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The economic contribution of home production for home consumption in South African agricultureGilimani, Benedict Mandlenkosi 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScAgric (Agricultural Economics)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / This study discusses the importance of home production for home consumption (HPHC) and
its economic contribution to South African Agriculture. The Income and Expenditure survey
2000 (IES 2000) dataset is used to draw conclusions in this study. IES 2000 contains a section
on HPHC. HPHC aims to capture information on the quantities and values of home produce
consumed and sold to the market. Home production often forms an important part of the
livelihood strategies of rural households in developing countries. The study focuses on rural ...
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An institutional approach to appropriation and provision in the commons : a case study in the Highlands of EritreaHabteab Sibhatu, Adam 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MAgric (Agricultural Economics))—University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / The natural resources mainly land, forests, and grazing lands in the Highlands ago-ecological
zone of Eritrea are in a severely degraded state. And much of these common pool resources
comprise commons i.e. they are managed under the common property rights management
regimes.
“The tragedy of the commons”, model suggests that all commons will inexorably suffer
overexploitation and degradation. Contrary to this deterministic proposition, however,
common property theory argues that the ‘tragedy’ is not due to inherent flaws in the common
property rights management regimes, but because of institutional failure to control access to
resources, and to make and enforce internal decisions for collective use. If the commons
dilemma situation exists- i.e. ‘tragedy’, then the underlying problem is the degeneration of
the existing common property rights resource management regime into open-access-like
regime—a condition that can potentially trigger “the tragedy of the commons”. The question
of how to deal with the problem of the commons is, therefore, primarily an issue of the
existence of efficient institutions.
The prevailing severe degradation of the common-pool resources in the Highlands of the
country thus calls into question the robustness of the common property rights regimes that are
in place for the governance of these resources. This thesis attempts to address this important
problem specifically in relation to forest and grazing land common pool resources.
A case study based on a single-case qualitative and exploratory-explanatory research design
was carried out in a village located in the Highlands of the country. Data were collected
through various forms of interviews (semi-structured interviews, in-depth interviews, key
informants interviews, group discussions, and informal conversational interviews), direct
observation, and document review. The data, gathered largely through using these separate
lines of enquiry, were crosschecked to provide a triangulation of methods and to strengthen
the validity and reliability of the data.
The empirical findings reveal that existing common property rights management regimes for
the management of the local common pool resources of the case study area have weakened
over time. These findings indicate that, there is a significant incongruence between
appropriation and provision rules. And this is manifested in terms of appropriation
externalities and demand side and supply side provision externalities. This situation implies
that existing local institutional arrangements i.e. common property rights management
regimes in the case study area are not sufficiently robust to solve common pool resource
appropriation and provision externalities.
Though generalisation cannot be made beyond the case that was studied, there are several
lessons that may be drawn from this field analysis, which may have valid implications for the
natural resources management challenges and opportunities of the entire Highlands agoecological
zone of the country.
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An assessment of the usefulness of spatial agricultural land resource digital data for agritourism and ecotourismMugadza, Precious 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScAgric (Agricultural Economics))—University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / The study broadly assesses the usefulness of available digital spatial land resource data as a source
for agritourism and ecotourism information by comparing the inventory of available spatial data sets
for South Africa and the SADC region, with the needs for spatial data as derived from a literature
study of travel motivations and demand determinants.
Spatial land resource data have been collected, processed and stored for agricultural planning
purposes, like land suitability assessment, agricultural production and infrastructural planning.
Given a) the growth in agritourism and ecotourism, b) the more detailed information required by
tourists to aid them during decision making processes like destination selection and c) the progress
in information technology rendering access of information via the internet easier; the question arose
whether the available land resource digital data can be processed to provide relevant tourism
information on internet websites. Four tasks had to be done, namely: a) identifying tourists’ needs
by means of a literature study on travel motivations and demand determinants; b) identifying the
land resource data sets that could be processed into information to meet these identified needs; c)
determining the accessibility of spatial information on internet tourism websites to potential
agritourists and ecotourists, and d) exploring opportunities for adding value by looking at what
information existing websites are offering in comparison with what can be obtained from
repackaging the land resource data.
Common ground was found between the spatial tourist information needs and the available spatial
land resource data. This, coupled with the ability of combining meteorological and other humanmade
environmental data in GIS modelling, suggests that repackaging land resource data seems to
have the potential to offer useful tourism information in correspondence with confirmed tourist
information needs.
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Intellectual property rights and the protection of traditional knowledge in Western Cape agricultureDaya, Yusuf 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study analyses the extent to which the current intellectual property system is
suited to the protection of traditional knowledge in the Western Cape. Employing a
multidisciplinary approach that incorporates economic and legal theory as well as
legal philosophy, this study argues that although advances in the fields of
biotechnology has brought with it the need for greater intellectual property rights
protection, the protection of traditional knowledge has largely been ignored.
