Facility location models presently available in solid waste management are reviewed. From these models, one is adapted and modified to optimally locate the modular incinerator plants and transfer stations in municipal solid waste systems. The criteria for optimization is developed in terms of minimum total costs of the system. The generation and composition of municipal solid waste at present, and projected estimates into the future, through the year 2000, are also presented. Recommendations are made for the use of modular incinerators and conservation of landfills and use of the optimization model for locating incinerator plants and transfer stations by the municipal solid waste managers.

No description available.

A test method and the associated equipment have been developed to investigate the effect of suspended solids on the flow of fluid into a deep injection well system. Preliminary testing indicates that the equipment and test method can be used to determine the permeability of rock samples with a high degree of accuracy. Additionally this equipment can be used in a testing program which will eventually lead to the development of guidelines for the degree of pre-injection treatment required for suspended solids so that the operational life of the well is not impaired.

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the egree of Master of Technology: Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, 2011. / The South African electroplating industry generates large volumes of hazardous waste water that has to be treated prior to disposal. The main source of this waste water has been the rinse system. Conventional end-ofpipe waste water treatment technologies do not meet municipality standards. The use of technologies such as membranes, reverse osmosis and ion exchange are impractical, mainly due to their cost and technical requirements. This study identified source point reduction technologies, close circuiting of the electroplating process, specific to the rinse system as a key development. Specifically the application of a low flow counter current rinse system for the recovery of the rinse water in the plating bath was selected. However, the recovery of the rinse tank water was impeded by the low rates of evaporation from the plating bath, which was especially prevalent in the low temperature operating plating baths. This master’s study proposes the use of an induced draft evaporative cooling tower for facilitation of evaporation in the plating bath. For total recovery of the rinse tank water, the rate of evaporation from the plating bath has to be equivalent to the rinse tanks make up water requirements. A closed circuit plating system mathematical model was developed for the determination of the mass evaporated from the plating bath and the cooling tower for a specified time and the equilibrium temperature of the plating bath and the cooling tower. The key criteria in the development of the closed circuit plating system model was the requirement of minimum solution specific data as this information is not readily available. The closed circuit plating system model was categorised into the unsteady state and steady state temperature regions and was developed for the condition of water evaporation only. The closed circuit plating system model was programmed into Matlab and verified. The key factors affecting the performance of the closed circuit plating system were identified as the plating solution composition and operational temperature, ambient air temperature, air flow rate and cooling tower iv packing surface area. Each of these factors was individually and simultaneously varied to determine their sensitivity on the rate of water evaporation and the equilibrium temperature of the plating bath and cooling tower. The results indicated that the upper limit plating solution operational temperature, high air flow rates, low ambient air temperature and large packing surface area provided the greatest water evaporation rates and the largest temperature drop across the height of the cooling tower in the unsteady state temperature region. The final equilibrium temperature of the plating bath and the cooling tower is dependent on the ambient air temperature. The only exception is that at low ambient air temperatures the rate of water evaporation from the steady state temperature region is lower than that at higher ambient air temperatures. Thus the model will enable the electroplater to identify the optimum operating conditions for close circuiting of the electroplating process. It is recommended that the model be validated against practical data either by the construction of a laboratory scale induced draft evaporative cooling tower or by the application of the induced draft evaporative cooling tower in an electroplating facility.

