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TAFTA : a proposal for a Transatlantic Free Trade Area /Bierbass, Joerg. January 1997 (has links) (PDF)
Thesis (M.B.A.)--University of Alberta, 1997. / Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Administration, Faculty of Business. Also available online.
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Revenue, welfare and trade effects of EU FTA on South AfricaGuei, Kore Marc Antoine January 2015 (has links)
The study used the partial equilibrium WITS-SMART Simulation Model to assess the impact of liberalization under the Trade Development and Cooperation Agreement (TDCA) of a free trade area between the EU and South Africa. The findings of the study reveal that total trade effects in South Africa are likely to surge by US$ 1.036 billion with a total welfare valued at US$ 134 million. Dismantling tariffs on all EU goods would be beneficial to consumers through net trade creation. Total trade creation would be US$ 782 million. However, South African producers are likely to contribute a trade diversion of US$ 254 million which has a negative impact on consumer welfare. The country might also experience a revenue loss amounting to US$ 562 million due to the removal of tariffs. On trade, the country’s export and import to the EU is expected to increase by US$ 12.419 million and US$ 1.266 million respectively. To mitigate revenue loss, the country should try to diversify its current tax base.
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An applied general equilibrium assessment of the free trade agreement between South Africa and the European Union13 September 2012 (has links)
M.Comm. / This study will quantify the economic impact of the FTA negotiated between SA and the EU. Two simulations are undertaken. The first simulation focus on the bi-lateral elimination of import tariffs between SA and the EU on non-agricultural products (industrial products). The second simulation considers the bi-lateral elimination of import tariffs on non-agricultural and agricultural products between SA and the EU. The quantitative analysis can only handle a limited number of arguments of the FTA. Notably, financial assistance, development, and social and cultural co-operation are examples of issues that will not be dealt with in a quantitative manner in this study. The goal of this study is to undertake an empirical analysis of the free trade agreement (FTA) between South Africa (SA) and the European Union (EU) using an applied equilibrium model.
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The impact of the SA-EU FTA and the Cotonou Agreement on the economy of Namibia with particular emphasis on the fisheries and meat sectorsMulunga, Immanuel 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / On October 1999 South Africa signed a historic TDCA with the European Union. The main
objective of this agreement is to liberalise most trade between the two parties over time
through a free trade agreement. Namibia as a member of SACU became automatically a de
facto member of the SA-EU FTA. At the same time the EU concluded another 20-year
agreement with the ACP countries effectively changing its traditional trade relationship with
these countries. Namibia also being a member of the ACP group of countries finds itself in the
middle of these two agreements.
South Africa and the EU however opted to leave some of the sectors that are considered
sensitive out of the free trade agreement in order to mitigate some of the adjustment costs
likely to be faced by lesser-developed partners in SACU such as Namibia. Beef is one of
those sensitive sectors as it is the main Namibian agricultural export to both the EU and South
Africa. The fisheries sector likewise contributes a lot to Namibia's export earnings and the
fact South Africa and the EU are negotiating for a fisheries agreement could mean a change in
Namibia's competitive position in this sector.
The impact that these two agreements will have on the beef sector is not very significant or at
least manageable at this stage. The impact on the fisheries sector is mainly uncertain at this
stage in the absence of an EU-SA fisheries agreement. The major impact of the SA-EU FTA
will be on government revenues, which rely heavily on receipts from the SACU common
revenue pool.
The SADC has also started its regional economic integration process, which the EU hopes to
be a move towards a REPA with which it hopes to do business as part of the new Cotonou
Agreement. However the vast disparities in economic development between the EU and
SADC does not favour such a move. The benefits will most probably accrue to the EU and the
costs to SADC countries, especially those countries that are not part of SACU. It is important
that if the new Cotonou Agreement is to be mutually beneficial steps need to be taken to
strengthen the industrial and export capacities of the ACP countries. Otherwise this wave of
globalisation will be nothing but a zero sum game.
