Distúrbios no padrão do sono são sintomas comuns em pacientes com câncer e a literatura pertinente é escassa. Sabe-se que suas conseqüências são fortemente relacionadas à qualidade de vida dos sobreviventes do câncer. Objetivo: avaliar o padrão do sono em pacientes cirúrgicos oncológicos após a alta hospitalar e relacioná-lo com as dimensões da qualidade de vida. Método: estudo de pesquisa exploratória com delineamento observacional-transversal, realizado em 46 pacientes com diagnóstico de câncer, submetidos a procedimento cirúrgico nas especialidades de cabeça e pescoço e de urologia, no período de um até o sexto mês de pósoperatório. As entrevistas foram realizadas no ambulatório da Associação de Combate ao Câncer do Brasil Central, localizada na cidade de Uberaba MG, após assinatura do termo de consentimento. Para obtenção dos dados foram utilizados três questionários: instrumento A, para obter características sociais e clínicas dos pacientes; Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburg PSQI, utilizado na mensuração da qualidade subjetiva do sono e para a ocorrência de seus distúrbios; European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 itens (EORTC-QLQ-C30), para abordar os aspectos relacionados com a qualidade de vida no câncer. A consistência interna das escalas do PSQI e do EORTC foi verificada por meio do Coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach. Para este estudo, adotou-se p value inferior a 0,05 como estatisticamente significante. Resultados e Discussão: os procedimentos cirúrgicos na área de Cabeça e Pescoço corresponderam a 30,4% (14) dos pacientes e os da Urologia, a 69,6% (32). A confiabilidade alfa de Cronbach da escala do PSQI e do EORTC foi 0,794 e 0,8139, respectivamente. A correlação de Pearson entre o Estado Geral de Saúde (EGS) do EORTC e o escore global do PSQI foi r=-0,339 e entre o escore global do PSQI e o domínio de insônia do EORTC, de r= 0,710. Em relação às respostas fornecidas pelos entrevistados, observou-se: 73,9% possuem comprometimento da qualidade subjetiva do sono; os itens estatisticamente significantes para os dados sociodemográficos e clínicos, em relação ao escore global do PSQI, foram a renda, a escolaridade e o local do câncer; para os domínios do EORTC, em relação ao escore global do PSQI, foram o EGS, desempenho de papel, função social, dispnéia, fadiga, insônia e dificuldade financeira. Considerações: distúrbios no padrão do sono são freqüentes em sobreviventes do câncer e aceita-se que geralmente levam a problemas crônicos, que interferem diretamente na qualidade de vida. Espera-se que este estudo sensibilize a equipe de enfermagem, quanto à necessidade de investigar possíveis causas para distúrbios no padrão do sono em sobreviventes e conseguir implementar cuidados necessários para garantir melhor qualidade de vida. / sleep pattern disturbances are common in patients with cancer and pertinent references are scarce. It is known that their consequences are closely related to quality of life of cancer survivors. Objective: to evaluate the sleep pattern of surgical oncology patients after hospital discharge and to relate it with quality of life dimensions. Method: exploratory research with transversal-observational design, in 46 postoperative head & neck and urology cancer patients, one to six months after the operation. Outpatient interviews were made in the Associação de Combate ao Câncer do Brasil Central, located in the city of Uberaba MG, after obtention of signed consent form. Data were collected by use of three questionnaires: instrument A, to obtain social characteristics and patients\' clinical information; Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index PSQI, for evaluation of subjective quality of sleep and for occurrence of sleep disturbances; European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 itens (EORTC-QLQ-C30), to register aspects related to cancer quality of life. The internal consistency of the scales of PSQI and of EORTC was verified by means of Cronbach\'s Alpha Coefficient. For this study, p values lower than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results and Discussion: surgical procedures of Head and Neck corresponded to 30.4% (14) of the patients, compared to 69.6% (32) for Urology. Cronbach\'s alpha reliability of the scales of PSQI and EORTC were 0.794 and 0.8139, respectively. Pearson\'s Correlation between General Health Condition (EGS) of EORTC and global PSQI score was r=-0.339, and between global PSQI score and the insomnia domain of EORTC was r= 0.710. Regarding the answers supplied by the interviewees, it was observed: 73,9% have impairment of the subjective quality of sleep; the statistically significant items for social and clinical data, relative to global PSQI score, were the income, the level of schooling and the location of the cancer; for the domains of EORTC, relative to global PSQI score, were EGS, daily activity performance, social function, dyspnea, fatigue, insomnia and financial difficulty. Considerations: sleep pattern disturbances are frequent in cancer survivors and it is accepted that they usually lead to chronic problems, which interfere directly with quality of life. It is expected that this study sensitizes the nursing team, regarding the need to investigate possible causes for sleep pattern disturbances in survivors and to get implemented necessary cares to guarantee better quality of life.

Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are characterised by breach of self-tolerance with high affinity circulating autoantibodies and peripheral B cell disturbances in the naïve and memory B cell compartments. In addition, both SS and RA develop functional ectopic B cell follicles in the respective target organs, i.e. the salivary glands and the joint synovium, whereby autoreactive B cell undergo antigen selection and affinity maturation. However, the exact stage at which errors in B cell tolerance checkpoints accumulate is unknown. In this PhD project, I amplified and sequenced Ig VH and VL gene transcripts from single B cells which were FACS sorted either from the peripheral blood of SS patients or from the RA synovium. Healthy donors (HD) were used as controls. Subsequently, I cloned and expressed recombinant monoclonal antibodies displaying identical antigenic specificity of the original B cells. Finally, I tested the poly- and autoreactivity profile of these antibodies against SS and RA-associated autoantigens. In SS, I analysed 353 VH and 293 VL sequences and obtained 114 recombinant antibodies from circulating naïve (n=66) and memory (n=48) B cells of 4 SS patients and compared their autoreactive and polyreactive profile to 45 naïve clones from 2 HD. Analysis of the VH and VL gene usage showed no significant differences between SS and HD. Conversely, I observed accumulation of circulating autoreactive naïve B cells in SS as demonstrated by Hep-2 cells, ENA, Ro/SSA and/or La/SSB reactivity. The elevated frequency of autoreactive naïve B cells in the circulation of SS patients supports the existence of early defects in B cell tolerance checkpoints in this condition In RA, I analysed the Ig gene repertoire and the VH gene somatic mutation rate of 139 VH and 175 VL sequences of synovial CD19+ B cells which demonstrated evidence of antigen selection and hypermutated alpha > gamma > mu VH chains with presence of intra-synovial clonal diversification. Recombinant antibodies from synovial B cell clones were then screened for reactivity towards citrullinated antigens with a plan for a wider analysis using autoantigen microarrays. Overall, these results highlighted the existence of B cell abnormalities and loss of tolerance for self-antigens both in the peripheral and/or lesional compartment of SS and RA. Further analysis of the fine specificity and pathogenicity of recombinant antibodies from autoreactive B cells will be invaluable in order to dissect the mechanisms and the antigens driving the development and the persistence of autoimmunity in RA and SS.

Certain modern radio systems that rely on trans-ionospheric propagation require knowledge of changes in total electron content (TEC). Understanding rapidly changing, small amplitude perturbations in the ionosphere is important in order to quantify the accuracy of those systems. The main aim of this thesis is to collect statistical information on the perturbations and wave structures present in the ionosphere, for use in radio astronomy calibrations and future communication systems planning. To gain this information, TEC calculated from instruments measuring Faraday rotation on signals from geostationary satellites were used. These measurements were collected in Italy over the period of 19751982 and 1989-1991 at one minute intervals. An important class of TEC fluctuations is travelling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs). Here, temporal variations of mid-latitude slant TEC measurements during two solar cycle phases, i.e solar minimum in 1975-1976 and solar maximum in 1989-1990, were studied. Direct inspection of Savitzky-Golay filtered TEC data was used to extract the amplitudes of TIDs. Fourier analysis was used to extract the most dominant periods of the TIDs. Discrete Meyer wavelet together with the ANOVA method to determine TID variation changes in different parts of the day. Another class of TEC fluctuations presented in this thesis is diurnal double maxima (DDM) structures. These structures were observed during mid-day in our TEC measurements between 1975 and 1991. Verification of the DDM observations was sought by using foF2 and hmF2 measurements from an ionosonde in RomeA combination of ionospheric 3-D tomographic imaging and ray propagation theory has been used for the first time to demonstrate a method that can show how the new European radio array LOFAR will be affected by the ionosphere. This was achieved from a case study of a geomagnetic quiet day ionosphere by simulating how ray propagations, at different elevations and frequencies, will behave as they traverse the ionosphere. The important result from this study was that continuous monitoring of the telescope will be important during operation of the array if the errors introduced by the ionosphere are to be accurately corrected for. The study of TEC changes over different short time windows demonstrated that the ionosphere vastly varies over short time scales, thus making the monitory non trivial. Statistical analysis of the TEC changes will also be useful to the new European GPS augmentation system EGNOS as an indicator on whether the ionospheric measurements from the system are realistic.