Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2004. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-129). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Alberta, 2010. / Title from pdf file main screen (viewed on June 9, 2010). A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Animal Science, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta. Includes bibliographical references.

Master of Science / Department of Grain Science and Industry / C.G. Aldrich / Novel ingredients have been a source of innovation and growth in the pet food market. Further, with rising trends in the humanization of pet food, there has been increased competition between the human food systems and pet food industry for high quality ingredients. Next-generation distillers dried grains (NG-DDG) are a sustainable alternative protein source that show a strong potential for use in companion animal diets. The objectives of this work were to determine the effect of NG-DDG on the extrusion of dry kibbles, the utilization of diets by dogs, the palatability of diets by dogs and cats, and to evaluate the amino acid profile and protein quality through a chick growth assay. Corn gluten meal (CGM) and soybean meal (SBM) were used as standards for comparison. Diets were extruded over 3 days in a complete block design. During extrusion, the NG-DDG kibbles had less radial expansion (P<0.05) compared to the CGM and SBM kibbles (2.62 vs. average 3.10 mm²/mm², respectively). The NG-DDG kibble also required a smaller (P<0.05) mass restriction-valve opening to increase die back-pressure. No other differences in extrusion parameters or kibble texture were observed. Twelve beagle dogs were arranged in a 3x3 replicated Latin Square and were each fed the 3 experimental diets to evaluate digestibility by use of titanium dioxide. Diet produced with CGM was more digestible (P<0.05) in terms of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude fat, and gross energy. Additionally, dogs fed NG-DDG diets had larger (P<0.05) fecal mass than both CGM and SBM (55.65 vs 35.91 and 43.25 g/d, respectively), and a higher (P<0.05) fecal score than dogs fed the CGM diet (3.63 vs. 3.27). Diets were fed to both dogs and cats to assess palatability via a two-bowl test. Dogs had a preference (P<0.05) for CGM over SBM and NG-DDG, but cats showed a preference (P<0.05) for SBM and NG-DDG over CGM. To assess protein quality, one-day old chicks (CobbxCobb; n=120) were fed semi-purified diets containing test ingredients at a 10% crude protein inclusion level, as well as spray dried granulated egg (SDG) and a nitrogen-free basal diet (NEG) to serve as positive and negative controls, respectively. Chicks were arranged in a randomized block design with 6 chicks per pen, 1 pen per battery, and 4 pens per treatment. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) of each treatment was calculated as weight gain (g) per protein intake (g). All experimental treatments had a lower (P<0.05) PER value than the positive control. The PER for NG-DDG and CGM did not differ from each other and had the lowest value of all treatments (P<0.05; average 1.17). In summary, next-generation distillers dried grains can be used to make a similar kibble to CGM and SBM, are similar to SBM in terms of digestibility, and would be an acceptable source of protein in companion animal diets when paired with a supplemental protein source.

Four trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of ensiling whole plant maize with wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS) on its preservation and nutritive value. In the first study, WDGS was blended with whole maize plants at 0% (control), 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%, and ensiled for 120 days in bottle silos in a complete randomized design. Fermentation was monitored by taking samples at day 0, 7, 21, 42 and 120. Results showed a steady decrease (P<0.05) in dry matter (DM) concentration with increasing level of WDGS inclusion. Final silage pH was lowest (P<0.05) for the 40% WDGS treatment (pH 3.62) and highest for the 10% WDGS treatment (pH 3.79). There was no effect (P>0.05) of level of WDGS inclusion on initial buffering capacity (day 0), as well as for day 42 and 120 samples. Lactic acid was higher (P<0.05) at day 120 for the control treatment than those blended with WDGS, which did not differ significantly. The concentration of acetic acid was higher value (P<0.05) for silage treatments blended with WDGS than the control, with that of 40% WDGS level of inclusion recording the highest (P<0.05). The control and 40% WDGS treatments had lower (P<0.05) ammonia nitrogen concentration (g/kg N) than the other treatments at day 120. The second trial involved monitoring ruminal fermentation characteristics of cannulated sheep fed three experimental diets. Formulated diets contained maize silage mixed with 24% dried distillers grains with solubles (MS DDGS treatment ), maize silage mixed with 19.5% sunflower oilcake meal (MS SOM treatment), and silage blend of 91% of whole maize plant/9% WDGS (WDGSMS treatment), all on a DM basis, to obtain iso-nutrient diets. The mean value for rumen pH, NH3N and total VFA concentrations among diets did not differ (P>0.05) among treatments. The individual VFA were similar with only butyric acid being lower (P<0.05) in sheep fed WDGSMS. There