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The trade and development agreement between SA and the EU : implications for SACUBurger, Pieter Francois Theron 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / The Trade, Development and Co-operation Agreement (TDCA) will create competitive
challenges, threats and opportunities, driving out less efficient performers while bolstering
more efficient enterprises and industries. This is in line with the general principles of the
World Trade Organisation (WTO) which promotes the reduction of trade barriers in order to
liberate trade on a global basis. This dynamic process of adjustments will continue
throughout the implementation of the European Union - South Africa Free Trade Agreement
( EU-SA FTA) which is the main component of the TDCA.
The European Union (EU) has historically been Southern Africa's most important trading
partner. The main reason why South Africa entered into a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with
the EU was to enhance exports to South Africa's largest export market, attract higher levels
of investment from the EU, and gradually expose the South African industry to competition to
ensure that it is restructured to become globally competitive.
Since 1910 South Africa has been part of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU),
which also comprises Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Swaziland (BlNS). The EU-SA FTA
will accordingly impact on trade relations between South Africa, the EU and the BLNS
countries. Not only will SACU face increased competition from cheaper EU imports, but
BLNS countries will also face reduced income from the common revenue pool.
South Africa will have to remove a higher level of tariffs from a greater volume of imports
than is the case for the EU. For the BLNS, the relative adjustment effort is even greater.
The BLNS will have to adjust to the elimination of tariffs on 30% of goods currently imported
from the EU, while the TDCA will bring about no improvement in their current terms of access
to the EU market.
The BLNS products currently exported to the EU which are most likely to be affected by the
EU-SA FTA are: clothing (Lesotho), preserved fish and flowers (Namibia), and grapefruit,
processed pineapples, corned fruit and grapes (Swaziland). These products are under threat
from South African products which can, as a result of the FTA, be exported to the EU at
reduced tariffs. BLNS products which could be affected as a result of cheaper EU imports are: grain
(Botswana, Namibia and Lesotho), chicken production (Swaziland), sugar (Swaziland), beef
(Namibia and Botswana), and the small wheat-farming sector in Namibia and Botswana.
The EU-SA FTA is further likely to have a substantial impact on South Africa's exports to the
EU. The total increase in exports as a result of the FTA is estimated between 1.3% and
1.4% of the 1996 value of South Africa's exports to the EU. The main drive will come from
industrial products which are less protected than agricultural products. The South African
government, further, concluded that the negative effects of the direct costs to SACU would
be outweighed, in the long term, by the dynamic and geopolitical benefits of an FTA with the
EU.
The signal that the South African government has given with signing the TDCA with the EU
indicates that the Southern African economy should restructure itself to become
internationally competitive. This is the only way to survive in a global trade arena which is
under WTO principles becoming increasïngly more liberated.
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The SA-EU trade, development and co-operation agreement : democratising South Africa's trade policyBertelsmann-Scott, Talitha 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis examines the democratisation of South Africa's foreign trade
policy, by evaluating the negotiations surrounding the establishment of a free
trade area between South Africa and the European Union (EU). Democracy
here is defined as a form of government that rests on three components
namely, public participation in and public debate over policy formulation and a
governing elite that is responsive to the needs of the majority of the
population.
The thesis firstly outlines the process of negotiation itself, looking at the
developments that shaped the years of talks. It examines the nature of the
final agreement, called the Trade, Development and Co-operation Agreement
(TDCA). It focuses on the Co-operation Agreements that were concluded,
South Africa's partial accession to the Lomé Convention and the details of the
free trade agreement. It finds that although the negotiations took very long to
complete and the EU proved to be a tough negotiator, there are a number of
opportunities for South Africans in the TDCA.
In the second section the internal process in developing a South African
negotiating mandate is examined. This is done to conclude whether or not
South Africa's foreign trade policy is being formulated in a democratic
manner. However, first of all the question why the democratisation of foreign
trade policy formulation is important is addressed. Two possible theories are
advanced. Firstly, globalisation has forced countries to lure foreign direct
investment (FDI) as a matter of urgency. Seeing as FDI is mostly tied up with
western nations that prefer democracies, states are opting to democratise.
