<p> An important problem existing in Canada today is that of unequal regional economic development. It is a basic problem of some regions having more and other regions having less. </p> <p> In a country where economic growth is quite often viewed as an accumulation of regional economies, it is important to identify the inequalities that exist between and within these regions. Of the numerous forms of economic disparities, income is generally considered the most prevalent. </p> <p> The majority of research performed on this topic of regional income disparities tends to deal with either regional productivity levels or regional income distribution and redistribution. </p> <p> This study however, is concerned with disposable income levels that exist throughout and within Canada's regions, in an attempt to determine that the quality of life is not equitable across these regional boarders. The main observations of the study were that, definite disparities exist not only between Canada's regions but, within them as well. Also, that metropolitan areas of the country experience a better quality of life, based on calculated welfare statistics, than do non-metropolitan areas. Finally, it was evident that Canada's economic disparities in most recent years have remained relatively constant. </p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Arts (BA)

The primary objective was to ascertain whether implementation of the e-tolling system will influence the spending on recreational activities by people staying in the Vaal Region. Thus the aim was to assess whether an incremental rise in expenses, leading to a decrease in available disposable income will impact people’s decisions to travel outside their residences to visit and engage in leisure destinations and activities respectively. A questionnaire was developed and distributed with the primary objective of determining whether people within the Vaal Region are aware of the costs associated with travelling using the e-toll Gauteng freeways, and whether it will have an impact on their decisions to travel from their respective residences to leisure properties elsewhere. It also probed the respondents for the type of leisure activities they engage in, frequency of visits and the reasons for participating in the respective activities. The study shows that the e-toll project will inevitably, from a monetary perspective, affect all road users travelling from the Vaal Region to the greater Johannesburg areas. This is significant and confirms that the e-toll project will be perceived to have an impact on people’s available and disposable income. With the implementation of the e-tolling project seemingly imminent, businesses and consumers will feel the belt tighten in the leisure and recreational (and in particular the casino) industry, which is dependent on the availability of disposable income, to be ultimately affected. Trends with regards to leisure activities were identified along with recommendations for future research. / MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The primary objective was to ascertain whether implementation of the e-tolling system will influence the spending on recreational activities by people staying in the Vaal Region. Thus the aim was to assess whether an incremental rise in expenses, leading to a decrease in available disposable income will impact people’s decisions to travel outside their residences to visit and engage in leisure destinations and activities respectively. A questionnaire was developed and distributed with the primary objective of determining whether people within the Vaal Region are aware of the costs associated with travelling using the e-toll Gauteng freeways, and whether it will have an impact on their decisions to travel from their respective residences to leisure properties elsewhere. It also probed the respondents for the type of leisure activities they engage in, frequency of visits and the reasons for participating in the respective activities. The study shows that the e-toll project will inevitably, from a monetary perspective, affect all road users travelling from the Vaal Region to the greater Johannesburg areas. This is significant and confirms that the e-toll project will be perceived to have an impact on people’s available and disposable income. With the implementation of the e-tolling project seemingly imminent, businesses and consumers will feel the belt tighten in the leisure and recreational (and in particular the casino) industry, which is dependent on the availability of disposable income, to be ultimately affected. Trends with regards to leisure activities were identified along with recommendations for future research. / MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The purpose of this essay is to study what impact immigration has on the Swedish income distribution for the period 1992-2005. This essay uses a two-folded approach to study the income distribution, first, an income inequality measure will be investigated in order to find if the inequality increases or decreases by the increased immigration. Secondly, we estimate a quantile regression for the 10th, 50th and 90th percentiles for the period 1992, 1995, 2000 and2005, together with an OLS regression in order to find the income gap between the immigrants and natives, which is analysed for males and females separately. The study found that the inflow of immigrants increased income inequality in the lower tail of the income distribution. Immigrants at the upper tail of the income distribution are doing relatively better than the immigrants in the lower tail of the income distribution. Conclusively, independently of gender, the income gap between immigrants and natives is almost three times as large in the lower tail of the income distribution relative to the upper tail of the income distribution.