Traditional ethnobotanical knowledge holds immense economic value for both
commercial entities seeking to develop products based on traditional knowledge as
well as for the communities that possess such knowledge. Protecting traditional
knowledge is necessary to ensure that the communities contributing their knowledge
are recognized and compensated for such contributions. In order for a system to
provide adequate protection for traditional knowledge it has to be consistent with and
suited to the needs of traditional knowledge holders. This study therefore evaluates
the prevailing system of knowledge protection as embodied in the intellectual
property rights regime as a means of protecting traditional knowledge. The analysis
reveals that the dominant justification for the existence ofIPRs is based on utilitarian
considerations that promote IPRs as a necessary incentive encouraging innovative
activity. This utilitarian justification also provides the basis for an economic
justification for the existence of IPRs that suggests that the conferring of exclusive
rights (in the form of IPRs) to innovators ensure that such innovators are able to
recover their research costs and realize profits from their inventions. The IPR system
as it exists is underpinned by these considerations and embedded in principles of
individualism and private property. The WTO reinforces and promotes this approach
to intellectual property in the TRIPs agreement by recognizing intellectual property as
a 'trade related' issue. The inclusion of IPRs as a 'trade related' issue in the
multilateral framework of the WTO reflects the interests of multinational corporations
and developed nations who rely extensively on these mechanisms to maintain their
power and wealth in an increasingly knowledge driven global economy. The
exclusion of traditional knowledge within the TRIPs, coupled with the desire to
extend patents to cover life forms is also indicative of this bias inherent in the system.
South African intellectual property legislation is then applied to the traditional
knowledge of an indigenous medicinal plant to test whether IPRs are able to provide adequate protection to traditional knowledge. In this regard it is found that patent
protection, which could potentially provide the greatest form of protection for
traditional knowledge is. not suited to the needs of traditional knowledge holders.
Problems of identifying owners, determining inventors and novelty, time limited
rights and costs all limits the potential of patents as a tool for protecting traditional
knowledge. Similar constraints limit the potential of other categories of IPRs to
provide protection for traditional knowledge. However, it was found that IPRs do
provide a certain measure of defensive protection. The study therefore concludes that
the IPR system as it exists, both in the international trade environment as well as at
the national level, fails to adequately address the threat of appropriation and the
concerns of traditional knowledge holders. Amending the IPR system and/or
developing sui generis systems of protection are therefore necessary to ensure that the
knowledge of communities are protected and such communities are able to benefit
from the exploitation oftheir knowledge and resources. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie is om vas te stel in hoe 'n mate die huidige sisteem vir die
beskerming van intellektuele eiendom geskik is vir die beskerming van tradisionele
kennis in die Wes-Kaap. 'n Multidissiplinêre benadering, wat uit elemente van
ekonomiese- en regsteorie sowel as regsfilosofie haal, is gevolg om te wys dat die
beskerming van tradisionele kennis grootliks geïgnoreer is, alhoewel nuwe deurbrake
in biotegnologie die behoefte skep vir groter bekerming van intellektuele eiendom.
Tradisionele etnobotaniese kennis het geweldige ekonomiese waarde vir beide die
kommersiële entiteite wat produkte uit sodanige kennis wil produseer sowel as vir
tradisionele gemeenskappe aan wie die kennis behoort. Dus, indien sulke
gemeenskappe voordeel wil trek uit hierdie kennis, is dit nodig dat hul bydraes erken
moet word, en dat hulle daarvoor vergoed moet word. Sulke beskerming sal net
doeltreffend wees indien dit aangepas is by die behoeftes van hierdie gemeenskappe.
Dus word die huidige sisteem vir die beskerming van tradisionele kennis geevalueer
in hierdie studie. Die ondersoek wys dat die sisteem vir die beskerming van
intellektuele eiendom berus op die teoretiese basis van nutsmaksimering, waar die
hoofdoel te vinde is in die bydrae wat dit kan maak tot ekonomiese welvaart deur
middel van innovasie. In hierdie opsig word beskerming van intellektuele eiendom
beskou as 'n manier waardeur die innoveerder sy navorsings- en ontwikkelingskostes
kan delg en wins kan maak. Hierdie benadering word onderskryf deur die WTO in die
TRIPS Ooreenkoms. In hierdie opsig word die belange van veral die ryk lande en die
multinasionale maatskappye bevorder, 'n sleutelvoordeel in 'n wêreld waar kennis
gepaardgaan met mag in die mark. Hierdie verskynsel word versterk deur die
uitsluiting van tradisionele kennis van die TRIPS Ooreenkoms en die behoefte
daaraan om patentregte uit te brei.
Suid-Afrikaanse wetgewing oor intellektuele eiendom word vervolgens toegepas op
die geval van tradisionele kennis oor 'n inheemse medisinale plant om te toets of
intellektuele eiendomsreg genoegsame beskerming aan tradisionele kennis bied. Daar
is gevind dat patentregte, wat potensieël die grootste mate van beskerming sou kon
bied, nie gepas is in die geval van houers van tradisionele kennis nie. Probleme wat
voorkom sluit in die identifisering van eienaars, innoveerders en innoverings, die tydsbeperking op regte, asook kosteoorwegings. Ander vorms van beskerming is aan
soortgelyke kritiek onderhewig, alhoewel bevind is dat intellektuele eiendomsreg wel
'n mate van defensiewe beskerming bied. Die gevolgtrekking word dus gemaak dat
die huidige vorms van beskerming vir intellektuele eiendomsreg, beide internasionaal
sowel as in Suid-Afrika, nie die belange van die houers van tradisionele kennis
beskerm nie. Dit is dus nodig om die huidige vorms aan te spreek, of om sui generis
beskerming te ontwikkel om hiervoor te sorg.
