MMA (mixed martial arts) has expanded globally as entertainment, training and competition in recent years. MMA is a sport where techniques such as punches, kicks, throws and joints are used to defeat the opponent in unarmed close combat. Standing techniques such as punches and kicks are of great importance in sports and coaches / athletes strive to develop efficient techniques. The study investigates how UFC athletes work with distance moves relative to each other in knockout or tech knockout matches, comparisons were also made between a heavier and an easier weight class to detect any differences in behavior. Data was collected through a match observation where a total of 50 matches from the MMA event were collected with reverse chronological order starting from fight night Johnson VS Reis. The results showed that there were differences between movement and non-occupation at KO / TKO, but also that they were not significant. The same conclusion was made for comparisons between the weight classes. When there was an individual move, it was most common for it to move forward and the most common movement between athletes was forwards. Handling of dynamic and static distances is likely to have impact on elite athletes within MMA, but the results show that the difference between athletes in different weight classes is not significant and is likely to be affected to an equal extent by individual athletes' skills. / Kampsporten MMA (mixed martial arts) har expanderat globalt som underhållning, träning och tävling under de senaste åren. MMA är en sport där tekniker som slag, sparkar, kast och ledlås används för att besegra motståndaren i obeväpnad närkamp. Stående tekniker som slag och spark är av stor vikt inom sporten och tränare/atleter strävar efter att utveckla dessa tekniker på effektivaste sätt. Studien undersöker hur atleter inom UFC arbetar med distanshantering i förhållande till varandra vid matcher som avgjordes med knockout eller tekniskknockout, jämförelser gjordes också mellan en tyngre och en lättare viktklass för att påvisa eventuella skillnader i beteende. Data samlades in genom en matchobservation där totalt 50 matcher från MMA event samlades in med omvänd kronologisk ordning med start från galan fight night Johnson VS Reis. Resultatet visade att det fanns skillnader mellan rörelse och ickerörelse vid KO/TKO, men också att dessa inte var signifikanta. Samma slutsats gällde vid jämförelser mellan viktklasserna. När det skedde en enskild rörelse var det vanligaste att den skedde framåt och den vanligaste rörelsekombinationen mellan atleterna var framåt-framåt. Hantering av dynamisk och statiskdistans har med stor sannolikhet en betydande inverkan för elitatleter inom MMA, men resultatet visar att skillnaden mellan atleter i olika viktklasser inte är signifikant och påverkas troligen i lika stor utsträckning av individuella färdigheter hos atleterna.

In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, more companies are allowing their employees to work from home and consequently, impacts leadership. The purpose of this study is to investigate how managers in IT consultancies have experienced distance management during COVID-19 and what their key takeaways for the post-COVID-19 era are. The thesis has used a case study consisting of seven case companies, to answer the research question where the focus is on carefully selected managers as interview persons. Furthermore, with the help of a systematic literature review we have identified five main areas which are the basis for our theoretical framework. Throughout the study, the collected data is related to five main areas, which are: leadership, communication, trust, collaboration, and meetings. The key takeaways are the difficulties of leading a team over distance. Communication is more important than ever. How you best create a trustworthy workplace where the staff stands firm, trusts each other as well as maintain their cooperation at a distance are important and what approaches should be taken when it comes to virtual meetings. Lastly, this thesis contributes to the theoretical knowledge with the new framework and to the practical knowledge by providing guidelines for managers of virtual teams.