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a associação entre agenesia dentária e padrões esqueléticos faciais. A documentação ortodôntica inicial de 347 indivíduos foi avaliada para verificar a presença de agenesia dentária de pelo menos 1 dente permanente (excluindo terceiros molares) por meio de radiografias panorâmicas. Três medidas angulares foram avaliadas de cada radiografia cefalométrica (SNA, SNB e ANB). Os participantes do estudo foram agrupados em Classe I, Classe II e Classe III esquelética. Para a análise estatística, os indivíduos foram divididos em 2 grupos, \"com agenesia dentária\" e \"sem agenesia dentária\". O teste do qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher foram utilizados para comparar os dados categóricos. O teste ANOVA com Tukey foi utilizado para comparação de médias, com nível de significância de 5%. Vinte e oito indivíduos apresentaram agenesia dentária de pelo menos um dente permanente. Não houve diferença estatística entre os gêneros (p=0,27). O padrão esquelético mais prevalente foi o de Classe I (63,1%), seguido pelo de Classe II esquelética (25,9%) e Classe III esquelética (10,9%). O grupo com agenesia dentária apresentou o ângulo ANB menor (1,66±2,52) do que o grupo sem agenesia dentária (2,86 ±2,49), (p=0,01). Concluindo, os resultados encontrados neste estudo sugerem que a agenesia dentária está associada a alterações no ângulo ANB. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between tooth agenesis and skeletal facial pattern. Orthodontic records of 347 subjects were examined. The presence of tooth agenesis of at least 1 permanent (excluding third molars) tooth was evaluated in panoramic radiographs. Three angular measurements were taken from each cephalogram. The patients were also divided in skeletal Class I, skeletal Class II and skeletal Class III. For statistical analysis, the subjects were divided into 2 groups, with tooth agenesis and without tooth agenesis. Chi-square or Fisher exact test was used to compare categorical data. ANOVA with Tukeys post-test was used for means comparisons. An alpha of 5% was established. Twenty-eight subjects presented at least one tooth agenesis. There was no difference between genders (p=0.27). The most prevalent skeletal pattern was Class I (63.1%), followed by skeletal Class II (25.9%), and skeletal Class III (10.9%). The group with tooth agenesis presented smaller ANB angle (1.66 ± 2.52) than the group without tooth agenesis (2.86 ± 2.49), (p=0.01). In conclusion, our results suggested that tooth agenesis is associated with ANB angle alterations.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a associação entre agenesia dentária e padrões esqueléticos faciais. A documentação ortodôntica inicial de 347 indivíduos foi avaliada para verificar a presença de agenesia dentária de pelo menos 1 dente permanente (excluindo terceiros molares) por meio de radiografias panorâmicas. Três medidas angulares foram avaliadas de cada radiografia cefalométrica (SNA, SNB e ANB). Os participantes do estudo foram agrupados em Classe I, Classe II e Classe III esquelética. Para a análise estatística, os indivíduos foram divididos em 2 grupos, \"com agenesia dentária\" e \"sem agenesia dentária\". O teste do qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher foram utilizados para comparar os dados categóricos. O teste ANOVA com Tukey foi utilizado para comparação de médias, com nível de significância de 5%. Vinte e oito indivíduos apresentaram agenesia dentária de pelo menos um dente permanente. Não houve diferença estatística entre os gêneros (p=0,27). O padrão esquelético mais prevalente foi o de Classe I (63,1%), seguido pelo de Classe II esquelética (25,9%) e Classe III esquelética (10,9%). O grupo com agenesia dentária apresentou o ângulo ANB menor (1,66±2,52) do que o grupo sem agenesia dentária (2,86 ±2,49), (p=0,01). Concluindo, os resultados encontrados neste estudo sugerem que a agenesia dentária está associada a alterações no ângulo ANB. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between tooth agenesis and skeletal facial pattern. Orthodontic records of 347 subjects were examined. The presence of tooth agenesis of at least 1 permanent (excluding third molars) tooth was evaluated in panoramic radiographs. Three angular measurements were taken from each cephalogram. The patients were also divided in skeletal Class I, skeletal Class II and skeletal Class III. For statistical analysis, the subjects were divided into 2 groups, with tooth agenesis and without tooth agenesis. Chi-square or Fisher exact test was used to compare categorical data. ANOVA with Tukeys post-test was used for means comparisons. An alpha of 5% was established. Twenty-eight subjects presented at least one tooth agenesis. There was no difference between genders (p=0.27). The most prevalent skeletal pattern was Class I (63.1%), followed by skeletal Class II (25.9%), and skeletal Class III (10.9%). The group with tooth agenesis presented smaller ANB angle (1.66 ± 2.52) than the group without tooth agenesis (2.86 ± 2.49), (p=0.01). In conclusion, our results suggested that tooth agenesis is associated with ANB angle alterations.

