En 1870, le département actuel de la Moselle était annexé au nouvel État allemand et devenait l'une des présidences de la Terre d'Empire d'Alsace-Lorraine. Cette incorporation provoqua la mise en œuvre d'une politique d'acculturation à visée identitaire, le germanisation, destinée à faciliter l'intégration des populations lorraines au Reich et à susciter leur adhésion au projet national allemand, en passant par la promotion d'une identité régionale. Néanmoins, dès 1870, au-delà de cette volonté clairement affichée, les objectifs à atteindre firent débat, de même que les analyses, souvent controversées, relatives à l'état d'esprit des indigènes. Or, de ces objectifs et de ces analyses dépendaient les moyens que l'administration mettait en œuvre pour assurer la réussite de sa politique d'acculturation. «La» germanisation ne fut donc pas une construction consensuelle, dont les objectifs et les moyens furent une fois pour toute fixés au début de l'annexion. Cette politique et ses inflexions sont ici essentiellement abordées à travers les évolutions du milieu associatif. Cette forme de sociabilité, alors en plein essor, constitue en effet un observatoire privilégié d'analyse des politiques, des pratiques et des représentations culturelles. Elle se situe dans un espace particulier, fruit des aspirations de la population pour certaines pratiques culturelles, mais également résultat d'une réglementation révélatrice de la politique culturelle à visée identitaire d'un État national. Elle témoigne aussi plus généralement du rapport complexe qui existait entre État et espace public des opinions, au moment où la société se démocratisait et entrait dans l'ère de la culture de masse / In 1870, the present department of Moselle was annexed to the newly-created German state and became one of presidencies of the Reichsland of Alsace-Lorraine. This transfer of territory triggered the implementation of a policy of acculturation which aimed at germanising the population and, in this way, was meant to ease the integration of the people of Lorraine to the Reich and to make them subscribe to the national German project, promoting a regional identity in passing. However, from 1870, beyond this declared will, the objectives to reach were much debated, as were the controversial analyses of the state of mind of the locals. Now, the means that the administration would implement to ensure the success of its policy of acculturation depended on these very objectives and analyses. «The» germanisation was therefore not a consensual construction whose objectives and means would have been decided in the early period of annexion. This policy and its changes will be principally dealt with through the evolutions of the associative field. This form of sociability, which was then booming, represents a privileged analytical observatory of the time's cultural policies, practices and representations. It takes place in a particular area, the result of the people's aspirations for some cultural practices but also of rules which are the pointer of the identity-designed cultural policy of a national state. Besides, it more generally testifies to the intricate relationship between the state and public opinion, in a time when society was getting more democratic and was entering the age of mass culture

This study investigates the role of perceptual distinctiveness in consonant inventories. While distinctiveness appears to play a role in the shaping of vowel systems, a literature review indicates that its status in consonant selections remains unclear. To address this issue I used speech materials recorded by a trained phonetician containing 35 CV syllables with seven places of articulation (bilabial, dental, alveolar, retroflex, palatal, velar and uvular) and five vowels: [i] [[epsilon]] [a] [[backwards c]] and [u]. Detailed acoustic measurements were performed: formant patterns at vowel onsets (loci) and vowel midpoints, transitions rates and burst spectra. To validate the speech material, comparisons were made with published data and with formant frequencies derived by means of an articulatory model. Perceptual data were collected on these 35 syllables. Multiple Regression analyses were performed with the coded dissimilarities as the dependent variable and with (combinations of) formant-based distances, time constant differences and burst differences as the independent variables. The results indicated that acoustic measurements could be successfully used to help explain listener responses. Optimal place sets were obtained from a rank ordering of the CV syllables with respect to 'individual salience' (defined as the sum of a syllable's perceptual distance to other places in the same vowel context) and from a replication of the Liljencrants & Lindblom systemic criterion of maximizing distances within all vowel pairs. Instead of the typologically prevalent pattern of [b d g], predictions were found to be vowel-dependent and to often favor CV:s located at the 'corners' of the acoustic F3-F2 space, viz., uvular, palatal and retroflex. This finding leads to a conclusion that distinctiveness alone is unlikely to account for how languages use place of articulation in voiced stops. For more successful attempts, future work should be directed towards defining and incorporating production constraints such as 'ease of articulation'.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