A final research report submitted in fulfilment of part of the requirements for the degree of MSc Project management in construction in the school of construction economics and management, University of Witwatersrand / Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste generation is a universal problem and available landfill space is reducing as landfills reach capacity. Despite the huge effect of construction and demolition waste on the environment, there has been very little research on legislation around waste, and it is therefore increasingly important that compliance with legislation pertaining to management and disposal of construction and demolition waste be assessed. This study explored departmental awareness of the Waste Act in the City of Johannesburg municipality and also in the utility Pikitup, and assessed how the Act has been able to reduce waste. Qualitative data collection techniques in the form of unstructured interviews were used to interview 4 persons in the City of Johannesburg legal department, and 3 persons in the Pikitup department. The challenges and barriers the municipality faces due to the ineffectiveness of the relevant legislation were assessed to gain insight into difficulties with compliance. In addition, the study evaluated the effectiveness of the enforcement strategies that have been used. The results revealed that there is little or no awareness of the legislation so it is difficult for construction site workers to apply it effectively in their waste management activities. In addition, the results exposed a need for a review of the Waste Act as it applies to smaller construction firms and also renovation works, since it was found that it is impracticable for smaller companies to comply effectively with the legislation. All in all, this research sheds more light on the legislation and its purpose, and also on the reasons why it has been quite difficult to achieve compliance with this legislation in the construction and demolition sector. The research will enable useful recommendations for the municipality and also potentially raise awareness of the importance of legislation within the construction community. Key words: Construction waste, Creation, Disposal, Legislation, Management, / GR2017

Despite its phasing out in numerous countries, such as Germany and the U.S.A., co-disposal of hazardous waste with municipal solid waste continues to be widely practised in South Africa. Co-disposal utilises properties and microbial activities in the refuse to attenuate the hazardous waste and thus obviate its environmental impact potential. All landfill operations require careful planning in not only site selection criteria but also the type and amount of various wastes accepted for disposal. It is clear, however, that the practice of co-disposal requires special precautions and management as the methods employed in the landfill operation determine to a large extent the environmental effects and, thus, the public acceptability of the operations. Although co-disposal is not suitable for all industrial wastes the results of recent research efforts, conducted mainly in the U.K., have indicated that, when properly managed, co-disposal can be regarded as a safe and efficient disposal option for many hazardous wastes. Environmental awareness in many European countries ensures that numerous hazardous compounds are either recycled or recovered. Unfortunately, in South Africa the lack of similar concern has resulted in increased concentrations of toxic compounds being co-disposed on a regular basis. Since fundamental studies of this technology, pertaining to South African conditions, have been lacking laboratory models/microcosms were built to address this paucity. Model. To effect the separation of species habitat domains of component species of growth rate-dependent interacting microbial associations responsible for terminal catabolic processes of the refuse fermentation, with retention of overlapping activity domains, and so facilitate examination of species in isolation without violating the integrity of each association, multi-stage models were constructed. The accidental overgassing of the culture with liquid petroleum gas (LPG) effected interesting fermentation balance changes which also emphasised the need for an Anaerobic Bioassay Test to assess the impacts of specific perturbants. Evidence of differential susceptibility of the component species to phenol was demonstrated in this study. Microcosm. A total of 42 refuse packed single-stage glass column bioreactors were commissioned and subjected to phenol and/or anaerobically digested sewage sludge codisposal. The effects of four different operational modes: leachate discard (single elution); leachate recycle; batch; and simulated rain on the co-disposals as well as refuse catabolism per se were examined. The results of these studies indicated that protracted periods of adaption to phenol (1000 and 2000 mg l -1) could have resulted from nutrient (elemental) limitation. Circumstantial evidence was also gained which indicated that the nitrate- and sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) were particularly sensitive to the added xenobiotic. Further, without the effective participation of the nitrate- and SRB the active and total fermentation of both the phenol and refuse components were depressed. It was also determined that the operating regime employed was a key factor in refuse degradation although with time, and especially following the phenol resupplementations, the operating conditions played a less significant role. In general, the single elution operated columns demonstrated increased phenol removal rates which were, unfortunately, coincident with low pH values and increased leachate residual phenol concentrations. Leachate recycle, on the other hand, unlike the batch operated columns, facilitated increased pH values and methane evolutions. The simulated rain columns were characterised by rapid washout of the added phenol as well as methanogenic precursors. The sewage sludge co-disposal experiments, likewise, demonstrated that, depending on the sludge:refuse ratio, the operating regime was extremely important in optimising the refuse degradation processes although, in general, leachate recycle appeared to be the most favoured method of operation. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1996.