Introdução: A terapia vocal após tireoidectomia tem como objetivo reduzir características de rugosidade, soprosidade, tensão e incoordenação pneumofonoarticulatória. A nasofibroscopia é um exame que permite analisar alterações orgânicas, neurogênicas e funcionais de laringe, assim como observar o comportamento laríngeo durante a execução de técnicas vocais. Objetivo: analisar a configuração laríngea em pacientes com queixa vocal após tireoidectomia durante a execução das técnicas terapêuticas. Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal observacional comparativo no qual foram avaliados indivíduos adultos atendidos pelo Serviço de Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP. A amostra foi composta por 31 indivíduos do gênero feminino, entre 20 e 50 anos, dos quais 21 com queixa vocal após tireoidectomia total ou parcial e dez sem cirurgia ou tratamento prévio de doença de tireoide. A amostra foi dividida em três grupos: com mobilidade laríngea (GEmob, n=16), sem mobilidade laríngea (GEimob, n=5) e o grupo-controle (GC, n=10), todos sem terapia fonoaudiológica prévia. Foram submetidos à nasofibroscopia e instruídos a repetir duas vezes, por cinco segundos, cada uma das seguintes técnicas: vogal /a/ prolongada com mãos em gancho (AMEG), vibratório de língua (VL) e fonação com canudo (FC). As imagens do exame foram analisadas por dois juízes concomitantemente, que preencheram parte do Protocolo de Cooperação Fonoaudiológica para a Avaliação Nasofibrolaringoscópica da Mobilidade Laríngea em Doenças da Tireoide - PAN para observação da configuração laríngea. Resultados: Não houve diferença significante no grupo GEimob. Quando comparados a vogal /a/ com AMEG e FC, houve mudança no movimento ântero-posterior nos grupos GEmob e controle. Conclusão: As técnicas FC e AMEG alteraram a configuração laríngea supraglótica em pacientes com mobilidade laríngea. A técnica AMEG promoveu maior adução de pregas vocais em pacientes com imobilidade / Vocal therapy after thyroidectomy aims to reduce roughness, breathiness, strain and pneumophonoarticulatory incoordination. Nasofibroscopy is a test that permits the analysis of organic, neurogenic and functional larynx alterations, as well as the observation of laryngeal behavior during the execution of vocal techniques. The aim of this study was to analyze laryngeal configuration in patients with vocal complaint after thyroidectomy during the performance of therapeutic techniques. A transversal observational comparative study in which adults were seen by the Hospital das Clínicas Head and Neck Service, São Paulo University Medical School. The sample was composed of 31 people of the female gender, aged between 20 and 50 years old, 21 with vocal complaint after total or partial thyroidectomy, and 10 with no surgery or previous treatment for a thyroid disease. The sample was divided into three groups: with laryngeal mobility (mobSG, n=16), with no laryngeal mobility (immobSG, n=5) and the control group (CG, n=10), all with no previous phonoaudiological therapy. Groups were submitted to nasofibroscopy and instructed to repeat twice, for 5 seconds, each of the following techniques: prolonged /a/ vowel with hooked hands (AMEG), tongue trill (TT) and straw phonation (SP). The images of the test were analyzed by two judges simultaneously, who filled in part of the Phonoaudiological Cooperation Protocol for Nasofibrolaryngoscopic Assessment of laryngeal mobility in Thyroid Diseases - PAN for the observation of laryngeal configuration. There was no significant difference in the immob SG group. When the /a/ vowel was compared with AMEG and SP, there was some change in anteroposterior movement in groups SGmob and control. Conclusion: SP and AMEG techniques alter supraglottic laryngeal configuration in patients with laryngeal mobility. The AMEG technique allows for more adduction of the vocal folds in patients with immobility

As principais causas de morte perinatal em bezerros estão de alguma forma relacionadas a problemas cardiorrespiratórios. A maior parte de morte de bezerros ocorre justamente no período de até 48h após o nascimento, quando ainda estão sendo feitos os ajustes fisiológicos necessários à vida extrauterina. Com o aumento de animais advindos das técnicas de produção in vitro, também aumentaram os problemas de sobrevivência e sobrevida dos recém nascidos. Este estudo teve como objetivo geral padronizar valores de referência de hemogasometria e espirometria de bezerros a termo, nascidos por parto espontâneo, e prematuros, nascidos por cesariana, da raça Nelore concebidos por inseminação artificial (IA), assim como estabelecer protocolos de cuidados intensivos neonatais aos animais prematuros. Objetivamente, o estudo compreendeu: 1. A