國人「有土斯有財」之觀念濃厚，往往除了住的需求之外，更以購買不動產做為保存財富的重要方式。然而，不動產各別差異性很大，難以建立一個公開的市場，提供一般人所需的完整資訊，因此，在資訊不流通與不透明的情況下，極易產生資訊不對稱的問題，加上專業人士之素質良莠不齊，往往利用其掌握資訊之優勢，對於交易當事人隱藏重要資訊，甚至欺罔之行為等事件發生，致不動產交易紛爭案件層出不窮。 隨著社會經濟活動的變化，對於不動產的使用形態與權利類型也日益複雜，如果探討紛爭發生的原因及其處理方式時，僅著眼於規範的抽象內容與如何適用，往往比較不能得到想要的結果，因為就紛爭當事人而言，除了對於法律規範與事實之間的認知有所不同外，更重要的是如何妥善解決問題會比如何適用法律來得重要。 我國現今法制上之不動產仲介紛爭處理機制，除了循司法上之訴訟途徑外，尚可透過不同的訴訟外紛爭處理機制以謀求解決，惟多元的訴訟外紛爭處理機制，其本身之組織架構、處理程序及形成之法律效果並不相同，民眾對於應選擇何種之機制始可達成其訴求，以及現行法律制度下所提供之處理機制是否能夠有效妥適處理此類的紛爭，並不清楚，因此，本文嚐試從法律社會學的角度觀察我國法律對於不動產交易活動所進行的管制實際社會效果如何，並透過反思法的理論所提出之當今法律進化的特徵，提出我國在處理不動產仲介紛爭的法律制度設計上一些新的思考方向。 / Whereas the concept of " Possessing Property makes Wealth " is deeply in the heart of our people, in addition to the necessity for living, they buy real estates for preserving wealth as major practice. However, the conditions of real estate are varied, it is difficult to establish a public market to provide sufficient information, hence, under the situation of short of communication and transparency of data which is easy to cause information unsymmetrical. Moreover, the complicated backgrounds of Realtors who intend to hold their favorable materials to hide from the other parties and even commit fraud.....etc. So, real estate business causes conflicts frequently. In the wake of diversity of social economics activities, the application and rights and privileges of real estate also become more intricateness. If people explore the reason of conflict and disposal process just at the point of normative abstract content and applicable, it will always be unable to gain the ideal result. As to the dispute parties concerned, beside the different interpretation of the law and the fact, how to properly solve the problem is more important than the legal action. In our country, the present legal process for Realtor argument disposal, in addition to the judicial charges, people can seek other way to settle the dispute. Nevertheless, the multiform dispute disposal institutions which because of their corporate structures and disposal process different constitute discrepant legal result. What kind of system people should select to achieve their purpose and, whether the designated process under the present legal rules can solve the problem properly and effectively, people unclear. Therefore, this text is trying from the point of view of legal sociology, to observe that what is the substantial social effectiveness of real estate business operation under the control of our law and, through the characteristic specified by reflexive law of current law development, to introduce a new tendency to draw legal system to settle real estate Broker argument for our country.

保戶行動主義，也可以說是保單持有人行動主義，係指為因應保險監理國際化，兩岸監理平台的建立，及長年期保險商品的特殊性，對於積極的保單持有人，經由參與公司治理的方式，保障自身的權利。 保戶行動主義的內涵，為將相互保險公司中，保單持有人參與公司治理的模式引導至股份保險公司之中。其目的為促成保單持有人、監理官及保險公司三贏的局面。對於保單持有人而言，為積極性的權益維護，可分為三個方面：第一，因應投保後所產生的問題；第二，取代現行機制對於保單持有人保障可能的失靈或僅是消極性的事後補救措施；第三，鼓勵保單持有人與公司溝通，符合國際上的治理原則。對於監理官而言，則可降低政府對於保險業的監理成本，也就是，政府為維護保單持有人的權益及維護資金的安全性，對於保險業採用高度監理所衍生的成本。對於保險公司而言，除了經由保戶行動主義，得以降低監理強度，而增加公司的市場競爭力之外，也可藉由與保單持有人的溝通而建立正面形象，設計符合客戶需求的商品，進而創造新業績。 本研究將保戶行動主義的制度設計分為規範與架構兩方面，在制度規範形成上，採用寇恩所倡議的反思法法理；在架構設計上，則採用史特姆所建議的制度公民及觸媒組織的架構。公司治理分為內部治理與外部監理，經由反思法的自反性、同源互生性與原則性，將能加強內部治理的自律性，進而降低外部監理的強制性。然而因自發性或反思性形成規範必須經由多數人的討論，為達對話效率，則輔以電子治理網站為對話平台，並在觸媒組織中提出以「核心專家群」為網站的主導者，且為充分對話後的主要決策者，如此將可有效率的形成與廣大保單持有人的對話機制，並尋求多數人的共識，並可增加資訊揭露的透明度。 保戶行動主義中，保戶公民選任保戶董事作為代表，而對話機制則為整體制度成效的關鍵，總共分為四個層面，第一稱為保戶行動主義與法律的對話，論述保戶董事委任關係的法律性質，以及對核心專家群委任的法律性質；第二為保戶公民間的對話，著重對話品質的管理；第三為為保戶行動主義與監理的對話，藉由監理策略形成監理法規的二元規範；最後以保戶董事與股東董事間的對話機制，作為保戶行動主義與股東行動主義對話的代理行為。 為驗證保戶行動主義的有效性，本研究建構其對於治理效率與治理賽局的實證模型以用於未來的實證研究，最後並以兩岸間的弱體保險公司為個案作為說明保戶行動主義應用上的利益實效，為質性上的說明。 / Policyholder activism is to cope with the globalization of insurance supervision, the establishment of the supervision platform between Taiwan and Mainland China, and the special features of the long term insurance, in order for the active policyholders protecting their rights by participating the corporate governance. The connotation of policyholder activism refers to introduce the role of policyholders in mutual life company into the corporate governance for the stock life insurance company. It is of the all-win purpose among the policyholders, the regulator, and the insurance company. For the policyholders, it is to actively safeguard the interests of policyholders, and could be achieved by three aspects, first of all is to avoid the arguments after issuing policy; secondly is to provide an alternative to current mechanisms for the policyholders which might be failure or just a passive response afterwards; the final is to comply the global governance principle