La présente thèse questionne, sur le fondement des hypothèses de l’interface directe (Scheer 2011, Lowenstamm 1999, Guerssel&Lowenstamm 1990) et du minimalisme non lexicaliste (Halle&Marantz 1993), l’importance de l’information suprasegmentale (Leben 1973) en morphologie. Elle croise, pour ce faire, la phénoménologie de début de mot en bamun (Niger-Congo, EasternGrassfields Bantu, Nun) (Hyman&Voorhoeve 1980), une langue à classes nominales parlée au Cameroun, et la relation d’accord entre affixes de classes nominales et racine.Un fil conducteur, la nasalité, permet de remonter le cours de la dérivation des formes nominales du bamun construites à partir d’une racine postulée a-catégorielle (Acquaviva 2009) et de têtes fonctionnelles (Marantz 1997). Au travers de la sélection allophonique des segments en C1 et de la sélection allomorphique du préfixe nominal, on voit que son mode d’ancrage sur le palier métrique via un pied iambique (Hayes 1985) et la façon dont elle investit la position forte (Ségéral & Scheer 2001) du palier squelettal, déterminent la configuration du gabarit nominal en bamun. Ce qui fait du syncrétisme genre-nombre-diminutif observé dans ces formes nominales plus une conséquence de la dissimilation segmentale, à l’origine de la nature tonale du pluriel morphologique, que le résultat d’une opération d’appauvrissement (Bonet 1991) qui effacerait totalement l’information du genre. Celle-ci peut ne pas être exprimée, et est alors marquée par un diminutif à lecture référentielle, phonétiquement réalisée sur l’unité CV-initiale, posée comme existante et jamais licenciée dans une langue pourtant à groupe consonantique exclusivement de type Sonorant-Obstruante comme se révèle être le bamun. / The following thesis investigates, built on the direct interface hypothesis (Scheer 2011, Lowenstamm 1999, Guerssel & Lowenstamm 1990) and the non-lexicalist minimalist view of the grammar (Halle & Marantz 1993), the importance of suprasegmental information (Leben 1973) in morphology. It crosses, for this purpose, the phenomenology of the left margin of nouns in Bamum (Niger-Congo, Bantu Grassfields, EasternGrassfields Bantu, Nun) (Hyman & Voorhoeve 1980), a noun class language spoken in Cameroon, and the agreement relationship between noun class affixes and the root.Nasality, a peculiar feature in the language, is used to trace the course of the derivation of Bamum nouns constructed from a postulated a-categorial root (Acquaviva 2009) and functional heads (Marantz 1997). Through the allophonic selection of segments in C1 and the allomorphic selection of the nominal prefix, we see that its mode of anchoring on the metrical tier via an iambic foot (Hayes 1985) and the way it invests the strong position (Ségéral & Scheer 2001) on the skeletal tier, determine the configuration of the bamum nominal template. Thus, the observed gender-number-diminutive syncretism in these nominal forms is more a consequence of a segmental dissimilation, at the origin of the tonal nature of the morphological plural, than the result of an operation of impoverishment (Bonet 1991) which will completely delete the information of gender. When not expressed, gender is marked by a diminutive morpheme with referential reading, which occupies the initial CV site, proven existing and never licensed in Bamum, a not so hypothetical language of exclusively Nasal-Obstruent initial clusters.

No description available.