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- McMaster University, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 170-178). Also available via World Wide Web.

Thesis (M.A.)--York University, 2007. Graduate Programme in Geography. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 137-142). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:MR29282

Konceptet fast fashion har skapat ökade möjligheter för konsumenten att kontinuerligtuppdatera sina kläder i garderoben. Den konstanta rörelsen där nya kläder introduceras samtidigt som plagg avyttras bidrar till negativ påverkan på miljö och samhälle. Ett sätt förkonsumenten att minska påfrestningarna på miljön är genom att oönskade kläder får kommatill fortsatt användning med hjälp av metoder som att sälja och donera. Trots det visar siffror på att slänga kläderna i soporna är en alltför vanlig avvytringmetod bland konsumenter. Det är därför av största relevans att undersöka vart kläderna tar vägen efter de har lämnat garderoben och varför konsumenten gör sig av med dem på ett visst sätt. Tidigare studier kring avyttringsbeteende av kläder är främst av en kvantitativ karaktär där resultatet pekar på att den bakomliggande orsaken till valet att avyttra kläder grundar sig på plaggets egenskaper. Kring valet av avyttringsmetod pekar tidigare studier istället på individens egenskaper såsom ålder och intressen. Tidigare forskning tycks därmed inte ta hänsyn till individens relation till det enskilda plagget. Eftersom konsumenter har olika erfarenheter och personligheter kan det således påverka konsumentens syn på hur de värderar det enskilda plagget. Det krävs därför mer kvalitativ forskning till hur denna värderingsprocess går till och vilka faktorer som påverkar konsumentens val av avyttring. Unga kvinnor klassifieras som den konsumentgrupp som vill följa med i modetrenderna och konsumerar därmed mest kläder. Därför kommer denna studie att undersöka målgruppen unga kvinnor mellan 20-30 år. Resultatet ska bidra till en ökad förståelse för unga kvinnors avyttringsbeteende vilket i senare skede kan vara till hjälp för att främja avyttringsmetoder som förlänger plaggets livslängd. Studien grundar sig på en kvalitativ metod där tolv semistrukturerade intervjuer ligger tillgrund för empirin. Materialet från intervjuerna analyserades med hjälp av en modell som beskriver olika faktorer vilket leder fram till konsumentens avyttringsbeslut och alternativ. Resultatet visade på hur unga kvinnors avyttringsbeslut påverkades av den känslomässiga relationen mellan ägaren och plagget. Relationen kännetecknas bland annat hur väl klädesplagget stämmer överens med individens självbild och identitet samt klädesplaggets sentimentala värde, såsom att plagget präglar en betydelsefull händelse i konsumentens liv eller tilldelats som en gåva. Ett avyttringsbeslut påverkas även av plaggets inköpspris, skick och användbarhet. Konsumentens situation såsom tid eller upplevd ansträgning påverkade även avyttringsbeslutet. Vidare har samhället en signifikant roll där information och tillgänglighet av olika avyttringslaternativ påverkar hur konsumenten avyttrar sina kläder. De metoder som framhävs i resultatet vid avyttring är sälja, donera, dela och slänga. Valet av metod grundar sig dels på externa faktorer som berör infrastruktur, dels interna faktorer som berör produkten och konsumenten men också relationen mellan individen och plagget. Förslag på vidare forskning är att studera fler typer av produktkategorier. / The concept of fast fashion has created increased opportunities for consumers to continuously update their clothes in the wardrobe. The constant movement where new clothes are introduced at the same time as garments are disposed contributes to a negative impact on the environment and society. One way for consumers to reduce the impact on the environment is by allowing unwanted clothing to continue to be used using methods such as selling and donating. Nevertheless, numbers show that throwing clothes in the trash is a far too common method by consumers. Therefore it is out of utmost relevance to examine where the clothes go and why they are disposed in a certain way after they have left the wardrobe. Previous studies on disposal behaviour of clothing is mainly of a quantitative nature where the results show that the underlying reason for the choice to dispose of clothes is based on the garment’s properties. Regarding the choice of disposal method, previous studies point instead to the individual's characteristics such as age and interests. Previous studies do not seem to take into account the individual's relationship to the individual garment. Since consumers have different experiences and personalities, it can affect the consumer's view of how they value the individual garment. More qualitative research is therefore needed on how this valuation process works and what factors influence the consumer's choice of disposition. Young women are classified as the consumer group that wants to follow fashion trends and consume the most clothes. Therefore, this study will examine the target group of young women between 20-30 years. The result will contribute to an increased understanding of young women's disposal behavior, which at a later stage can be helpful in promoting disposal methods that prolongs the life of the garment. The study is based on a qualitative method where twelve semi-structured interviews form the basis of the empirical data. The material from the interviews was analyzed using a model that describes various factors, which leads to the consumer's disposal decisions and alternatives. The results showed how young women's disposal decisions were affected by the emotional relationship between the owner and the garment. The relationship is characterized by, among other things, how well the garment matches the individual's self-image and identity and the sentimental value of the garment, such as that the garment marks a significant event in the consumer’s life or is a gift. A disposal decision is also affected by the garment's purchase price, quality, condition, and usability. The consumer's situation such as time or perceived effort affected the disposal decision as well. Furthermore, society has a significant role where information and availability of various disposal alternatives affect how the consumer disposes of her clothes. The methods of disposal that are highlighted in the result are sell, donate, share and throw away. The choice of method is partly based on external factors that refer to infrastructure, partly internal factors that refer to the product and the consumer, but also the relationship between the individual and the garment. Suggestions for further research are to study more types of product categories.