The focus is to a large extent on satisfying international actors. Or
alternatively, the very survival of the nascent democracy today depends on
the consultative nature of domestic economic and international economic
policy formulation. This is not a question of choice with an external focus, but
rather a matter of urgency with purely an internal focus.
Four actors in foreign policy formulation, namely parliament, government, the
bureaucracy and civil society, are examined in order to understand whether
they had access to the process and whether these institutions themselves
have been democratised since 1994. The thesis finds that the process was to
a large extent democratic in nature.
However, the thesis also finds that no matter how democratic policy
formulation is in South Africa, the options for policy are limited by a number of
international elements. These include globalisation, regional trading blocs like
the European Union, and international organisations like the World Trade
Organisation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die tesis evalueer die demokratisering van Suid-Afrika se buitelandse
handelsbeleid deur die onderhandelingsproses tussen die Europese Unie
(EU) en Suid-Afrika rakende die sluiting van 'n vryhandelsooreenkoms te
ontleed. Demokrasie word in die tesis definieer as 'n tipe regering wat rus op
drie komponente, naamlik deelname in en debat oor beleidsformulering en 'n
regerende elite wat die behoeftes van die meerderheid van die burgers in ag
neem in beleidsformulering.
Eerstens omskryf die tesis die gebeure wat die onderhandelingsproses
beïnvloed het. Die finale ooreenkoms word oorweeg teen die agtergrond van
die samewerkingsooreenkomste wat tussen die partye gesluit is, Suid-Afrika
se gedeeltelike deelname aan die Lomé Konfensie en die
vryhandelsooreenkoms. Die gevolgtrekking word bereik dat ten spyte van die
feit dat die onderhandelings oor 'n hele aantal jare gestek het, en alhoewel die
EU 'n uitgeslape onderhandelaar was, die orreenkoms talle geleenthede vir
Suid-Afrikaners skep.
In die tweede instansie word die interne proses wat tot Suid-Afrika se
onderhandelingsmandaat gelei het, ondersoek. Dit is gedoen om vas te stel
of die beleid op 'n demokratiese manier geformuleer is. Daar word egter eers
bepaal waarom die demokratisering van buitelandse handelsbeleid belangrik
is. Twee moontlike teorie word geformuleer. Die eerste stel dit dat
globalisering lande forseer om direkte buitelandse beleggings aan te lok.
Siende dat buitelandse beleggings van westerlike state afkomstig is, wat
verkies om met demokratiese state sake te doen, word ontwikkelende lande
as te ware geforseer om veral hulle buitelandse beleidsformulering te
demokratiseer. In die alternatief kan dit betoog word dat die voortbestaan van
die demokrasie self afhang van 'n ekonomiese beleidsformulering wat beide
binnelandse en internasionale prosesse insluit. Dit is nie 'n kwessie van
keuse met 'n eksterne fokus nie, maar 'n noodsaaklikheid met 'n interne
fokus.
Vier groeperinge wat buitelandse beleidsformulering beïnvloed word
ondersoek, naamlik die Parlament, the regering, die burokrasie en die
burgerlike samelewing, om vas te stelof hierdie instansies toegang tot die
proses gehad het en of hierdie instansies self sedert 1994 gedemokratiseer
is.
Die tesis kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat al is die formulering van buitelandse
beleid hoé demokraties, word die moontlikehede vir beleidsformulering beperk
deur globalisering, streeksorganisasies soos die EU, en internasionale
organisasies soos the Wêreld Handelsorganisasie. Vir Chris, Gitti, Thomas en my ouers, sonder wie hierdie nooit klaar sou gekom
het nie. Baie dankie ook aan Prof Philip Nel vir sy hulp, leiding en
ondersteuning.
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International trade in wine and geographical indications : common interests between the EU and South AfricaGrewlich, Jerome 04 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: European-South African trade relations concerrnng wine and spirits are characterized by
various opportunities and, at the same time, a range of conflicts. The latter notably relates to
the dispute over geographical indications and designations of origin. Considering this
confusing amalgamation of discord and harmony, it is the purpose of this study, entitled
"International Trade in Wine and Geographical Indications - Common Interests between the
EU and South Africa", to understand the rationale for trade in wine from both sides of the
coin. Moreover, this research assesses possible multilateral and bilateral solutions for dealing
with trade frictions between the EU and South Africa and identifies common interests with a
view to establish a lasting foundation for blossoming trade in wine and sustained growth. The
underlying methodology is a qualitative interpretative approach and bases on insights into
modern marketing and international management theory.