were no differences in the acetic:propionic acid ratio among treatments. The third trial involved the determination of DM degradability of the three formulated experimental diets using the nylon bag technique. Effective degradability was measured at two outflow rates, 2% and 5%. The diets did not differ (P>0.05) for washing losses (avalue), slowly degradable DM fraction (b-value) and rate of degradation of DM (c-value). Treatment MS SOM recorded the highest effective degradability with MS DDGS having the lowest at 2% outflow rate. The effective degradability value at 5% outflow rate for WDGSMS was not significantly different from that of MS SOM and MS DDGS, which differed significantly. In the final study, experimental diets were fed to three groups of eight lambs in a growth performance trial. The groups offered MS DDGS and MS SOM had superior (P<0.05) final mass (g/head), average daily intake (gDM/kg0.75) and average daily gain (g/head/day), than those offered WDGSMS. The feed conversion ratio did not differ (P>0.05) among all treatments. / Dissertation (MSc(Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted

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Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Joe D. Hancock / Twelve experiments were completed to evaluate corn- and sorghum-distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in diets for nursery and finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, corn-DDGS had 223 kcal/kg greater DE than sorghum-DDGS (P<0.02). In Exp. 2, pigs fed a corn-soy control diet had greater ADG, nutrient digestibility, HCW, and dressing percentage (P<0.02) and lower iodine value (IV) of jowl fat (P<0.001) than pigs fed diets with 40% DDGS. High-energy DDGS supported lower ADG, ADFI, and digestibility of DM (P<0.06) than moderate-energy DDGS, and sorghum-DDGS resulted in lower IV than corn-DDGS (P<0.001). In Exp. 3 and 4, addition of sodium bicarbonate to adjust dietary pH and electrolyte balance did not improve growth performance in nursery or finishing pigs (P>0.16) and adding molasses to improve palatability decreased (P<0.05) G:F for finishing gilts. In Exp. 5 and 6, enzyme additions improved nutrient digestibility in nursery (P<0.04) and finishing (P<0.01) pigs fed diets with high inclusion of DDGS. In Exp. 7, expander processing improved (P<0.02) ADG, G:F, and digestibility of DM, N, GE, and cellulose compared with standard steam conditioning of diets for nursery pigs, with the greatest response in G:F for pigs fed sorghum-DDGS (DDGS source × conditioning; P<0.02). In Exp. 8 and 9, expander conditioning improved G:F and dressing percentage (P<0.007) and digestibility of DM, N, and GE compared with standard conditioning (P<0.02), with the greatest response in digestibility of DM for the DDGS diets (diet × conditioning, P<0.01). In Exp. 10, 11, and 12, increasing tallow from 0 to 5% in diets with 40% DDGS improved (P<0.05) G:F. Dressing percentage was improved with addition of tallow and palm oil (P<0.08), but IV become worse (linear, P<0.06) as tallow was increased in the diet. Adding coconut oil improved growth performance and carcass firmness in pigs fed diets with 40% DDGS (P<0.01). In conclusion, growth performance and nutrient digestibility decreased with addition of DDGS to diets for nursery and finishing pigs. However, adding enzymes partially restored nutrient digestibility; expander conditioning improved G:F, dressing percentage, and nutrient digestibility; and adding coconut oil to diets with 40% DDGS improved G:F and carcass firmness.

Master of Science / Department of Agronomy / Scott A. Staggenborg / With the increase in bio-energy production there is also an increase in by-products. Without proper disposal, these by-products might cause future economic and/or ecological problems. Land application has potential as a disposal and/or nutrient cycling method if these by-products have nutritive value for agricultural crops. The purpose of the study was to compare the use of two by-products of bio-energy production, dry distillers grains (ethanol) and charcoal(pyrolysis), as fertilizer with urea in corn (Zea mays L.). The experiment consisted of four location-years in Kansas. Treatments were dry distiller’s grains (DDG) no-till and tilled for four location-years and char no-till and tilled for three location-years. No-till urea was used as a baseline for comparison at all location-years. The Nitrogen rates ranged from 45 to 180 kg N ha-1. All source material was spring applied before tillage and planting. The corn yields for DDGs and urea were the almost the same across tillage treatments and locations. For DDG no-till, DDG tilled, and urea, the rates at which to achieve the same yields were 97, 111, 78 kg N ha-1, respectively. Corn yields for char at all rates and tillage treatments were the same as no fertilizer. The char, because of immobilization or lack of decomposition, did not contribute to the nitrogen needs of the corn. Neither material showed any inhibitory or otherwise negative effects on the corn in terms of grain yield compared with the control. But both DDGs and char had to have large amounts of material applied to achieve the same amount of nitrogen as urea. Land application of DDGs and char has potential merit for disposal/nitrogen cycling with DDGs being preferred for its nitrogen contribution.