avaliação dos valores de pressão invasiva de átrio direito, ventrículo direito, artéria pulmonar e artéria pulmonar ocluída, hemogasometria, espirometria e capnografia de bezerros da raça Nelore, a termo, nascidos por parto espontâneo; 2. A avaliação e padronização da hemogasometria arterial de bezerros raça Nelore, a termo, nascidos de partos espontâneos; 3. A avaliação da pressão invasiva da artéria pulmonar e dos efeitos do sildenafil sobre os valores de pressão de artéria pulmonar em bezerros da raça Nelore, prematuros, nascidos por cesariana; 4. Diferenças hemodinâmicas (utilizando o cateter de Swan-Ganz), na função pulmonar e nas trocas gasosas entre bezerros a termo nascidos por parto espontâneo e prematuros nascidos por cesariana; 5. O estabelecimento de protocolos de cuidados neonatais para bezerros advindos de gestações complicadas com risco de morte neonatal prematura, onde foram realizadas 3 cesarianas em bezerros concebidos por IA e 16 concebidos por transferência nuclear por de células somática (clonagem), sendo estabelecidos protocolos de terapia neonatal com sildenafil, surfactante e oxigenoterapia. Bezerros da raça Nelore a termo nascidos por parto espontâneo estabilizam seus parâmetros de hemogasometria a valores de animais adultos em até 48 horas após o nascimento e têm valores de hemogasometria mais próximos dos valores normais para a espécie, enquanto os bezerros prematuros, nascidos por cesariana, têm valores mais deslocados em relação a normalidade. A padronização da hemogasometria de bezerros da raça Nelore nascidos por eutocia, pode fomentar as pesquisas com animais advindos de técnicas de PIV, assim como aumentar a sobrevida e sobrevivência além de diminuir a mortalidades desses animais. Já o sildenafil não apresenta efeitos adversos significativos quanto a oxigenação dos bezerros em que foi usado, mesmo quando houve alterações não desejadas da PAP. Dessa forma, quando não existe a possibilidade de se aferir a PAP e suspeita-se de hipertensão, o sildenafil é pode ser usado sem maiores consequências para a saúde do paciente. / The main causes of perinatal death in cattle are frequently related to cardiorespiratory distress. A great number of losses are placed during the first 48h after birth, when important physiological adjustments to the extra-uterine life are still in progress. Recent increase of offspring derived from assisted reproductive in vitro biotechnologies resulted in diminished survival rates of the newborn. The present study aimed to obtain standard values of hemodynamic evaluation, blood gas and spirometry of Nelore calves conceived by artificial insemination (AI) born at term, spontaneously, or from premature calves born by cesarean delivery, as well as to establish protocols of neonatal intensive care focusing on premature animals. Objectively, the study comprised: 1. The evaluation of invasive pressure values from right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery and pulmonary wedge pressure, blood gas, spirometry and capnography of Nelore calves born spontaneously; 2. Evaluation and standardization of arterial blood gas of Nelore calves born at term spontaneously; 3. Evaluation of invasive pressure of pulmonary artery (PAP) and effects of sildenafil administration on its values from Nelore premature calves born by cesarean; 4. The comparison of hemodynamic, blood gas and spirometry of calves born at term spontaneously or premature calves born by cesarean delivery, during the first 30 days of life; 5. The establishment of neonatal care protocols focusing on complicated pregnancies at risk of premature neonatal death, when 3 cesarean sections of calves conceived by AI and 16 conceived by nuclear transfer of somatic cells (cloning) were monitored, and therefore protocols involving neonatal therapy with sildenafil, surfactant and oxygen therapy were established. Nelore calves born at term spontaneously have their blood gas stabilized in values similar to adult cattle until 48 hours after birth, and present a blood gas profile more similar to the expected for the species, whereas premature calves born from cesarean delivery present values different from normality. The standardization of blood gas of Nelore calves born at term from eutocic deliveries may promote better perinatal survival rates in offspring derived from in vitro production. The treatment with sildenafil does not present adverse effects related to the oxygen levels of calves even when adverse alterations were observed in PAP. Therefore, whenever hypertension is suspected and measurement of PAP is impaired, the sildenafil treatment may be used without major consequences to the patient health