On this basis the "objective" interests of the EU and South Africa in trade in wine are
analysed in order to assess the coming into existence of the Trade, Development and
Cooperation Agreement as well as the Wine and Spirits Agreement. Pivot of these trade
negotiations is the dispute on geographical indications, which is scrutinized by looking into
relevant chapters of the WTO and its TR.IPS Agreement. With regards to the Wine and Spirits
Agreement it is salient to ask whether it is economically and politically reasonable for South
Africa to accept a financial package from the EU to secure the 'voluntary' phasing out of a
number of trademarks and geographical indications. The study concludes with an outlook
regarding the globalisation of the world's wine market, potential future investment flows
between the EU and South Africa and the need for an effective marketing strategy in order to
become or remain global player in an increasing competitiveness caused by globalisation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Europese en Suid-Afrikaanse handelsverhoudinge in wyn en spiritualieë word gekenmerk
deur verskeie geleenthede en terselfdertyd 'n reeks konflikte. Laasgenoemde hou merkbaar
verband met die twis oor geografiese indikatore en aanwysings van oorsprong. Gegewe
hierdie verwarrende tweedrag en harmonie, is die doel van hierdie studie, getiteld
"Internasionale Handel in Wyn en Geografiese Aanwysings - Gemeenskaplike belange tussen
die EU en Suid-Afrika", om die 'rationale' agter die wynhandel van twee kante te beskou.
Verder ondersoek hierdie navorsing moontlike multi- en bilaterale oplossings vir die
handelswrywing tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika en identifiseer gemeenskaplike belange met
die doelom 'n fondament te bou vir volhoubare groei in die wynhandel. Die onderliggende
metodologie is 'n kwalitatiewe verklarende benadering, gebaseer op insigte uit moderne
bemarkings- en bestuursteorie.
Op hierdie vlak word die 'objektiewe' belange van die EU en Suid-Afrika in die wynhandel
ontleed om gevolgtrekkings oor die Handels-, Ontwikkelings- en Samewerkingsooreenkoms
en die Wyn- en Spiritualieë- Ooreenkoms te maak. Onderliggend aan hierdie onderhandelinge
is die twis oor geografiese aanwysings, wat noukeurig ondersoek is deur relevante hoofstukke
van die WHO Ooreenkoms en sy TRIPS-komponent te raadpleeg. Met verwysing na die
Wyn- en Spiritualieë- Ooreenkoms is dit voor die hand liggend om te vra of dit ekonomies en
polities verstandig vir Suid-Afrika is om 'n finansiële pakket van die EU te aanvaar in ruil vir
die vrywillige uitfasering van 'n aantal handelsmerke en geografiese aanwysings. Die studie
sluit af met '11" blik op globalisering van die wêreld se wynmarkte, die potensiële toekomstige
vloei van beleggings tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika, en die behoefte aan 'n effektiewe
bemarkingsstrategie om 'n globale speler te word.
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The EU-SA free trade agreement : implications for selected agricultural productsCorbett, Johannes Kruger 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MBA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: As the Trade Development and Co-operation Agreement (TDCA) creates competitive
challenges and opportunities, labour and capital will seek the highest returns, dri ving out
less efficient performances while bolstering more efficient enterprises and industries.
This dynamic process of adjustments will continue throughout the implementation of this
agreement.
The South African government sees the agreement with the European Union as a step
towards restructuring the country's economy and making it part of the rapidly changing
world economy. This policy view of the South African government will result in those
sectors of the economy that are not internationally competitive, receiving no support from
government. Consequently these sectors will decrease in time.
