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國人「有土斯有財」之觀念濃厚，往往除了住的需求之外，更以購買不動產做為保存財富的重要方式。然而，不動產各別差異性很大，難以建立一個公開的市場，提供一般人所需的完整資訊，因此，在資訊不流通與不透明的情況下，極易產生資訊不對稱的問題，加上專業人士之素質良莠不齊，往往利用其掌握資訊之優勢，對於交易當事人隱藏重要資訊，甚至欺罔之行為等事件發生，致不動產交易紛爭案件層出不窮。 隨著社會經濟活動的變化，對於不動產的使用形態與權利類型也日益複雜，如果探討紛爭發生的原因及其處理方式時，僅著眼於規範的抽象內容與如何適用，往往比較不能得到想要的結果，因為就紛爭當事人而言，除了對於法律規範與事實之間的認知有所不同外，更重要的是如何妥善解決問題會比如何適用法律來得重要。 我國現今法制上之不動產仲介紛爭處理機制，除了循司法上之訴訟途徑外，尚可透過不同的訴訟外紛爭處理機制以謀求解決，惟多元的訴訟外紛爭處理機制，其本身之組織架構、處理程序及形成之法律效果並不相同，民眾對於應選擇何種之機制始可達成其訴求，以及現行法律制度下所提供之處理機制是否能夠有效妥適處理此類的紛爭，並不清楚，因此，本文嚐試從法律社會學的角度觀察我國法律對於不動產交易活動所進行的管制實際社會效果如何，並透過反思法的理論所提出之當今法律進化的特徵，提出我國在處理不動產仲介紛爭的法律制度設計上一些新的思考方向。 / Whereas the concept of " Possessing Property makes Wealth " is deeply in the heart of our people, in addition to the necessity for living, they buy real estates for preserving wealth as major practice. However, the conditions of real estate are varied, it is difficult to establish a public market to provide sufficient information, hence, under the situation of short of communication and transparency of data which is easy to cause information unsymmetrical. Moreover, the complicated backgrounds of Realtors who intend to hold their favorable materials to hide from the other parties and even commit fraud.....etc. So, real estate business causes conflicts frequently. In the wake of diversity of social economics activities, the application and rights and privileges of real estate also become more intricateness. If people explore the reason of conflict and disposal process just at the point of normative abstract content and applicable, it will always be unable to gain the ideal result. As to the dispute parties concerned, beside the different interpretation of the law and the fact, how to properly solve the problem is more important than the legal action. In our country, the present legal process for Realtor argument disposal, in addition to the judicial charges, people can seek other way to settle the dispute. Nevertheless, the multiform dispute disposal institutions which because of their corporate structures and disposal process different constitute discrepant legal result. What kind of system people should select to achieve their purpose and, whether the designated process under the present legal rules can solve the problem properly and effectively, people unclear. Therefore, this text is trying from the point of view of legal sociology, to observe that what is the substantial social effectiveness of real estate business operation under the control of our law and, through the characteristic specified by reflexive law of current law development, to introduce a new tendency to draw legal system to settle real estate Broker argument for our country.

<p>This paper investigated how the law of industrial action is shaped in South Africa and in Germany, which specific problems occur in South Africa and Germany, and how the different legal systems solve these problems. It also compared the different legal approaches of these two countries.</p>

Au Canada, en Angleterre et aux Etats-Unis, on voit de nombreux groupes religieux prendre des initiatives susceptibles d'influencer les règles qui régissent la société civile. Pour certains, cette instrumentalisation de la religion à des fins politiques ébranle l'exercice des libertés et des droits fondamentaux. Dernièrement, les médias ont beaucoup parlé de la création des tribunaux d'arbitrage musulman appliquant le droit musulman pour régler des litiges d'ordre familial et financier au Canada, l'Angleterre et aux Etats-Unis. En fait, l'idée voulant que les parties privées s'entendent de leur plein gré pour soumettre leurs différends religieux islamique à un arbitre religieux musulman appliquant le droit musulman n'est pas nouvelle. à titre d'exemple, plusieurs communautés juives ont mis en place des tribunaux d'arbitrage rabbinique, chargés de régler les différends d'ordre civil entre particuliers juifs en vertu du droit rabbinique. C’est exactement ce précédent qui a incité des communautés musulmanes à emboîter le pas.Pour mieux comprendre les tenants et aboutissants de ces questions, nous avons choisi d'explorer l'arbitrage du point de vue interne, c’est à dire du point de vue des sources islamiques, pour ensuite l'examiner du point de vue externe, c’est à dire du point de vue de l'ordre juridique étatique dans lequel il est appelé à s'insérer (liberté de religion et le multiculturalisme). Le fonctionnement des tribunaux d'arbitrage musulmans mérite un examen attentif. Il conviendra donc de s’interroger sur le processus d'arbitrage, la reconnaissance et l’exécution des sentences arbitrales islamiques et sur le rôle de l'ordre public en la matière, avec l'idée d'envisager d'un point de vue normatif, un dialogue constructif et inclusif. / In Canada, England and United States, many religious groups have been organizing to implement policies that would influence the manner in which civil society is run. It has been argued that this use of religion for political gain threatens to undermine hard won entitlements to equality and basic human rights. Much media has recently focused on the issue of the formation of arbitration islamic tribunals that would use Islamic Law to settle familiy and financial matters in Canada, England and United States. In fact, the idea of privates parties voluntarily agreeing to have their islamic religious disputes resolved by an muslim arbitrator using the islamic law is not new. For example, other religious groups including several Jewish communities have created Jewish arbitration tribunals in order to resolve civil matters between individuals using Talmudic law, and setting a precedent for Muslim communities to do the same.After having explored arbitration from an internal perspective, in other words from islamic sources, we will examine this from an external perspective, in other words the national legal system into which it must be inserted (Religious Freedom and Multiculturalism). The functioning of islamic arbitration tribunals merits close examination. This therefore raises questions as to the arbitration process, the recognition and enforcement of islamic arbitral awards, and on the role of public policy in this respect, with the idea to envisage from a normative perspective, a constructive and inclusive dialogue