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Terry A. Houser / The objectives of this study were to determine the impact of 0 and 20% dried distillers grains with soluble (DDGS) and increasing levels of glycerol (0, 2.5 and 5%) in grow-finishing rations on bacon quality and to determine the relationship between belly firmness and slicing yield for commercially produced bacon. A total of 84 barrows (PIC, initially 31.03 kg) were fed corn-soybean meal-based diets organized in a 2 x 3 factorial with primary effects of DDGS (0 or 20%) and glycerol (0, 2.5, or 5%) as fed. Belly length was measured from flank end to blade end. Belly thickness was measured at eight locations evenly spaced around the perimeter of the belly. Belly firmness was measured by centering bellies perpendicularly (skin side up and skin side down) over a stainless steel smokestick and measuring the flex between the edges on the ventral and dorsal edges of the belly. Bellies were injected at 12% of the skinned belly weight resulting in a final concentration of 1.74% salt, 0.5% sugar, 0.3% sodium phosphate, 120 ppm sodium nitrite, and 500 ppm sodium erythorbate in the bellies. Bellies were cooked to an internal temperature of 53oC, chilled, pressed and sliced for evaluation. Belly slice yield was calculated by determining the yield of #1 type bacon slices. Proximate analysis and fatty acid analysis were evaluated by taking every 10th bacon slice beginning from the caudal end to make a composite sample for each belly. Iodine value was calculated using the resulting fatty acid content results. Twenty bacon slices were removed from the belly one-third the length of the belly from the cranial end for sensory analysis and cooking yields. Sensory characteristics were evaluated on an 8-point scale for brittleness, bacon flavor intensity, saltiness and off-flavor. There were no significant DDGS x glycerol interactions on any parameters measured (P > 0.08). Inclusion of 20% DDGS in pig diets decreased belly firmness (P < 0.04) as measured by the belly flop fat side down method. Twenty percent DDGS decreased the percentage of myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, vaccenic acid, total saturated fatty acids, and total monounsaturated fatty acids (P < 0.01). In contrast, 20% DDGS increased the percentage of linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, eicosadienoic acid, total polyunsaturated fatty acids and decreased unsaturated: saturated fatty acid ratios, polyunsaturated: saturated fatty acid ratios, and iodine values (P < 0.01). Statistical correlation analysis of belly processing characteristics showed that by increasing belly weight there will be an increase in smokehouse yields (R = 0.81), increasing smokehouse yields will increase slice yield (R = 0.71), increasing belly thickness results in firmer bellies (R = 0.94) and increasing belly firmness will increase slice yields (R = 0.60). Fatty acid content did not correlate with any belly processing characteristic (R < 0.50). Iodine values were highly correlated with Total MUFA (R = 0.83) Total PUFA (R = 0.79), Total TFA (R = 0.75), and UFA: SFA ratio, and PUFA: SFA ratios (R = 0.83). The inclusion of 0, 2.5 and 5% glycerol in swine diets did not affect any measured parameters in this study. In conclusion, feeding DDGS at a level of 20% decreased belly firmness and changed the fatty acid profile; however, it did not affect belly processing or sensory characteristics. Glycerol fed at 2.5 or 5.0% did not affect belly quality, fatty acid profile, or sensory characteristics of bacon.