Of the three agricultural profiles studied, fresh fruit (deciduous fruit) will benefit the most
from the TDCA. The most obvious effect the agreement will have on the sector is the
saving on customs duties payable on exports to the EU. An estimate on 1997 trade figures
revealed that in the short term the deciduous fruit industry will save approximately RI00
million. Over the implementation period of 10 years, the industry will save about
Rl billion. After that, savings amounting to approximately R125 million per annum
should be possible.
The canned fruit sector is an export-driven industry that exports about 90 per cent of its
products, 50 per cent of which is exported to the EU. The export tariffs to the EU are very
high. As non-EU member, South Africa is the biggest provider of canned fruit to the EU.
Some analyses revealed that the total savings in tariffs for the first year of
implementation will be R25 million. The industry stands to save approximately R100
million over the implementation period. At the EU's request, South Africa agreed to negotiate a separate Wine and Spirits
Agreement. The EU believes that South Africa's continued use of certain "geographical
indications" or terms is in breach of Article 23 of the Trade-related Aspects of
Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) agreement.
The quotas granted by the EU on wine and sparkling wine cover 79 per cent of South
African exports to the EU. South Africa granted the EU a 0.26 million litre quota for
sparkling wine and a 1 million-litre quota for bottled wine. SA will phase out the use of
the terms "port", "sherry", "grappa", ouzo", "korn" , "jagertee" and "pacharan" over
agreed time periods. The issue will be taken to the WTO for a ruling in this regard. The
EU has agreed to grant SA a duty-free tariff quota for wine but has suspended the tariff
quota until the Wine and Spirits agreement has been signed. The EU will also provide
financial assistance of 15 million ECU to help restructure the SA wine and spirits sector.
The South African agricultural industry should take note of the constantly changing
international marketing environment. The Free Trade Agreement (FTA) signed with the
European Union opens up new markets and enhances existing ones that must be
exploited. It is imperative that every role player should evaluate the level of
competitiveness of his or her enterprise.
Thus the message is very clear:
Agricultural production with an international trading view is the only sustainable road to
follow. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Soos die Handel, Ontwikkelings en Samewerkingsooreenkoms kompeterende
geleenthede en uitdagings skep, sal arbeid en kapitaal verskuif na die hoogste opbrengste
beskikbaar. In hierdie proses sal daar wegbeweeg word van onvoldoende prestasies en sal
effektiewe ondememings en industriee floreer. Hierdie dinarniese proses van
herstruktuering sal voortduur regdeur die implementeringsperiode van hierdie
handelsooreenkoms.
Die Suid Afrikaanse regering beskou die ooreenkoms met die Europese Unie as 'n
belangrike stap in die proses om die land se ekonomie te herstrukltureer en so deel te
maak van die vinnig veranderende wereld ekonomie. Hierdie regerings beleid sal daartoe
lei dat sektore wat nie intemasionaal mededingend is nie, geen ondersteuning vanaf die
regering sal ontvang nie. Met tyd sal hierdie sektore verdwyn.
Van die drie landbousektore wat bestudeer is, sal vars vrugte (sagte vrugte) die meeste
voordeel trek uit die ooreenkoms. Die besparing van aksynsbelasting op die uitvoere na
die Europese Unie is die mees kenmerkendste voordeel vir die sektor. 'n Beraming
gebaseer op 1997 handels syfers toon 'n jaarlikse besparing van plus minus R100 miljoen.
Deur die hele implementeringsperiode, sal die besparing plus minus Rl biljoen beloop.
Na afloop van die implementeringsperiode, sal jaarlikse besparing van plus minus R125
miljoen moontlik wees.
Die inmaak vrugte sektor is 'n uitvoer gedrewe industrie wat gemiddeld 90 persent van
hul prod uk uitvoer. Van hierdie uitvoere is 50 persent bestem vir die Europese Unie. Die
uitvoertariewe na die Europese Unie is baie hoog. As nie-lidland, is Suid Afrika die
grootste verskaffer van geblikte vrugte aan die Europese Unie. Beramings voorsien dat
die sektor 'n totale besparing vir die eerste jaar van implemetering van plus minus R25
miljoen kan beloop. Die industrie kan soveel as R100 rniljoen oor die implementeringsperiode
bespaar. Op die Europese Unie se versoek, het Suid Afrika ingestem om 'n afsonderlike Wyn en
Spiritualie ooreenkoms te onderhandel. Die Europese Unie beweer dat Suid Afrika se
gebruik van sekere "geografiese aanduidings" of terme, In verbreking is van Artikel 23
van die Handelsverwante Aspekte van die Intellektuele Eiendomsregte Ooreenkoms.