published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Social Sciences

<p>This paper investigated how the law of industrial action is shaped in South Africa and in Germany, which specific problems occur in South Africa and Germany, and how the different legal systems solve these problems. It also compared the different legal approaches of these two countries.</p>

Univ., Diss.--Uppsala, 2004.

Family mediation as a method of resolving family disputes Family disputes rank among the most mentally and emotionally demanding. Despite that they can be resolved in a cultivated manner through an intermediate. A mediator does not decide the dispute on behalf of the parties but he/she can help them to find their own solution acceptable for all the involved parties. The theoretical part of the thesis outlines the conflict as a subject matter of the mediation. It also describes mediation as a form of negotiation. One part of the thesis is dedicated to the person of the mediator and his/her role and competence in the mediation process. Further, the thesis deals with the process and forms of mediation. The theoretical part also contains a characterization of mediation in family conflicts and it describes objectives of family mediation, its advantages and limitations. It also describes the tasks of the mediator in a divorce procedure and the legal regulation of family mediation. The thesis also deals with children in parental legal disputes and with the importance of a family for a child. The objective of the practical part was to determine how mediation, as a method of resolving divorce disputes, is viewed by workers in charge of social and legal protection of children operating in the South Bohemian region and to determine to what extent the respective social workers are familiar with mediation. In order to obtain comprehensive information about the divorce mediation, we also approached mediators involved in this type of disputes. One of the objectives of the thesis was to determine how the mediators view divorce mediation in the South Bohemian region. Last but not least, I was interested in mutual cooperation between the two involved entities. The purpose of the conducted interviews was to find out whether there are any obstacles which prevent the development of divorce mediation and its more frequent use in the South Bohemian region. Main object, by having answered partial questions, was to describe the potencial of divorce mediation and its real usage in the South Bohemian region. In order to obtain the necessary data we used a qualitative research. As a technique to collect the qualitative data we used semi-structured interviews with open questions. The respondents {--} workers of social and legal protection of children - were asked previously defined circles of questions which focused on a mediation method in general, mediator´s working post, divorce mediation and questions focusing on cooperation with mediators specialized in divorce mediation. The first three circles of questions were identical also for the interviewed mediators. The latter were additionally asked questions about the introduction of divorce mediation and availability of the method. Interviews were recorded on a dictaphone and subsequently converted into a written form. Before the beginning of the interview each interviewed person was assured that the interview was anonymous and no names or workplaces were recorded. For the purposes of a qualitative research we approached seven workers of the authority in charge of social and legal protection of children at workplaces in Písek, České Budějovice, Strakonice and Milevsko. For the purposes of research we also interviewed four mediators dealing with family (divorce) mediation in the South Bohemian region. The results of the thesis may improve the awareness of the discussed issues. The thesis may also serve as a pilot project for a more extensive research.

History and Background: The history of statutory labour dispute resolution of South Africa dates back to 1909, when the Transvaal Disputes Prevention Act of 1909 was promulgated which applied only to the Transvaal. The Industrial Conciliation Act of 1924 established industrial councils and ad hoc conciliation boards and excluded black workers from the statutory definition of employee and this resulted in a dual industrial relations system that existed up to 1979. The history of statutory labour dispute resolution of Swaziland dates back to 1980 when the first Industrial Relations Act of 1980 was promulgated which established the first Industrial Court. Research Findings: The dispute resolution systems of South Africa and Swaziland contain both similarities and differences. Lessons for Swaziland include combining general and specific dispute resolution procedures, providing the right of a referring party to apply for condonation for late referral of a dispute, using conciliation-arbitration, making arbitration proceedings public hearings, influence of parties on the appointment of arbitrators, court adjudication, pre-dismissal arbitration, court adjudication by judges only, establishment of a constitutional court, full protection of protected strikes/ lockouts from interdicts, legalization of sympathy strikes, and removal of strikes/ lockout ballot. Lessons for South Africa include plural representation of parties at conciliation and arbitration, re-direction of some disputes by the Labour Court to the Commission for arbitration, reporting of labour disputes direct to the Head of State for determination.