As principais causas de morte perinatal em bezerros estão de alguma forma relacionadas a problemas cardiorrespiratórios. A maior parte de morte de bezerros ocorre justamente no período de até 48h após o nascimento, quando ainda estão sendo feitos os ajustes fisiológicos necessários à vida extrauterina. Com o aumento de animais advindos das técnicas de produção in vitro, também aumentaram os problemas de sobrevivência e sobrevida dos recém nascidos. Este estudo teve como objetivo geral padronizar valores de referência de hemogasometria e espirometria de bezerros a termo, nascidos por parto espontâneo, e prematuros, nascidos por cesariana, da raça Nelore concebidos por inseminação artificial (IA), assim como estabelecer protocolos de cuidados intensivos neonatais aos animais prematuros. Objetivamente, o estudo compreendeu: 1. A avaliação dos valores de pressão invasiva de átrio direito, ventrículo direito, artéria pulmonar e artéria pulmonar ocluída, hemogasometria, espirometria e capnografia de bezerros da raça Nelore, a termo, nascidos por parto espontâneo; 2. A avaliação e padronização da hemogasometria arterial de bezerros raça Nelore, a termo, nascidos de partos espontâneos; 3. A avaliação da pressão invasiva da artéria pulmonar e dos efeitos do sildenafil sobre os valores de pressão de artéria pulmonar em bezerros da raça Nelore, prematuros, nascidos por cesariana; 4. Diferenças hemodinâmicas (utilizando o cateter de Swan-Ganz), na função pulmonar e nas trocas gasosas entre bezerros a termo nascidos por parto espontâneo e prematuros nascidos por cesariana; 5. O estabelecimento de protocolos de cuidados neonatais para bezerros advindos de gestações complicadas com risco de morte neonatal prematura, onde foram realizadas 3 cesarianas em bezerros concebidos por IA e 16 concebidos por transferência nuclear por de células somática (clonagem), sendo estabelecidos protocolos de terapia neonatal com sildenafil, surfactante e oxigenoterapia. Bezerros da raça Nelore a termo nascidos por parto espontâneo estabilizam seus parâmetros de hemogasometria a valores de animais adultos em até 48 horas após o nascimento e têm valores de hemogasometria mais próximos dos valores normais para a espécie, enquanto os bezerros prematuros, nascidos por cesariana, têm valores mais deslocados em relação a normalidade. A padronização da hemogasometria de bezerros da raça Nelore nascidos por eutocia, pode fomentar as pesquisas com animais advindos de técnicas de PIV, assim como aumentar a sobrevida e sobrevivência além de diminuir a mortalidades desses animais. Já o sildenafil não apresenta efeitos adversos significativos quanto a oxigenação dos bezerros em que foi usado, mesmo quando houve alterações não desejadas da PAP. Dessa forma, quando não existe a possibilidade de se aferir a PAP e suspeita-se de hipertensão, o sildenafil é pode ser usado sem maiores consequências para a saúde do paciente. / The main causes of perinatal death in cattle are frequently related to cardiorespiratory distress. A great number of losses are placed during the first 48h after birth, when important physiological adjustments to the extra-uterine life are still in progress. Recent increase of offspring derived from assisted reproductive in vitro biotechnologies resulted in diminished survival rates of the newborn. The present study aimed to obtain standard values of hemodynamic evaluation, blood gas and spirometry of Nelore calves conceived by artificial insemination (AI) born at term, spontaneously, or from premature calves born by cesarean delivery, as well as to establish protocols of neonatal intensive care focusing on premature animals. Objectively, the study comprised: 1. The evaluation of invasive pressure values from right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery and pulmonary wedge pressure, blood gas, spirometry and capnography of Nelore calves born spontaneously; 2. Evaluation and standardization of arterial blood gas of Nelore calves born at term spontaneously; 3. Evaluation of invasive pressure of pulmonary artery (PAP) and effects of sildenafil administration on its values from Nelore premature calves born by cesarean; 4. The comparison of hemodynamic, blood gas and spirometry of calves born at term spontaneously or premature calves born by cesarean delivery, during the first 30 days of life; 5. The establishment of neonatal care protocols focusing on complicated pregnancies at risk of premature neonatal death, when 3 cesarean sections of calves conceived by AI and 16 conceived by nuclear transfer of somatic cells (cloning) were monitored, and therefore protocols involving neonatal therapy with sildenafil, surfactant and oxygen therapy were established. Nelore calves born at term spontaneously have their blood gas stabilized in values similar to adult cattle until 48 hours after birth, and present a blood gas profile more similar to the expected for the species, whereas premature calves born from cesarean delivery present values different from normality. The standardization of blood gas of Nelore calves born at term from eutocic deliveries may promote better perinatal survival rates in offspring derived from in vitro production. The treatment with sildenafil does not present adverse effects related to the oxygen levels of calves even when adverse alterations were observed in PAP. Therefore, whenever hypertension is suspected and measurement of PAP is impaired, the sildenafil treatment may be used without major consequences to the patient health