Bakgrund: Målstyrning är ett sätt för organisationer att styra sin verksamhet där arbetet sker stegvis för att avslutningsvis uppnå specifika mål. Covid-19 bidrar till ett utökat distansarbete inom organisationer, vilket bidrar till en utmaning för användandet av målstyrning. Således krävs det en fungerande kommunikation mellan chefer och medarbetare vid en övergång till distansarbete. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att skapa en förståelse för hur ett tillverkande företags chefer arbetar med målstyrning vid en övergång till distansarbete. Problemformuleringar: Hur utformar chefer mål? Hur kommunicerar chefer ut mål? Hur följer chefer upp mål? Hur upplevs målstyrningen inom organisationen? Metod: För denna studie har en fallstudie valts ut som metod vilken genomförts utifrån en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi. Det empiriska materialet samlades in genom att använda semistrukturerade intervjuer. Det totala antalet intervjuer var med sju respondenter från samma företag. Eftersom uppsatsen grundas genom både induktivt och deduktivt inslag tillämpades en abduktiv ansats. Slutsats: Utifrån studien konstateras att vid en övergång till distansarbete för chefer inom ett tillverkande företag upplevs inte målstyrning vara en komplett styrform och behöver därav kompletteras med andra medel. Vidare fastställdes konsekvensen av övergången till distansarbete underlättade för autonomi och kontroll att existera under en längre tid i ett tillverkande företag till följd av användandet av digitala kommunikationsmedel. / Background: Management by objectives is a way for organizations to control their operations within the organization to ensure work through stages to achieve specific goals. Covid-19 conducts an increase in telework within organizations, which contributes to a challenge for the use of management by objectives. Thus, this leads to effective communication is required between managers and employees when switching to teleworking. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to create an understanding of how managers within a manufacturing company work with management by objectives during a transition to telework. Research questions: How do managers construct goals? How do managers communicate regarding goals? How do managers follow up on goals? How is management by objectives experienced within the organization? Method: A case study has been selected as a method for this study which has been carried out on the basis of a qualitative research strategy. The empirical material was collected using semi-structured interviews. The total number of interviews was with seven respondents from the same company. Since the essay is based on both inductive and deductive elements, led to an abductive approach was applied. Conclusions: Based on the study, it is established that in a transition to telework for managers within a manufacturing company, make management by objectives to be perceived as a non-complete form of management and therefore needs to be supplemented with other means. Furthermore, the consequence of the transition to telework was made easier for autonomy and control to exist for a longer period of time in a manufacturing company as a result of the use of digital means of communication.

Background: MNEs are more relevant than ever in today’s economy as MNEs stand for one third of global production and 50% of global exports. In Sweden there are roughly 3 958 Swedish owned international companies with at least one subsidiary abroad. As the world has become interconnected and digitalization makes it easier for MNEs to gain customers, the competition has grown tremendously. Subsidiaries within MNEs play a vital role in enhancing competitive advantage through strategic embeddedness and competence development. The vast expansion of MNEs comes of course with problems when expanding quickly and creating subsidiaries. New questions arise as they must choose what market and entry mode they want to conduct, how to utilize, manage, and align the subsidiaries abroad.    Problem: The thesis formulates a research problem by reviewing literature on the topic of internationalization, entry modes, and HQ-subsidiary relationships. It finds that the influence that entry modes have on HQ-subsidiary is an under-researched subject. Most studies on this subject are quantitative studies, so this thesis aims to contribute to the discussion by providing findings from a qualitative approach.   Purpose: The objective of this thesis is to develop insights on relationship dynamics between headquarters and subsidiaries in MNEs, and to illustrate how these interactions vary with the choice of entry strategy.   Research question: “What influences does entry modes have on HQ-subsidiary relationships”.   Method: This thesis adopts a relativist ontology and a social constructionist epistemology. A holistic multiple case study was used, and qualitative data was gathered from four case companies through eleven semi structured interviews. When the data was collected, a thematic analysis was conducted on each of the cases, which generated codes, which are grouped into sub-themes, and then into within-case themes. After this a cross-case analysis was conducted, where the within-case themes were grouped into cross-case themes. These cross-case themes then in the next step turned into the main themes which serve as the foundation for the analysis.    Conclusion: This thesis aimed to explore what influences entry modes has on HQ-Subsidiary relationships, which led to the development of the Jönköping Entry-Relations Model. The research involved discussions with managers at both HQs and subsidiaries, leading to the identification of a process starting from internationalization catalysts to strong relationships and a sense of unity. While entry modes serve as triggers for relationship dynamics, the research found that other factors play a more substantial role in shaping HQ-Subsidiary interactions. Entry modes indirectly influence relationships by presenting challenges that firms must address to foster unity. This thesis contribution to the literature underscores that regardless of entry mode, organizational unity remains the goal. Therefore, while entry modes initiate distinct challenges, they do not directly dictate relationship outcomes.