The thesis focuses on minimum wage. The aim of the work is to evaluate the impact of the growth of the minimum wage on disposable incomes of natural persons from employment and self-employed activity from 2011 to 2019. Subsequently, there are suggested measures to help reduce the levies on the income of individuals, thus maintaining the highest disposable income.

Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif de fournir un panorama aussi complet que possible de la pauvreté et des inégalités la retraite, en France et en Europe de la fin du vingtième siècle à aujourd'hui, mais également d'identifier le rôle de certaines politiques publiques dans la lutte contre la pauvreté et les inégalités. Compte tenu des contraintes économique et démographique pesant sur les systèmes de retraites, étudier les sources d'inégalités et de pauvreté, mais aussi les mécanismes efficaces en matière de lutte contre les inégalités et la pauvreté à la retraite, est actuellement pertinent de manière à anticiper au mieux les risques futurs. Pour ce faire, nous identifions les populations retraitées pauvres, ainsi que les facteurs d'inégalité et d'inéquité tout en définissant les concepts centraux que sont les inégalités et l'équité intragénérationnelles, intergénérationnelles, mais également ce qu'est la pauvreté des retraités dans les pays développés aujourd'hui. Nous proposons dans un premier temps un modèle d'équilibre général pour évaluer les impacts de chocs de politique économique, ainsi que les conséquences d'un choc démographique. Puis des analyses empiriques des inégalités et de la pauvreté sont proposées de manière à mettre en évidence le lien entre les systèmes fiscaux, de protection sociale, de redistribution d'une part, et les inégalités à la retraite d'autre part.Nous arrivons à la conclusion que les systèmes de retraite et l'architecture de la redistribution, en France et en Europe, ont permis de réduire les inégalités et la pauvreté à la retraite. Le niveau de vie moyen des ménages retraités apparaît désormais équivalent à celui des ménages actifs. Les réformes des systèmes de retraite en cours devront donc tenir compte non seulement de l'environnement démographique et économique dégradé (ralentissement de la croissance économique, augmentation du taux de chômage et des aléas de carrières, etc.) mais également du caractère efficient de l'architecture redistributive telle qu'elle existe aujourd'hui. / We provide a large picture of the inequalities and the poverty among the French and the European pensioners, from the late twentieth century to today. The public pension systems support strong economic and demographic constraints, which could involve a higher risk of poverty and/or risk of inequality during the retirement. We focus on the role of the public policies in reducing these inequalities. To do this, we identify the poor populations and shed light on the inequality and poverty factors. Through the chapters, we define the inequality, the poverty of the retirees in developed countries, the inter- and intergenerational inequalities. We put into perspective the efficient mechanisms to reduce the inequalities and the poverty among the pensioners. In the first chapter, we propose a general equilibrium model to explore the impact of parametric reforms and the impact of a demographic shock on the inequality level. Then, we address the question of the social protection impact on the poverty and the inequality level among the European retirees at the end of the last century. To finish, the last chapter focus on the relationship between the architecture of the redistribution in France, including the socialbenefits and taxes, and the inequalities. We distinguish in this last chapter the inequality level among pensioners and among workers from the inequalities between pensioners and workers. We conclude that the pension systems and the redistribution architecture, in France and in Europe, permitted to reduce the inequalities and the poverty among pensioners. The retirees' and the workers' households have now the same living standard. Our findings suggest that the future pension reforms should take into consideration the bad economic and demographic environments, but also the efficiency of the actual redistributive architecture.