This study analyzes the determination of the exchange rate system in a small economy when external real and monetary disturbances occur. Choice of exchange rate policy is investigated using a model assuming rational expectations and a loss function expressing the squared deviations of the small country output from desired output. The distinguishing feature of the analysis is the emphasis on real as well as monetary disturbances which originate abroad but are a source of domestic output variation. the link between foreign monetary and real disturbances and variance in output is traced using the thoretical model and the loss function assumed. The emphasis of the analysis is on a three country (one small and two large) trading situation, whereby the small country trades with two major large country trading partners. It is assumed throughout that there is perfect commodity arbitrage between two large countries. The small country imports an intermediate good from one of the large countries and exports a finished good. The small country doesnot import goods for consumption. there is perfect capital movement between two large countries, but capital is immobile between the small and these two large countries. The analysis indicates that occurrence of purely nominal shocks abroad are not transmitted to the small country under floating exchange rate system. The presence of real disturbances in large countries induce lower prices for the goods they produce, but the effect on the exchange rate is ambiguos. This study concludes that in general the adoption of a flexible exchange rate system by a small country is preferred and results in lower loss in most cases of external disturbance.

The Earth's equatorial ionosphere most often shows the occurrence of large plasma density and velocity fluctuations with a broad range of scale sizes and amplitudes. These night time ionospheric irregularities in the F-region are commonly referred to as equatorial spread F (ESF) or plasma bubbles (EPBs). This dissertation focuses on analysis of ground-based optical and radar measurements to investigate the development and dynamics of ESF, which can significantly disrupt radio communication and GPS navigation systems. OI (630.0 nm) airglow image data were obtained by the Utah State University all-sky CCD camera, primarily during the equinox period, from three different longitudinal sectors under similar solar flux conditions: Christmas Island in the Central Pacific Ocean, Ascension Island in South Atlantic, and Brasilia and Cariri in Brazil. Well-defined magnetic field-aligned depletions were observed from each of these sites enabling detailed measurements of their morphology and dynamics. These data have also been used to investigate day-to-day and longitudinal variations in the evolution and distribution of the plasma bubbles, and their nocturnal zonal drift velocities. In particular, comparative optical measurements at different longitudinal sectors illustrated interesting findings. During the post midnight period, the data from Christmas Island consistently showed nearly constant eastward bubble velocity at a much higher value (~80 m/s) than expected, while data from Ascension Island exhibited a most unusual shear motion of the bubble structure, up to 55 m/s, on one occasion with westward drift at low latitude and eastward at higher latitudes, evident within the field of view of the camera. In addition, long-term radar observations during 1996-2006 from Jicamarca, Peru have been used to study the climatology of post-sunset ESF irregularities. Results showed that the spread F onset times did not change much with solar flux and that their onset heights increased linearly from solar minimum to solar maximum. On average, radar plume onset occurred earlier with increasing solar flux, and plume onset and peak altitudes increased with solar activity. The F-region upward drift velocities that precede spread F onset increased from solar minimum to solar maximum, and were approximately proportional to the maximum prereversal drift peak velocities.