Wyn en vonkelwyn kwotas wat deur die Europese Unie aan Suid Afrika toegestaan is,
beloop 79 persent van die uitvoere na die Europese Unie. Suid Afrika het die Europese
Unie In kwota van 0.26 miljoen liter vir vonkelwyn en 1 miljoen kwota vir gebottelde
wyn toegestaan. Voorts sal Suid Afrika die terme "port", "sherry", "grappa", "ouzo",
"kom" , "jagertee" and "pacharan" met die ooreengekome peri odes uitfaseer. Die aspek
sal egter na die WHO geneem word vir In finale beslissing. Die Europese Unie het
ooreengekom om aan Suid Afrika In tarief vrye kwota vir wyn toe te staan, maar het dit
opgehef tot tyd en wyl die Wyn en Spiritualie ooreenkoms onderteken is. Die Europese
Unie sal ook finansiele ondersteuning van 15 miljoen ECU skenk om die Suid Afrikaanse
Wyn en Spiritualiee industrie te help hestruktureer.
Suid Afrikaanse Landbou sal notisie moet neem van die konstante verandering in die
intemasionale bemarkingsomgewing. Die Vrye Handelsooreenkoms wat geteken is met
die Europese Unie, open nuwe markte en sal bestaande markte bevorder. Hierdie
geleenthede moet benut word. Dit is baie belangrik dat elke rolspeler sy vlak van
kompeterende vermoe moet evalueer, om so sy eie siening oor die ooreenkoms te kan
uitspreek.
Hieruit is die boodskap dus baie duidelik:
Landbou produksie met In intemasionale handels uitkyk, is die enigste volhoubare pad
om te volg.
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The EU-SA wine and spirits agreement : implications for South AfricaVan Wyk, J. T. (Jacobus Tertius) 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: During the negotiating stages of the TOCA, the EU and South Africa could not
reach an agreement on the use of certain EU geographical indications related
to wine products. The geographical indication issue threatened the signing of
the entire TOCA. At the request of the EU, South Africa agreed to negotiate a
separate Wine and Spirits Agreement, in order to finalise the TOCA.
The EU-SA Wine and Spirits Agreement was eventually negotiated and came
into effect on 1 January 2002. The initial issue relating to the geographical
indications remained controversial throughout the negotiations and matters
were made worst when the initial contentious denominations of Port and
Sherry were expanded by the EU to include Grappa, Ouzo, Korn, Kornbrand,
Jagertee, Jaqertee, Jagatee and Pacharan. South Africa eventually agreed to
phase out the use of these denominations over specified time periods.
The current wording of the agreement will also result in South Africa having to
yield a variety of well known trade marks such as Nederburg and Roodeberg.
Article 7(8) of the Wine Agreement implies that in the case of conflict between
a South African wine trade mark and an EU geographical indication for wine,
the South African trade mark will always have to yield to the EU geographical
indication. The entire geographical indication matter is being contested by
South Africa and is still under negotiation. South Africa and the EU agreed to allocate reciprocal duty free tariff quotas to
wine products. These tariff quotas will remain effective until the FTA has been
established, following the transitional periods as agreed upon in the TOGA.
The duty free funds will however not have such a direct impact on the wine
industry as have been envisaged initially, because the funds are in the hands
of the EU importers. Various business plans are being implemented to allow
the South African wine industry to benefit from these and any future funds.
The EU offered financial assistance to the value of €15 million for the
restructuring of the South African wine industry as well as for the marketing of
the South African wine and spirits products. To date none of these funds have
been allocated and various proposals have been made to the South African
government in order to obtain these funds from the EU.