by encouraging policyholders to communicate with the corporate. For the regulator, it is to reduce the supervision costs which mainly maintain the rights of policyholders, and the security of the funds. For the insurance company, it is not only by reducing supervision power, in order to increase the market competitiveness, but also by communicating with the policyholders, in order to create the positive image, to know the needs of customers and then to increase the performance. In this study, the structure of policyholder activism is divided into the aspects of norms and framework. This study adopts the reflexive law proposed by Jean Cohen for the norms strategy, and the concepts of institutional citizenship and catalyst group proposed by Susan Sturm for the framework design. Basically, the corporate governance system can be separated into internal governance and external supervision. By three properties of the reflex law, the reflexive, the co-original and the principled, will strengthen the regulated self-regulation of internal governance into norms, thereby reducing the enforcement of external supervision. However, reflex law requires through the democracy process from people discussion to complete the norms, to improve efficacy of discussion, the platform of electronic governance (e-governance) is supposed to be applied. For this purpose, this study introduces “core expert group” in the organizational catalysts as a manager and the decision maker after fully discussion. Then it will become an efficient dialogue mechanism for the consensus with the majority of policyholders, and for the more transparency of the disclosed information. For policyholder activism, the policyholder-director(s), on behalf of the institutional citizenship of policyholders, is(are) elected, therefore the dialogue mechanism is the key of the all, it can be separated into four levels; the first level is called the “dialogue between policyholder activism and the law” which discourses the issues of the legal nature for policyholder-director who appointed by two parties, and the core expert group; the second level is called the “dialogue among policyholders” which focuses on the management of quality; the third level is called the “dialogue between policyholder activism and supervisors” to build the duality of norms by regulation strategy; and the final level is called the “dialogue between policyholder activism and shareholder activism” which represented by the dialogue mechanism between the policyholder-director and the shareholder-director. To validate the effectiveness of policyholder activism, this study constructs the models of performance and game theory for future empirical study. This study finally selects two cases of the impaired insurance companies each in Taiwan and Mainland China, and then discusses the qualitative benefits for the application of policyholder activism.

我國著作權集體管理團體發展至今，僅存五家集管團體，無論是會員數或業務總額皆與國外規模相距甚遠，難以有效達成降低授權成本、使著作充分流通利用與保障著作權的功用。追根究柢原因在於：無法從使用報酬費率的制訂過程中，取得利用人與集管團體間的共識。 隨著數位技術的演進，著作權利用方式與型態日趨多元，立法者的觀點卻趕不上時代的變化，倘若爭議處理方式仍僅限於規範的抽象內容探討與適用，往往難以得到當事人欲求的結果。Teubner認為現今複雜分歧的社會需要一個去中心化的社會整合機制，將傳統法律的管制負擔轉移至其他社會體系；法律只有在為其他社會次級體系的反思過程提供結構性前提時，才能實現其自身的反思取向，發揮反思法的社會整合功能。因此，若能開展調解、仲裁等訴訟外爭議解決機制，除了即時有效解決紛爭，避免法院訟累，並能於協調過程中充分揭露資訊，使當事人間贏得互信，不失為一種發展反思性程序的可能。 本文從Teubner反思法的角度觀察，輔以中國、日本、美國、德國的著作權集體管理制度之立法例與實踐概況，作整體歸納分析，從中擷取出具有反思理性特徵做比較評析。最後，透過反思法理論所提出當今法律演化的特徵，對於我國將來建構良善的集體管理團體制度，提供一些不同的思考觀點。 / In the diversity of social economics activities, recent developments in the evolution of neighboring rightsand reflects the change of publication displaying methods due to technology.Such development may create inner conflict and endanger the law system. If people explore the reason of conflict and disposal process just at the point of normative abstract content and applicable, it will always be unable to gain the ideal result. Collective management organizations(CMOs) is an important indicator of copyright protection. CMOs’ operation reduces the licensing costs, promotes the legal exploitation of works, achieves broad public access of copyrighted works, and protects the benefits of copyright owners. Indeed, a reasonable royalty rate is the core for the successful operation of CMOs. Thisstudy isfrom the view ofTeubner's Theory of Reflexive Law, to observe the substantial social effectiveness of copyright collective management under the control of law and providing the structural premises for reflexive processes in other social subsystems.According to the characteristic of reflexive law,this thesis aimed to introducea new tendency to settle collective management of copyright.