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International trade in wine and geographical indications : common interests between the EU and South AfricaGrewlich, Jerome 04 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: European-South African trade relations concerrnng wine and spirits are characterized by
various opportunities and, at the same time, a range of conflicts. The latter notably relates to
the dispute over geographical indications and designations of origin. Considering this
confusing amalgamation of discord and harmony, it is the purpose of this study, entitled
"International Trade in Wine and Geographical Indications - Common Interests between the
EU and South Africa", to understand the rationale for trade in wine from both sides of the
coin. Moreover, this research assesses possible multilateral and bilateral solutions for dealing
with trade frictions between the EU and South Africa and identifies common interests with a
view to establish a lasting foundation for blossoming trade in wine and sustained growth. The
underlying methodology is a qualitative interpretative approach and bases on insights into
modern marketing and international management theory.
On this basis the "objective" interests of the EU and South Africa in trade in wine are
analysed in order to assess the coming into existence of the Trade, Development and
Cooperation Agreement as well as the Wine and Spirits Agreement. Pivot of these trade
negotiations is the dispute on geographical indications, which is scrutinized by looking into
relevant chapters of the WTO and its TR.IPS Agreement. With regards to the Wine and Spirits
Agreement it is salient to ask whether it is economically and politically reasonable for South
Africa to accept a financial package from the EU to secure the 'voluntary' phasing out of a
number of trademarks and geographical indications. The study concludes with an outlook
regarding the globalisation of the world's wine market, potential future investment flows
between the EU and South Africa and the need for an effective marketing strategy in order to
become or remain global player in an increasing competitiveness caused by globalisation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Europese en Suid-Afrikaanse handelsverhoudinge in wyn en spiritualieë word gekenmerk
deur verskeie geleenthede en terselfdertyd 'n reeks konflikte. Laasgenoemde hou merkbaar
verband met die twis oor geografiese indikatore en aanwysings van oorsprong. Gegewe
hierdie verwarrende tweedrag en harmonie, is die doel van hierdie studie, getiteld
"Internasionale Handel in Wyn en Geografiese Aanwysings - Gemeenskaplike belange tussen
die EU en Suid-Afrika", om die 'rationale' agter die wynhandel van twee kante te beskou.
Verder ondersoek hierdie navorsing moontlike multi- en bilaterale oplossings vir die
handelswrywing tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika en identifiseer gemeenskaplike belange met
die doelom 'n fondament te bou vir volhoubare groei in die wynhandel. Die onderliggende
metodologie is 'n kwalitatiewe verklarende benadering, gebaseer op insigte uit moderne
bemarkings- en bestuursteorie.
Op hierdie vlak word die 'objektiewe' belange van die EU en Suid-Afrika in die wynhandel
ontleed om gevolgtrekkings oor die Handels-, Ontwikkelings- en Samewerkingsooreenkoms
en die Wyn- en Spiritualieë- Ooreenkoms te maak. Onderliggend aan hierdie onderhandelinge
is die twis oor geografiese aanwysings, wat noukeurig ondersoek is deur relevante hoofstukke
van die WHO Ooreenkoms en sy TRIPS-komponent te raadpleeg. Met verwysing na die
Wyn- en Spiritualieë- Ooreenkoms is dit voor die hand liggend om te vra of dit ekonomies en
polities verstandig vir Suid-Afrika is om 'n finansiële pakket van die EU te aanvaar in ruil vir
die vrywillige uitfasering van 'n aantal handelsmerke en geografiese aanwysings. Die studie
sluit af met '11" blik op globalisering van die wêreld se wynmarkte, die potensiële toekomstige
vloei van beleggings tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika, en die behoefte aan 'n effektiewe
bemarkingsstrategie om 'n globale speler te word.
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Die neem van bemarkingsbesluite deur die individuele sagtevrugteprodusent in 'n gedereguleerde markomgewingKirsten, Johan Frederick 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTARCT: The Law on the Marketing of Agricultural Produce (no 47 of 1996) introduced a new era
in the marketing of deciduous fruit. Previously the producer was obliged by statute to
deliver his deciduous fruit to Unifruco, the sole agent of the Deciduous Fruit Board, for
exports to the overseas markets. In this era of statutory marketing control the producer
could only take decisions about his product up to the point where it left the farm gate.
In the deregulated marketing environment, the producer can now, however, control the
marketing of his products until it reaches the end consumer abroad.
The purpose of this thesis is to identify the factors, processes, opportunities and possible
pitfalls with which the individual producer now has to contend, and to describe them
qualitatively in order to enable him to decide how he will market his products in the
environment of a deregulated market.
In order to make a decision, the producer must have a vision and goals to achieve. The
different facets in formulating these are discussed. The different decisionmaking phases
that are employed interactively, to facilitate the making of a marketing decision, are
investigated and clearly stated. These phases include the preparatory phase, the
investigation of the distribution channel, as well as that of agents, the different marketing
alternatives and eventually the actual taking of interactive marketing decisions.