The EU-SA Wine and Spirits Agreement is a continuous evolving agreement,
where both parties are allowed to modify the existing agreement with the
consent of the other party. Such modifications are allowed with the premise
that it would contribute to the facilitation and promotion of trade in wine and
spirits products between South Africa and the EU.
South Africa must take cognisance of the implications of the
EU-SA Wine and Spirits Agreement and ensure that they do not end up
losing more than what they are gaining. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING:
Sien volteks vir opsomming
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The trade, development and cooperation agreement between the Republic of South Africa and the European Union : an analysis with special regard to the negotiating process, the contents of the agreement, the applicability of WTO law and the Port and Sherry AgreementVolz, Eckehard 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (LLM)--University of Stellenbosch, 1999. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis deals with the Trade, Development and Cooperation Agreement (TDCA)
between the European Union and the Republic of South Africa, which was concluded
in October 1999. In particular, the agreement is analysed in the light of the
negotiating process between the parties, the contents of the agreement, the
applicability of WTO law and the compatibility of the agreement with it and the Port
and Sherry Agreement.
Since the EU emphasised its aim to commence economic and development
cooperation with other African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries on a reciprocal
basis during the negotiations for a successor of the Lomé Convention, the TDCA
between the EU and South Africa had to be seen as a "pilot project" for future
cooperation agreements between countries at different levels of development. The
TDCA between the EU and South Africa is therefore not only very important for the
two concerned parties, but could serve as an example for further negotiations
between the EU and other ACP countries. Thus the purpose of this thesis is to
examine the TDCA between the EU and South Africa from a wider global
perspective.
The thesis is divided into six Chapters:
The first Chapter provides an introduction to the circumstances under which the
negotiations between the EU and South Africa commenced. It deals briefly with the
economic situation in South Africa during the apartheid era and presents reasons
why the parties wanted to enter into bilateral negotiations. The introductory part
furthermore presents an overview of the contents of the thesis.
The second chapter contains a detailed description of the negotiating process that
took place between the parties and shows why it took 43 months and 21 rounds of
negotiations to reach a deal. South Africa's partial accession to the Lomé Convention
and the conclusion of separate agreements such as the Wine and Spirits Agreement,
are also analysed. Chapter three presents the various components of the TOCA and illustrates what the
negotiators achieved. This chapter on the TOCA concludes with an evaluation of the
Agreement and shows the potential benefits to South Africa and the EU.
Since the Agreement had to satisfy international rules, the provisions of the General
Agreement on Tariffs and TradelWorld Trade Organisation (GATTIWTO) were of
major importance. The EC Treaty, however, does not contain any provision that
indicates whether, or how, an international agreement like the GATTIWTO penetrates
the Community legal order. In Chapter four, accordingly, questions are raised
regarding the extent to which the bilateral agreement between South Africa and the
EU was influenced by the GATTIWTO provisions and how these rules were
incorporated into the agreement. Furthermore, since the parties agreed on the
establishment of a free trade area, this chapter deals with the question of in how far
the TOCA is in line with Article XXIV GATT.
In addition to the GATT provisions, the TOCA is also affected by the Agreement on
Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs). Therefore Chapter five
deals with TRIPs in connection with the TOCA. The use of the terms "Port" and
"Sherry" as the major stumbling block to the conclusion of the TOCA is analysed
more closely.
The final part, namely Chapter six, provides a summary of the results of the
investigation. Furthermore, a conclusion is provided with regard to the question of
whether the TOeA can be seen as an example for further trade relations between the
EU and other ACP countries. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis is gerig op die Handels-, Ontwikkelings- en Samewerkingsooreenkoms
(TDGA) tussen die Europese Unie (EU) en die Republiek van Suid Afrika wat in
Oktober 1999 gesluit is. Die ooreenkoms word veral in die lig van die
onderhandelingsproses tussen die partye, die inhoud van die ooreenkoms, die
toepaslikheid van Wêreldhandelsorganisasiereg en die versoenbaarheid daarvan
met die ooreenkoms en die Port en Sjerrie-ooreenkoms ontleed.