This thesis is a quantitative study of distributive justice between generations or age groups. It is theoretically informed by a synchronic generation approach and John Rawls’s theory of justice-as-fairness. The empirical part compares the economic positions of, and public spending on, children, adults and the elderly in 16 European countries. The theoretical part is used as a platform for the empirical analysis. In addition to Rawls, a discussion of distributive justice includes the classical theories of Plato and Aristotle and more recent utilitarian, egalitarian and desert-based theories. The synchronic generation approach is presented and compared to diachronic approaches to studies of generational relations. The synchronic approach is theorized by scholars working in the tradition of the social studies of childhood. The chapter on methods identifies children, adults and the old by way of age brackets, it presents indicators of public spending and income, and it points out empirical applications of equality, equal opportunity and the difference principle. The techniques of analyses are presented; descriptive analysis and OLS regression. The explanatory variables vary, but in all cases include economic performance, age structure and a modified version of Esping-Andersen`s classification of welfare states (Social Democratic, Conservative, Liberal and Southern European). Six research questions are answered in the empirical part, using official statistics from Eurostat, OECD and Statistics Norway. Over the past few decades there is an extensive growth on spending on the elderly, but spending on family and children does not decline. Multivariate analyses indicate that the size of old age and family and child benefits vary across welfare regimes. The Social Democratic and Conservative welfare states are more egalitarian and have lower poverty rates compared to the Liberal and Southern European welfare states. These regime variances are also seen in multivariate analyses of child poverty and old age poverty. Risk factors for child poverty are parental unemployment, children living with single parents, young parents, ethnic parents, and low educated parents. A multivariate analysis points to a link between the size of family and child benefits and fertility rates. / Children`s welfare: money, time and space

Income inequality has been on the rise in many industrialised countries since around the 1980’s. In Sweden the increase of income inequality has been particularly large. This in spite of Sweden’s extensive redistribution system and public policy that prioritize equality among its population. This paper investigates a potential factor for the rise in inequality that is yet fairly unexplored, namely immigration. As inequality has increased in Sweden, so has also immigration. Sweden experienced large refugee inflows after the 1970’s, the largest flow consisting of circa 100 000 Yugoslavs during the Bosnian war. This study provides indications on what way immigration shapes the income distribution and lays the ground for prospective studies. Results show that the inflow of new migrants during the early 1990’s in Sweden raises income inequality and it is almost entirely due to increased dispersion in the lower tail of the income distribution.

Bakalauro baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjamos Lietuvos namų ūkio nariui tenkančios vidutinės mėnesio disponuojamos pajamos ir numatomos šių pajamų perspektyvos. Teoriniu aspektu analizuojama pajamų sąvoka, jų gavimo šaltiniai ir klasifikacija. Išskiriamos dvi pagrindinės disponuojamų pajamų funkcijos (vartojimas ir taupymas) ir jų pokyčius sąlygojantys veiksniai. Empirinėje darbo dalyje išanalizuota Lietuvos namų ūkio nariui per mėnesį tenkančių disponuojamų pajamų dinamika ir struktūra. Norint nustatyti veiksnius, lėmusius tokias disponuojamų pajamų kitimo tendencijas, atlikta priklausomybės tarp disponuojamų pajamų ir jų pokyčius galėjusių sąlygoti pagrindinių makroekonominių rodiklių analizė. Nustačius veiksnius, lemiančius Lietuvos namų ūkio nario vidutines mėnesio disponuojamas pajamas, ir atsižvelgus į jų pokyčius, atliktas disponuojamų pajamų perspektyvų numatymas kintančioje Lietuvos ekonominėje situacijoje. / In this bachelor‘s paper are analyzed average monthly disposable income per inhabitant of Lithuania‘s households and estimated perspecitives of this income. In the theoretical part of this bachelor‘s paper is analyzed the concept of income, the sources of income and classification. There are also presented two main functions of disposable income (consumption and saving) and factors influencing the changes of disposable income. In the empirical part of this work paper is analyzed dynamics and structure of Lithuania‘s households average monthly disposable income per inhabitant. To determine the factors that led to such disposable income changes, there is conducted the dependence between household disposable income per inhabitant and economic factors such as the gross domestic product per capita, the unemployment rate and average anually infliation rate. There is performed forecasting of the Lithuanian household member‘s average monthly disposable income, after the factors, which led to the disposable income changes, were determined and basing on their changes.

The housing market has seen increased housing prices and low inflation for the last decade. This study aims to answer if inflation affects the housing prices in Jönköping by looking at both the county and municipality levels. We are investigating apartments and small houses at both levels. To test this empirically, quarterly data was used for all variables using a multiple regression analysis for the years 2005 and 2021. The results display some differences between the two regions with the county being the preferred model of choice. We can not conclude with statistical significance that inflation affects housing prices. We conclude that a relationship between housing prices and inflation in Jönköping county and municipality seems to be present.