It has become quite clear, through the research done, that in future, the sustainability of
every producer of deciduous fruit will be determined by his ability to make informed
marketing decisions, and to adapt to the new marketing environment. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMMING: Die Wet op die Bemarking van Landbouprodukte (No 4 7 van 1996) het 'n nuwe era in
die bemarking van sagtevrugte ingelei. In die verlede was die produsent statuter verplig
om sy sagtevrugte aan Unifruco, alleenagent van die Sagtevrugteraad, te !ewer vir uitvoer
na die buiteland. Die produsent het in die era van statutere bemarkingsbeheer dus slegs
besluite ten opsigte van sy produk geneem tot waar dit die plaashek verlaat. In die
gedereguleerde bemarkingsomgewing kan die produsent egter nou self besluite neem oor
die bemarking van sy produk tot waar dit in die buiteland die hande van die
eindverbruiker bereik.
Die doel van die tesis is om die faktore, prosesse, geleenthede en moontlike slaggate
waarmee die individuele produsent nou te kampe het, te identifiseer en kwalitatief te
beskryften einde horn in staat te stel om te besluit hoe hy sy vrugte in die gedereguleerde
bemarkingsomgewing kan bemark.
Vir di.e neem van besluite is dit noodsaaklik dat 'n produsent 'n missie en doelstellings
het. Die verskillende fasette by die opstel daarvan word bespreek. Die verskillende
besluitnemingsfases wat interaktief aangewend word om die bemarkingsbesluit te neem,
word ondersoek en uitgespel. Dit sluit in die voorbereidingsfase, die ondersoek van die
distribusiekanaal, die ondersoek na agente, die verskillende bemarkingsalternatiewe en
dan die neem van die interaktiewe bemarkingsbesluite.
Uit die ondersoek is dit duidelik dat elke sagtevrugteprodusent se volhoubaarheid in die
toekoms bepaal sal word deur sy vermoe om ingeligte bemarkingsbesluite te kan neem en
dus by die nuwe sagtevrugtebemarkingsomgewing aan te pas.
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Modelling the relative comparative advantage of organic wheat production in the Western CapeMahlanza, Bongiswa 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScAgric.)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: After sixty years of state control, the agricultural sector in South Africa has been transformed
to the so-called free dispensation, with the driving forces being market access and rules of the
WTO. On the one hand, this increased the exposure of the sector, particularly at international
level where interest for South African produce developed. On the other hand, transformation
induced a considerable degree of price squeeze and risk in the production of certain
commodities including wheat.
Notwithstanding, local wheat producers like any other farmers are generally price takers, and
in some cases do not have a comparative advantage in what they produce. This is worsened
by policy distortions in product markets, although to a lesser extent than before. These
distortions are responsible for farmers to make decisions that are neither economically
efficient nor optimal in a social sense.
Therefore, the uncertain future of the wheat industry, particularly in the Western Cape,
including the changing business environment, urges producers to adapt quickly if they wish to
stay in business. Hence, the challenge for a farmer and agricultural support organisations is to
find solutions to these problems. One of the factors that can be looked into in finding
solutions is to look at the demand side of the equation by taking product differentiation and
market identification into account. In other words, products that carries a specific character,
and a niche market where these products attain higher prices are the main objectives of this
exercise.
In looking at these options, it is necessary to first study the end consumer of these products.
Looking at the local market first, there is a relatively small but growing market for high priced
niche products, but for the most part, local consumers are looking for low cost commoditytype
products. In many cases, South Africa is marginally competitive in these products and so
must look at alternative markets. On the export market, on the other hand, consumers are
generally more sophisticated and specific in the kind of food they demand, where they are
looking for quality and tracebility, and are willing to pay a premium which can be exploited.
Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine whether wheat would have a comparative
advantage if produced under organic management, as a system that have products with these
attributes. The study first evaluates the comparative advantage of the existing industry, the
so-called conventional wheat, specifically looking at the policy environment around this
commodity, as these are likely to affect the potential of organic wheat. The Policy Analysis Matrix technique is used to calculate various indicators of comparative advantage and to
identify the effects of policy measures with regard to wheat. The analysis used the available
data for ten selected farming areas. On the other hand, organic wheat farming is not practised
in the Western Cape at present. As a result, expert assessment was used to provide
information based on the reference method.
As the study is the comparison of two systems, the results therefore indicates that some areas
of the Western Cape do not have a comparative advantage in wheat production under
conventional practices, which would not be the case if produced under organic management.
The reasoning underlying this is complex, but mainly traced from high levels of input use that
carries a distorting effect, partly because of tariffs on imported inputs, unlike organic
production which is less subject to this effect. The net effect of the whole policy environment
has a negative impact on producers including those of potential organic wheat, as some
policies are likely to affect this potential industry. Consequently, it is recommended that
farmers must evaluate their options by looking at systems that utilise less distorted inputs, and
hence higher profits like organic farming. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Na sestig jaar van staats-geheer is die landbsektor van Suid-Afrika omvorm na In
sogenaamde vrye bedeling met marktoegang en die reels van die WHO as drywers. Hierdie
omvorming het enersyds die blootstelling van die landbou sektor verhoog, veral in die
buiteland waar belangstelling in Suid-Afrikaanse produkte toegeneem het. Aan die ander kant
het die transformasie die realiteite van die prys-koste knyptang en produksierisiko, ook in die
geval van koring, na yore gebring.
Plaaslike koringprodusente, soos aIle ander boere, is in die algemeen prysnemers en in
sommige gevalle het hulle weinig mededingende voordele in wat hulle produseer. Dit word
vererger deur beleidsversteurings in produkmarkte al is die versteurings minder as in die
verlede. Die versteurings gee egter steeds daartoe aanleiding dat boere soms besluite neem
wat nie ekonomies of sosiaal optimaal is nie.
