the duplex, which is repaired by displacement. I find that displacement rate can be fine-tuned by adjusting the position of the mismatch in the duplex, enabling the design of complex kinetic behaviours. A bipedal motor [1, 2] is designed to walk along a single-stranded DNA track. Previously the motor has only taken a single step, due to a lack of designs to extend the single-stranded track. I present a novel design for track held under tension using a 3D DNA origami tightrope, and verify its assembly. The bipedal motor design is adapted and a method to specifically place motors on tightropes is demonstrated. Motor operation is investigated on truncated tracks and tightrope tracks by electrophoresis and spectrofluorometry. The motor does not accumulate appreciably at the track end; this is tentatively attributed to rearrangement of the motor between track sites without interaction with fuel. Tightrope origami can hold single-stranded DNA under pN tension. I use tightropes to study hybridization kinetics under tension and find dramatic, non-monotonic changes in hybridization rate constants and dissociation constants with tension in the range &Tilde;0-15 pN. Extended tracks for a 'burnt-bridges' motor which destroys its track as it moves [3] are created on the inside of DNA nanotubes, which can be polymerised to create tracks up to a few mm in length, and on tiles which I attempt to join in a specific order. Crossing of the motor between tubes is verified, and microscopy experiments provide some evidence that track is being cleaved by the motor, a requirement for movement along the track. Tile based tracks are imaged by super-resolution DNA PAINT [4], providing proof-of-principle for track observation to infer motor movement.

This thesis analyzes how the interests of minority and majority groups in state-led development practices can be bridged, with the Indian tribals affected by the Sardar Sarovar Dam Project (SSP) serving as a context for my analysis. The SSP threatens the livelihoods of approximately 100,000 people with displacement, who are primarily comprised of Indian tribal minorities. The construction of the SSP makes tribals more vulnerable to the risks associated with development-induced displacement, such as landlessness, joblessness, homelessness, marginalization, and food insecurity. When analyzing the SSP, a lack of adequate compensation, resettlement, and legal protection for the tribals becomes apparent. This has led to discussions of human rights violations among the national and international community, raising concerns regarding the protection of minority groups affected by state-led development. Attention is placed on what it means to be a citizen of a country in terms of legal representation and state protection, and how the under-representation of societal groups can lead to the creation of second-class citizens. The objective is to go beyond current discussions of human rights neglect in the context of the SSP by analyzing the position of minority rights in state-led development practices.

This thesis analyzes how the interests of minority and majority groups in state-led development practices can be bridged, with the Indian tribals affected by the Sardar Sarovar Dam Project (SSP) serving as a context for my analysis. The SSP threatens the livelihoods of approximately 100,000 people with displacement, who are primarily comprised of Indian tribal minorities. The construction of the SSP makes tribals more vulnerable to the risks associated with development-induced displacement, such as landlessness, joblessness, homelessness, marginalization, and food insecurity. When analyzing the SSP, a lack of adequate compensation, resettlement, and legal protection for the tribals becomes apparent. This has led to discussions of human rights violations among the national and international community, raising concerns regarding the protection of minority groups affected by state-led development. Attention is placed on what it means to be a citizen of a country in terms of legal representation and state protection, and how the under-representation of societal groups can lead to the creation of second-class citizens. The objective is to go beyond current discussions of human rights neglect in the context of the SSP by analyzing the position of minority rights in state-led development practices.