Thesis (MPAM.) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / The study investigated the challenges faced by CoGHSTA department in records management and disposal with the sole purpose of developing some mechanisms to address the above-mentioned challenges. The study was conducted at CoGHSTA in Limpopo Province. The overall challenges faced in both records management and disposal are discussed. Data was collected from various sources e.g., primary, and secondary sources of data. Literature written by different authors – from international, national, and provincial contexts - namely government legislations, books, journals, websites office records such as procedure manuals and service standards, was investigated, to explore the topic under study. The population for this study was all 21-records management staff within the two divisions of the Information management unit such as general records and human resource records. The study employed a qualitative research approach that relies on phenomenology because the researcher intends to find out what challenges are faced by CoGHSTA records management staff on records management and disposal. The study adopted purposive sampling because its respondents have the characteristics and knowledge to answer the research problem of this study. For this study, data were collected from 17 participants using semi-structured interviews. The study findings revealed the following as major challenges faced in records management: Lack of resources - human and financial; lack of storage facilities; lack of Senior Management support. The following were raised as challenges experienced on the disposal of records: delay in the approval of memo(s) for disposal of records by the Head of Department; delay by the Provincial Archives to give authority to dispose of records; lack of storage facilities for active and inactive records and shortage of staff to arrange records for disposal. It is out of those findings that the study proposed several recommendations which included the need to implement records management policies, standards, guidelines, and procedures. The study recommended that the records management unit be allocated sufficient resources (human and financial) as other units that the department of strategic business deems to be performing the department’s (CoGHSTA) core functions. This is because the records management unit equally plays a key role in the management of the records from various CoGHSTA units which are regarded as core units. It is also recommended that the allocation of storage facilities that meet the records storage xi facilities standard be prioritised and attended to as a matter of urgency because the records management unit could function effectively and efficiently without such an important infrastructure. The study deems it necessary for the Head of Department as the Accounting Officer to delegate - in writing - the authority to the Records Manager or his/her supervisor to sign and approve the memorandum for disposal of records after a thorough appraisal of such records is done by the records staff to avoid the delays that are experienced during the approval of the memorandums. The study further recommends that the Provincial Archives have three (3) to four (4) employees amongst its staff establishment dedicated to each government department dealing with all records management issues including an appraisal of records to address the delay by the Provincial Archives when authorising the disposal of records.