Dit volg dus dat die onsekere toekoms van die koringbedryf, veral in die Wes-Kaap, asook die
vinnig veranderende besigheidsomgewing produsente noop om vinnig by die veranderende
omstandighede aan te pas indien hulle in besigheid wil bly. Die uitdaging is dus vir boere en
hul ondersteuningmeganismes om oplossings vir voorgenoemde probleme te vind. Een
moontlike oplossing kan gevind word deur die potensiaal van produkdifferensiasie en mark
identifikasie aan die vraagkant van die vergelyking te ondersoek. Met ander woorde, die
identifikasie van nis-produkte met In spesifieke karakter wat hoer pryse behaal.
Ten einde sodanige produkte te identifiseer is dit nodig om die verbruiker daarvan te
analiseer. In die plaaslike mark is daar In relatiewe klein maar vinnig groeiende mark vir hoewaarde
nis-produkte. Dit moet egter toegegee word dat die grootste gedeelte van plaaslike
verbruikers meer ge'interesseerd is in goedkoop kommoditepe produkte. In die meeste
gevalle is Suid-Afrika marginaal kompeterend in hierdie produkte en moet altematiewe
markte dus ondersoek word. Hierteenoor is verbruikers in sekere gedeeltes van die
uitvoermark meer gesofistikeerd en spesifiek in die aard van die produkte wat verlang word.
Die fokus is veral op kwaliteit en naspoorbaarheid en sodanige verbruikers is gewoonlik
bereid om In premie te betaal vir produkte wat hierdie behoeftes bevredig.
Die doel van hierdie studie is dus om te bepaal of organiesgeproduseerde koring In
mededingende voordeel sou he indien dit aan die eienskappe van kwaliteit en naspoorbaarheid
sou voldoen. In hierdie studie word die relatiewe mededingendheid van die bestaande stelsel, sogenaamde konvensionele koringproduksie, geevalueer met spesifieke verwysing na die
beleidsomgewing waarbinne produksie plaasvind. Hierdie beleidsomgewing sal natuurlik ook
In invloed uitoefen op die organiese produksie van koring',f 'n BeleidS}nalise ¥atriks word
gebruik om verskillende indikatore van mededingende voordeel te bereken en om sodoende
die invloed van die beleidsmaatreels op die koringbedryf te analiseer. Vir konvensionele
produksie is bestaande data uit tien verskillende boerderygebiede gebruik. Alhoewel geen
voorbeelde gevind kon word van bestaande gesertifiseerde organiese koringproduksie in die
Wes-Kaap nie, is die ekspert-groep tegniek met behulp van die verwysingsmetode gebruik
om die nodige data te genereer.
Aangesien die studie 'n vergelyking tussen twee stelsels is, is gevind dat waar die
konvensionele produksie van koring geen mededingende voordele in sekere gebiede van die
Wes-Kaap geniet nie, dit weI mededingende voordele tydens organiese verbouing in hierdie
gebiede geniet. Alhoewel die onderliggende redes hiervoor kompleks is, kan dit herlei word
na die hoe vlakke van beleidslersteurde insette wat tydens die konvensionele produksie van
koring gebruik word. Hierteenoor steun organiese produksie meer op plaasgeproduseerde
insette wat die distorsies dus verminder. Die netto effek is egter dat die beleidsomgewing 'n "
negatiewe impak op produsente, ingeslote potensiele organiese produsente, inhou. Gevolglik
word dit aanbeveel dat produsente hul opsies moet oorweeg deur veral te fokus op stelsels,
soos organiese verbouing, wat minder beleidversteurde insette gebruik en waar die
winsmoontlikhede dus hoer is.
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The role of capacity-sharing in South African water policyDe Lange, Willem Johannes 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A vast literature on the incompatibility of socio-economic development and environmental conservation (also referred to
as sustainable development) has developed over the past few years. This study takes on the form of a critical, problemdriven
discussion and evaluation of the applicability and viability of the concept of capacity-sharing to the current South
African water management regime. Within the study, the complexities involved in the shift from a supply- to demandoriented
management strategy are examined in depth. This transition in strategy proves to be problematic for water
policy makers and managers because of past management regimes and structures, measurement related problems,
incorrect or insufficient definition of criteria needed for demand-oriented approaches and the emotional complexities
regarding water use. Developments in water policy are currently at a point where problems are experienced regarding
the practical implementation of proposed water demand-oriented policy.
The concept of capacity-sharing is explained and discussed in detail, leading to the identification of the applicability to
three of the most important problems (basic contradiction within the 1998 National Water Act, initial allocation for market
adoption and equity within the market) faced within the transition towards a demand-oriented approach.