Aangesien die EU sy oogmerk van wederkerige ekonomiese en ontwikkelings-gerigte
samewerking met ander lande in Afrika en die Karibiese en Stille Oseaan-Eilande
gedurende die onderhandelings vir 'n opvolger van die Lomé Konvensie beklemtoon
het, moes die ooreenkoms tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika as 'n "loodsprojek" vir
toekomstige samewerkingsooreenkomste tussen lande wat op verskillende vlakke
van onwikkeling is, gesien word. Die Handels-, Ontwikkelings- en
Samewerkingsooreenkoms tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika is dus nie net baie belangrik
vir die betrokke partye nie, maar dit kan ook as 'n voorbeeld vir verdere
onderhandelings tussen die EU en lande van Afrika en die Karibiese- en Stille
Oseaan-Eilande dien. Die doel van dié tesis is om die Handels-, Ontwikkelings- en
Samewekingsooreenkoms tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika vanuit 'n meer globale
perspektief te beskou.
Die tesis is in ses Hoofstukke ingedeel:
Die eerste hoofstuk bied 'n inleiding tot die omstandighede waaronder die
onderhandelings tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika begin het. Dit behandel die Suid-
Afrikaanse ekonomiese situasie onder apartheid kortliks en toon hoekom die partye
tweesydige onderhandelings wou aanknoop. Verder bied die inleidende deel 'n
oorsig oor die inhoud van die tesis.
Die tweede hoofstuk bevat 'n gedetailleerde beskrywing van die
onderhandelingsproses wat tussen die partye plaasgevind het en toon aan waarom
dit drie-en-veertig maande geduur het en een-en-twintig onderhandelingsrondtes
gekos het om die saak te beklink. Suid-Afrika se gedeeltelike toetrede tot die Lomé Konvensie en die sluit van aparte ooreenkomste soos die Port- en Sjerrieooreenkoms
word ook ontleed.
Die daaropvolgende hoofstuk bespreek die verskillende komponente van die
Handels-, Ontwikkelings- en Samewerkingsooreenkoms en toon wat die
onderhandelaars bereik het. Hierdie hoofstuk oor die Ooreenkoms sluit af met 'n
evaluering daarvan en dui die potensiële voordele van die Ooreenkoms vir Suid-
Afrika en die EU aan.
Aangesien die Ooreenkoms internasionale reëls moes tevrede stel, was die
voorskrifte van die Algemene Ooreenkoms oor Tariewe en Handel (GATT) van
uiterste belang. Die EG-verdrag bevat egter geen voorskrif wat aandui óf, of hoé, 'n
internasionale ooreenkoms soos GATTNVTO die regsorde van die Europese
Gemeenskap binnedring nie. Die vraag oor in hoeverre die tweesydige ooreenkoms
tussen Suid-Afrika en die EU deur die GATTIWTO voorskrifte beïnvloed is, en oor
hoe hierdie reëls in die ooreenkoms opgeneem is, word dus in Hoofstuk vier
aangeraak. Aangesien die partye ooreengekom het om 'n vrye handeisarea tot stand
te bring, behandel hierdie hoofstuk ook die vraag oor in hoeverre die TOGA met
Artikel XXIV GATT strook.
Tesame met die GATT-voorskrifte word die TOGA ook deur die Ooreenkoms ten
opsigte van Handelsverwante Aspekte van Intellektuele Eiendomsreg (TRIPs)
geraak. Hoofstuk vyf behandel daarom hierdie aspek ten opsigte van die TOGA. Die
gebruik van die terme "Port" en "Sjerrie" as die vernaamste struikelblok tot die sluiting
van die TOG-ooreenkoms word ook deegliker ontleed.
Die laaste gedeelte, naamlik Hoofstuk ses, bied 'n opsomming van die resultate van
die ondersoek. Verder word 'n gevolgtrekking voorsien ten opsigte van vraag of die
TOGA as 'n voorbeeld vir verdere handelsverwantskappe tussen die EU en ander
lande in Afrika en die Karibiese en Stille Oseaan-eilande beskou kan word.
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