This dissertation focuses on 2 parts: 1) Whether evidence-based guidelines are recognized and integrated into clinical practice in primary care and 2) Whether a university course aimed at teaching physical therapists to identify and address evidence-based psychosocial factors in primary care might change practice behaviour and patient outcome. To this end practising clinicians were surveyed and a course for physical therapists was developed.Concerning the first part, we showed that a relatively large proportion of clinicians in primary care were unfamiliar with the content of evidence-based guidelines and/or with the concept of “Red flags”. Yet, concerning the self-reported practice behaviour, the majority indicated they followed the key points in the guidelines. To enhance the impact of guidelines, interventions or tactics for teaching and implementing guidelines should include interactive education,discussion, feedback, and reminders which in research have shown to enhance knowledge,skills and change behaviour. Furthermore, the clinical applicability of the guidelines needs to be further developed. We could also show that psychosocial factors were integrated up to a certain point and that physical therapists in primary care were well aware of the importance of psychosocial risk factors, but it seemed physical therapists lack specificity about which factors are important. Physical therapists may have heard about risk factors but probably did not have a clear model or structure about how these factors work.Concerning the second part, the results showed that we, by means of a university course, managed to change attitudes and beliefs, increase knowledge, skills and competencies towards a more biopsychosocial standpoint. But despite these changes, the results did not show a behavioural change on behalf of the physical therapists or a better outcome for patients at risk of longterm pain and disability. Several possible explanations for this are discussed. First, the content of the course should be changed so it focuses more on behavioural change on behalf of the physical therapists. This would facilitate implementation of new behaviour in clinical practice and increase the likelihood that the new behaviour is maintained and thereby the possibility of improved patient outcome. Second, treating patients at risk for long-term pain and disability may also be too difficult for a single physical therapist in a clinical setting. This would imply large changes in the way patients are directed through the health care system compared to now. The main tasks of the physical therapists in primary care would then be to select patients at risk for long-term pain and disability. They would then treat the patients not at risk and refer the patients at risk for long-term pain and disability to more suitable treatment, for example CBT treatment delivered by a psychologist or multimodal treatment delivered by a team of experts.Since risk patients experience most suffering and are the most costly for the health care system, it is important they get the appropriate treatment at the earliest possible opportunity.In summary, this dissertation shows that integrating psychosocial factors in physical therapy is not an easy task.

The bacterium Ideonella dechloratans is a chlorate dissimilating bacteria that contains two enzymesnecessary for the dissimilation, chlorate reductase and chlorite dismutase. The means to regulate chlorite dismutase has previously been reported. However, the mechanism for chlorate reductase and its operon is still not know. The aim of this study was to develop the understanding of this complex mechanism. In order to investigate the potential important factors three intergenic sections upstream chlorate reductase was amplified. It was then inserted into a promoterless reporter vector that expresses the gene for β-galactosidase when a functioning promoter region is inserted. The activity of an inserted region can be measured using a β-galactosidase assay that hydrolyses a substrate resulting in a chromophore that can be measured using spectrophotometry. The three upstream regions inserted into the promoterless vector showed no increased activity compared to background signal from the backbone plasmid. This indicates that the regulation of the operon is complex. The host Escherichia coli strain RM101 may have been a bad host for the experimental setup or the selected region inserted into the reporter vector did not contain the sequences necessary for transcription and regulation. This work also suggests six potential promoter regions found in the intergenic section along with two possible binding sites for the NnrR transcription factor. / Bakterien Ideonella dechloratans är en kloratnedbrytande bakterie som innehåller två enzymer nödvändiga för nedbrytningen, kloratreduktas och kloritdismutas. Regleringen av kloritdismutas har tidigare rapporterats, dock är mekanismen för kloratreduktas och dess operon fortfarande okänt. Syftet med det här arbetet är att utveckla förståelsen för denna komplexa mekanism. För att undersöka de potentiellt viktiga faktorerna för regleringen amplifierades tre sekvenser uppströms genen för kloratreduktas. De fördes in i en reportervektor som saknar en funktionell promotor uppströms genen β-galaktosidas. Aktiviteten hos införda sekvenser kan mätas vid analys av aktivitet hos β-galaktosidas som hydrolyserar ett substrat vilket ger en produkt som är en kromofor som sedan kan mätas via spektrofotometri. De tre uppströmsregionerna som analyserades visade ingen ökad aktivitet jämfört med bakgrundssignalen från reportervektorn utan promotor. Detta indikerar att regleringen är komplex för kloratreduktas och dess operon. Värdcellen Escherichia coli RM101 kan ha varit en dålig värdstamför experimentuppställningen eller så saknades nödvändiga sekvenser för transkription och reglering i regionerna som infogats i reportervektorn. Det här arbetet föreslår sex möjliga promotorsekvenser som finns uppströms kloratreduktas tillsammans med två möjliga bindningsäten för transkriptionsfaktorn NnrR.