This study found that the concept of capacity-sharing does hold applicability in addressing the above-mentioned three
problems towards the transition to a demand-side management approach. Capacity-sharing, therefore, should be part of
this timely transition and the state should make use of the advantages of this concept. To support this view, seven
studies are proposed for further research to address the problems as mentioned in section 5.2 of the thesis. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Uitgebreide literatuur aangaande die onversoenbaarheid van sosio-ekonomiese ontwikkeling en omgewingsbewaring
(ook volhoubare ontwikkeling genoem) het oor die afgelope paar jaar ontwikkel. Hierdie studie neem die vorm van 'n
kritiese, probleemgedrewe bespreking ten opsigte van die toepasbaarheid en relevansie van die konsep van
kapasiteitsdeling binne die orde van huidige Suid Afrikaanse waterbestuur, aan. Die vele aspekte van die
klemverskuiwing van 'n aanbod- na 'n vraag-georiënteerde waterbestuur-strategie, word ook beklemtoon. Hierdie
oorgang is problematies vir waterbeleid-formuleerders en bestuurders as gevolg van vorige waterbestuur-ordes en
strukture, meetbaarheid georiënteerde probleme, foutiewe of onvoldoende definieering van watergebruik-regte en die
emosionele kompleksiteite van water. Tans, word probleme rakende die praktiese implementering van voorgestelde
vraag-georienteerde waterbeleid ervaar.
Die konsep van kapasiteitsdeling word in detail verduidelik en bespreek waarvandaan die toepasbaarheid op drie van die
belangrikste probleme (basiese kontradiksie binne die 1998 Nasionale Waterwet, aanvanklike verdeling van water
gebruik regte vir opname binne die mark en die kwessie van regverdigheid binne die mark) vir die oorgang na 'n vraaggeoriënteerde
strategie geïdentifiseer word.
Die studie het bevind dat die konsep van kapasiteitsdeling wel relevansie ten opsigte van die bogenoemde drie probleme
tydens die oorgang na 'n vraag-georiënteerde strategie, inhou. Kapasiteitsdeling behoort dus deel te vorm van die
oorgangsfase na 'n vraag-georiënteerde water bestuur strategie en die staat behoort gebruik te maak van die konsep se
voordele. Ter ondersteuning hiervan word sewe studies voorgestel vir verdere navorsing ten opsigte van die probleme
soos geïdentifiseer in afdeling 5.2 van die tesis.
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An economic analysis of the impact of removing organic waste from small scale cage aquaculture systems in irrigation dams in the Western CapeGumbo, Tichaona 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScAgric (Agricultural Economics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The rising demand of fish due to population growth coupled by stagnation of fish supply from
natural capture has led the world to turn to aquaculture to fill in the gap between fish supply and
demand. Aquaculture has emerged as the only sustainable way of supplying the rising population
with fish. However the rapid expansion of aquaculture has been met with growing concerns over its
environmental effects especially waste produced from aquaculture. The net cage system that is
currently being used by small scale trout farmers in the Western Cape is an open water based
system where release of waste into the water bodies is inevitable and this put into question the long
term sustainability of trout farming using net cages in irrigation dams in the Western Cape.
This study sought to compare identified production techniques that can be used by aquaculture
farmers to reduce accumulation of organic waste in irrigation dams. The proposed ‘clean’
production techniques include use of net cages fitted with Lift-up system, semi intensive floating
tank system (SIFTS) and intergrated aquaculture systems. The study revealed that the intergrated
aquaculture system is the most effective way of recovering waste that shows great potential of
moving aquaculture towards long term sustainability as it fullfills sustainability dimensions such as
‘zero emission’, nutrient recycling and integrated production. Mechanical methods of recovering
waste such as Lift-up system and SIFTS are also effective in recovering particulate waste but
however dissolved nutrients are lost into the environment.
The study went on further to investigate if economic, environmental and social benefits of
recovering waste from irrigation dams outweigh the costs of recovering waste using different
production techniques. Models of small scale aquaculture farms using the three identified
production techniques were developed and compared with a modelled small scale net cage farm
where there was no waste recovery. A comparative financial analysis of the modelled small scale
trout farms using alternative production techniques carried out showed that trout production using
any of the three alternative ‘clean’ production techniques is financially viable with the SIFTS
production technique giving the farmer the highest returns, followed by the intergrated system, then
the net cage with a Lift-up system and lastly the net cage system without waste recovery.
The second part of the study used the contingent valuation method to estimate the environmental
and social benefits of removing waste from dams. Households revealed that they were willing to
pay (WTP) R40 on average annually to improve water quality from a state where eutrophication
had occurred to a state suitable for irrigation and aquaculture. To improve water quality from a state
suitable for irrigation to a state suitable for swimming, households were willing to pay R16.67
annually. If water was to be improved from a state suitable for irrigation to a level suitable for
domestic purposes, average willingness to pay (WTP) was R26.17 annually. WTP indicate that
besides financial benefits associated with using ‘clean’ production techniques there are
environmental and social benefits that will arise to the farm community using water from the
irrigation dams. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die stygende vraag na vis as gevolg van bevolkingsgroei, tesame met die stagnering van die aanbod
van vis vanaf natuurlike vangste het daartoe aanleiding gegee dat die oë van die wêreld op
akwakultuur gerig is om die gaping in die voorsiening van vis te vul. Akwakultuur het ontwikkel as
die enigste volhoubare manier om aan die groeiende vraag na vis te voldoen. Die vinnige
uitbreiding van akwakultuur het egter toenemende besorgdheid in die nadelige omgewingsimpak,
veral ten opsigte van akwakultuurafval, tot gevolg gehad. Die nethokstelsel wat tans deur
kleinskaalse forelboere in die Wes-Kaap in oop watergebaseerde sisteme gebruik word en die
vrystelling van afval in die wateromgewings wat onafwendbaar is, plaas ’n vraagteken oor die
langtermyn volhoubaarheid van die nethokstelsel forelboerdery in besproeiingsdamme in die Wes-
Kaap.