Grãos secos de destilaria com solúveis (DDGS) são uma fonte alternativa protéica e energética, de baixo custo se comparado com a farinha de peixe e o farelo de soja. Neste estudo avaliou-se a influência dos diferentes níveis de DDGS no desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo de lambari-de-rabo amarelo, bem como analisou-se a viabilidade econômica deste produto. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado composto de 4 tratamentos (níveis de DDGS) e 4 repetições. Foram elaboradas dietas contendo 0%, 10%, 20% e 30%, de DDGS em substituição parcial e total do farelo de soja e quirera de arroz. Um total de 2400 alevinos de lambari foram estocados em 16 tanques de 500L, contendo biofiltro e um sistema individual de recirculação de água, à densidade de 0,3 peixes/ L. Os peixes foram alimentados 4 vezes ao dia no primeiro mês e 2 vezes nos meses subsequentes durante 150 dias, à taxa diária do arraçoamento de 5% de peso vivo. Mensalmente os peixes foram pesados e no final determinou-se os parâmetros produtivos tais como: ganho de peso, índice de conversão alimentar, taxa de sobrevivência, taxa de crescimento específico, taxa de eficiência protéica, índice de crescimento instantâneo, taxa de ganho de peso, fator de condição corporal e composição química do corpo inteiro e do músculo. Após o período de alimentação foram determinados os seguintes parâmetros reprodutivos: índice gonadossomático, volume dos ovos, fertilidade inicial, fertilidade inicial relativa, taxa de fertilidade, índice de desova, fertilidade final, fertilidade final relativa, taxa de eclosão e sobrevivência, diâmetro dos ovos e do vitelo e comprimento das larvas. Foi feita a histologia das gônadas das fêmeas e dos machos e avaliação do sêmen. Também se analisou a viabilidade do uso do DDGS. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (&alpha; = 0,05), à regressão e teste de tendência, e para a comparação das médias de viabilidade económica utilizou-se o teste Tukey por meio do programa SAS. A adição de DDGS não afetou os parâmetros produtivos (P &GT; 0,05), exceto para a matéria mineral do músculo (P &LT; 0,05). Ocorreram diferenças (P &LT; 0,05) para fertilidade inicial, peso, comprimento total e padrão dos machos. Histologicamente não se evidenciou diferenças entre as estruturas morfológicas dos ovários, nos testículos dos peixes alimentados com dieta de 30% de DDGS apresentaram células espermáticas abundantes, portanto o desenvolvimento gonadal não foi influenciado negativamente pelo DDGS. Economicamente as dietas contendo DDGS (10, 20 e 30%) foram respetivamente 2; 7 e 11% menos onerosas do que a dieta com farelo de soja e quirera de arroz. As médias do custo do ganho não diferiram (P &GT; 0,05) entre si, indicando que se pode substituir o farelo de soja e quirera de arroz com o DDGS sem grandes prejuízos no desempenho e a baixo custo de alimentação. / Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is a protein and energy source alternative, is used to formulate diets to feed fishes in replecement of fish meal and soya, and the cost is low. This research was carried out to investigate the influence of dietary inclusion of DDGS levels on growth and reprodution performance and evaluate its economical value of lambari. The experimental delineament were four isonitrogenous diets were formulated that contain 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% of DDGS in substituation of soja meal and broken rice. A total of 2400 lambari were stored in 16 tanks 500L, provided with a biofilter and a single system of water recirculation, density were 0,3 fish / L. During 150 days the groups of fish were fed with experimental diets until visual satiety four times per day for the first month and twice in the remaining months, the daily rate of feeding were 5% of body weight. Each month the fish were weighed for determination of production parameters such as: weight gain, feed conversion rate, survival rate, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, instantaneous growth rate, weight gain rate, condition factor physical and chemical composition of the whole body and muscle. After the feeding period terminated reproductive parameters such as: gonadossomatic index, egg volume, initial fertility, relative initial fertility, fertility rate, spawning rate, final fertility, final relative fertility, hatching and survival rate, diameter of eggs and length of the larvae. It was made the histology of the gonads (females and males) and semen evaluation. Also analyzed the economic viability of using DDGS in the diets. The data were subjected to ANOVA, regression and trend test, economical value analised by Turkey test (&alpha; = 0,05). Addition of DDGS did not affect the productive parameters (P &GT; 0,05) except for the mineral of muscle (P &LT; 0,05). There were differences (P &LT; 0,05) in initial fertility (FI), weight, total and pattern length of males. Histologically no detectable morphological differences between the structures of the ovaries, but testes of fish fed with diet of 30% DDGS showed abundant sperm cells, therefore gonadal development was not negatively influenced by the DDGS. Economically diets containing DDGS (10, 20 and 30%) were respectively 2; 7:11% cheaper than the diet with soy meal and broken rice. The cost gain was no significant (P &GT; 0.05). The result from this resarch shows that DDGS can replace soybean meal and broken rice without major losses in performance and low cost supply.