Die studie het ten doel gehad om geïdentifiseerde produksiestelsels wat deur akwakultuurboere
gebruik kan word om die akkummulasie van organiese afval in besproeiingsdamme te verminder, te
vergelyk. Die voorgestelde “skoon” produksietegnieke sluit in nethokke wat aan ’n opligstelsel
gekoppel word, ‘n semi-intensiewe drywende tenk- stelsel (“SIFTS system” in Engels) en ‘n
geïntegreerde akwakultuurstelsel. Met hierdie studie is bevind dat die geïntegreerde stelsel die mees
effektiewe manier is om afval te herwin en toon potensiaal om akwakultuur op ’n vohoubare pad te
plaas aangesien dit aan die volhoubaarheidsdimensies van geen emissie, voedingstofherwinning en
geïntegreerde produksie voldoen. Meganiese metodes van afvalherwinning soos die nethokopligstelsel
en die SIFTS-stelsel is effektief in die herwinning van vastestofdeeltjies, maar
opgeloste voedingstowwe word steeds in die omgewing vrygestel.
Die studie het voorts ten doel gehad om te bepaal of die ekonomiese, omgewings- en sosiale
voordele om afval uit besproeiingsdamme te herwin, groter is as die herwinningskoste van die
verskillende produksietegnieke. Modelle van kleinskaalse akwakultuurplase wat die drie
geïdentifiseerde produksiestelsels gebruik, is ontwikkel en aangewend om te vergelyk met ’n
nethokstelsel waar geen afvalherwinning gedoen word nie. ’n Vergelykende finansiële ontleding
van die gemodelleerde kleinskaalse forelboerderye met die verskillende produksietegnieke is
gedoen en daar is bevind dat enige een van die drie “skoon” stelsels finansieel lewensvatbaar is, met
die SIFTS-stelsel wat die hoogste vergoeding aan die boer bied, gevolg deur die geïntegreerde
stelsel, dan die nethokke aan ’n opligstelsel en dan die nethokstelsel sonder afvalherwinning.
Die tweede deel van die studie het van die voorwaardelike (“contingent”) waardasiemetode gebruik
gemaak om die omgewings- en sosiale voordele om afval uit besproeiingsdamme te verwyder, te
bepaal. Huishoudings het aangetoon dat hulle bereid sou wees om tot R40 per jaar te betaal om die
waterkwaliteit te verbeter vanaf ’n toestand waar eutrifikasie plaasgevind het na ’n toestand waar
die water vir besproeiing en akwakultuur geskik sou wees. Om die waterkwaliteit vanaf ’n toestand
geskik vir besproeiing te verander na ’n toestand geskik om in te swem, sou huishoudings bereid
wees om R16.67 per jaar te betaal. Indien water vanaf ’n toestand geskik vir besproeiing verander
sou word na ’n toestand geskik vir huishoudelike gebruik, sou huishoudings gewillig wees om
jaarliks R26.17 te betaal. Die “gewilligheid om te betaal” dui aan dat daar bo en behalwe die
finansiële voordele om van “skoon” produksietegnieke gebruik te maak, ook omgewings- en sosiale
voordele vir die plaasgemeenskap bestaan met die gebruik van die water uit die
besproeiingsdamme.
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Farm modelling for interactive multidisciplinary planning of small grain production systems in South AfricaHoffmann, Willem Hendrik 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD (Agric) (Agricultural Economics)--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A complex and volatile decision-making environment and constant pressure on product prices, due
to the cost-price squeeze, complicates decision-making for grain farmers in the Western Cape.
Furthermore, available alternative crops and cultivation practices are limited due to local soil and
climatic conditions. The farm system itself is complex due to the interdependence of a variety of
factors and the synergy resulting from specific sequences of cash and pasture crops.
The aim of this research project was to establish a method that would contribute to identifying
strategies to advance the profitability of grain production. Research in the grain industry is
traditionally specialised within specific fields, such as, agronomy, soil science, entomology,
agricultural economics, etc., causing a fragmentation of knowledge. To ensure that the systems
nature of a complex farm is accommodated, various related research domains should be
acknowledged and incorporated.
The use of expert group discussions, as a research method, is suitable, firstly, for gathering
information in a meaningful manner and, secondly, to stimulate individual creativity by presenting
alternative perspectives provided by various participating experts. In support of expert group
discussions, simulation models in the form of multi-period whole-farm models were developed.
This type of modelling supports the accurate financial simulation of farms, while the user friendliness
and adaptability thereof can accurately accommodate typical farm interrelationships,
and quickly measure the financial impact of suggested changes to parameters. Suggestions made
by experts during the group discussions can thus be quickly introduced into the model. The
financial implications are instantly available to prevent further exploration of non-viable plans and
to fine-tune the viable plans. Participants in the group discussions represent fields of expertise
such as agronomy, soil science, entomology, plant pathology, the agricultural chemical industry,
agricultural mechanisation. Also represented are professionals such as extension officers from
local agribusinesses, local producers and agricultural economists. The dynamics of the group
discussions are supported by each participant’s specific strengths and perspectives.
For each relatively homogeneous production area of the Western Cape, a typical farm budget
model was developed, which served as the basis for the group discussions. The budget models
measure profitability in terms of the IRR (internal rate of return on capital investment) and
affordability in terms of expected cash flow. For the Swartland, the homogeneous areas identified
were Koeberg/Wellington, the Middle Swartland and the Rooi Karoo, and for the Southern Cape,
the homogenous areas identified were, the Goue Rûens, Middle Rûens and Heidelberg Vlakte. A model of a typical farm in the Wesselsbron area was developed for comparison with the Western
Cape farms. For each area the expected impact of climate change, fluctuating product and input
prices, and the possible impact of partial conversion to bio-fuel production were evaluated in terms
of expected impact on profitability. Various area-specific strategies were identified that could
enhance the profitability of grain production: most of the strategies focused on optimising
machinery usage and expanding or intensifying the livestock enterprise. The repeated successful
use of the model in support of the expert groups in all the chosen study areas illustrates the value
thereof for identifying and evaluating plans to increase the profitability of small grain production. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Komplekse en wisselvallige besluitnemingsomgewing, en konstante druk op produkpryse weens
die koste/prys knyptang bemoeilik besluitneming op graanplase in die Wes-Kaap terwyl die
beskikbare alternatiewe verbouingsgewasse en -praktyke beperk is weens plaaslike grond en
klimatologiese eienskappe. Die boerderystelsel self is kompleks weens die interafhanklikheid van
die dele daarvan en die sinergisme verkry deur byvoorbeeld die spesifieke orde van opeenvolging
van kontant- en weidingsgewasse in die wisselboustelsel. Hierdie navorsingsprojek se doel is om 'n werkwyse te vestig wat die identifisering van strategieë te ondersteun wat moontlik die winsgewendheid van graanproduksie kan bevorder. Navorsing in die graanbedryf is tradisioneel
gespesialiseerd binne 'n spesifieke navorsingsveld soos agronomie, grondkunde, entomologie en
landbou-ekonomie. Dit gee daartoe aanleiding dat elk van hierdie velde op dimensies van die
boerderystelsel fokus asof dit in isolasie bestaan. Om te verseker dat die stelselsgeaardheid van 'n
komplekse boerdery effektief verreken word behoort navorsing erkenning te gee die
interafhanklikheid van die dimensies van 'n boerdery.
Ekspert groepbesprekings is 'n navorsingsmetode wat eerstens geskik is om kennis sinvol byeen te
bring en tweedens om kreatiwiteit by deelnemers te stimuleer deur die blootstelling aan nuwe
perspektiewe van kundiges van ander spesialiteitsvelde. Ter ondersteuning van die ekspert
groepbesprekings is simulasiemodelle in die vorm van multi-periode geheelboerderybegrotings
ontwikkel. Die tipe modellering ondersteun die akkurate simulasie van boerderye terwyl die
gebruikersvriendelikheid en aanpasbaarheid daarvan die tipiese interverwantskappe van 'n
boerdery akkuraat weergee en die impak van aanpassings aan die parameters van die boerdery
model vinnig kan meet. Voorstelle deur die deelnemende eksperts kan dus vinnig aangebring word
en die finansiële implikasie is dadelik beskikbaar. Deelnemers aan die ekspertgroepbesprekings
het velde verteenwoordig soos agronomie, grondkunde, entomologie, die landbou chemiese
bedryf, landbou meganisasie, plantpatologie, voorligtingsbeamptes van plaaslike agribesighede,
plaaslike produsente en landbou-ekonome. Die dinamika van die groepbesprekings word
ondersteun deur elke deelnemer se spesifieke sterkpunte en perspektief.
Vir elke homogene produksiegebied in die Wes-Kaap is 'n aparte begrotingsmodel van 'n tipiese
plaas vir daardie area ontwikkel. Hierdie modelle het gedien as die basis van die
groepbesprekings. Die modelle meet die winsgewendheid van boerderye oor die langtermyn deur
middel van die IOK (interne opbrengskoers op kapitaal investering) en die bekostigbaarheid in
terme van verwagte kontantvloei. Binne die Swartland is die Koeberg/Wellington, Middel Swartland
en Rooi Karoo as homogeen geïdentifiseer en vir die Suid-Kaap die areas van die Goue Rûens,
die Middel Rûens en die Heidelberg Vlakte. 'n Tipiese plaas model is ook vir die Wesselsbron area
ontwikkel om te vergelyk met die Wes-Kaap areas se modelle. Vir elke area is die verwagte impak
van klimaatveranderings, fluktuerende produk- en insetpryse en die moontlike impak van 'n biobrandstofbedryf
geëvalueer in terme van die verwagte impak op winsgewendheid. Verskeie area
spesifieke strategieë is geïdentifiseer wat moontlik die winsgewendheid van graanproduksie kan
bevorder. Die meeste strategieë fokus op die optimalisering van masjineriegebruik en die
uitbreiding of intensifisering van die veevertakkings. Die herhaalde suksesvolle gebruik van die
modelle ter ondersteuning van die ekspertgroepe in al die gekose studie areas illustreer die
waarde daarvan vir die identifisering en evaluering van planne om die winsgewendheid van
kleingraanproduksie te verhoog.
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