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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Etude des dommages de l'ADN impliquant des pontages ADN-protéines et ADN-polyamines / Study of DNA damages involving DNA-proteins and DNA-polyamines crosslinks

Silerme, Stéphanie 31 October 2014 (has links)
Un pontage ADN-protéine se forme lorsqu'une protéine se lie de façon covalente à l'ADN, ce qui a pour conséquence de bloquer certains processus biologiques tels que la réplication, la transcription, la réparation ou la recombinaison. Ces travaux de thèse consistent en l'étude des pontages se produisant lors d'une oxydation à un électron de l'ADN. La guanine possède le potentiel d'ionisation le plus bas parmi les composants de l'ADN; elle est donc facilement oxydée pour former un radical cation, lui-même impliqué dans la formation de nombreuses lésions oxydatives. Des travaux antérieurs ont permis de mettre en évidence la formation d'un adduit entre la guanine et la lysine, résultant de l'oxydation à un électron d'un oligonucléotide TGT en présence d'un peptide trilysine. Le mécanisme de cette réaction est une addition nucléophile de l'acide aminé central par le groupement amine ε, en position C8 du radical cation de la guanine. L'objectif de cette thèse a été de caractériser l'adduit guanine-lysine, de le quantifier dans l'ADN isolé puis dans l'ADN cellulaire, et d'étudier son implication dans la formation des pontages ADN-protéines. Différentes espèces nucléophiles sont capables de s'additionner sur le radical cation de la guanine. Nous nous sommes intéressés au cas des polyamines endogènes, qui sont des cations organiques présents en particulier dans le noyau des cellules. Ces molécules interviennent dans la stabilisation et la condensation de l'ADN, mais elles participent également à de nombreux processus cellulaires. Le lien entre polyamines et cancer a été largement décrit. Cependant le mécanisme par lequel la perturbation de leur métabolisme est impliquée dans le processus cancérogenèse reste à ce jour peu connu.Dans un premier temps, ces lésions ont été synthétisées chimiquement, sous la forme de nucléosides modifiés, afin de les caractériser. Par la suite des méthodes de quantification de ces dommages par chromatographie liquide haute performance couplée à la spectrométrie de masse en tandem ont été développées. Ces méthodes analytiques nous ont permis de démontrer que les adduits guanine-lysine et guanine-polyamines pouvaient se former dans l'ADN isolé suite à une oxydation à un électron. Des pontages entre guanine et lysine ont été mis en évidence dans l'ADN extrait de cellules THP1 irradiées par impulsions laser à 266 nm. Nous avons ensuite développé différents modèles de pontages entre un peptide et un oligonucléotide, afin d'étudier la structure chimique du pontage, et de déterminer si celui-ci pouvait se produire entre la guanine et la lysine. Des adduits guanine-polyamines ont également été détectés dans de l'ADN extrait de spermatozoïdes. Ces résultats ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives dans la compréhension du rôle physiologique des polyamines ainsi que de leur implication dans la fertilité masculine. / A DNA-protein crosslink (DPC) occurs when a protein becomes covalently bound to DNA. This kind of lesions seems to affect several metabolic processes, including DNA replication, transcription, repair and recombination. This PhD work deals with crosslinks which are formed through a one-electron oxidation of DNA. Guanine exhibits the lowest ionization potential among DNA components, therefore it is readily oxidized leading to the formation of a radical cation, which is involved in the formation of numerous oxidative DNA lesions. In a previous study, a crosslink between guanine moiety and a lysine residue, generated subsequently to a one electron oxidation of a TGT oligonucleotide in the presence of a trilysine peptide, has been described. The mechanism of formation of this adduct relies on the nucleophylic addition of the ε amino group of lysine onto the C8 position of the guanine radical cation. The aim of the present work was to characterize the guanine-lysine adduct and to quantify this lesion in isolated DNA and then in cellular DNA, and to investigate their implication in DNA-protein crosslinks. Several nucleophylic species are able to react with the guanine radical cation. We focused on polyamines, which are organic cations localized in the nucleus of cells at millimolar concentration ranges. These molecules are involved in stabilization and condensation of DNA, and participate also in numerous cellular processes. The relation between polyamine and cancer has been widely described. The mechanism by which dysregulation in their metabolism is related to carcinogenesis is still unknown.In the first part of this project, we focused on the synthesis and the characterization of these lesions as modified nucleosides. Subsequently, we have developed and optimized methods of quantification of these damages, using HPLC coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Thanks to these analytical methods, we have demonstrated that guanine-lysine and guanine-polyamines adducts could be formed in isolated DNA following a one electron oxidation. Crosslinks between guanine and lysine have been highlighted in DNA extracted from THP1 cells exposed to laser pulses at 266 nm. We have then developed several crosslinks models between a peptide and an oligonucleotide, in order to investigate the chemical structure of the crosslink and determine whether it could occur between guanine and lysine. Guanine-polyamines adducts have also been detected in DNA extracted from sperm cells. These results open new prospects in the understanding of the physiological role of polyamines as well as their involvement in male fertility.
22

Avaliacao dos efeitos toxicos e mutagenicos de amostras ambientais do Rio Tiete na regiao de Suzano em Biomphalaria glabrata (SAY, 1818) / Evaluation of toxic and mutagenic effects of environmental samples of Tietê River in the region of Suzano in Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818)

TALLARICO, LENITA de F. 09 October 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:26:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:04:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Na região de Suzano, uma grande quantidade de resíduos industriais e domésticos é despejada no Rio Tietê. Essa região merece atenção especial devido a sua proximidade com a nascente do rio. O tratamento biológico de efluentes é realizado pela ETE Suzano (Estação de Tratamento de Esgotos de Suzano) da SABESP (Companhia de Saneamento Básico do Estado de São Paulo). O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o potencial impacto de efluentes lançados no Rio Tietê por meio da análise de toxicidade aguda e da mutagenicidade em caramujos de água doce Biomphalaria glabrata. Ensaios de toxicidade aguda foram realizados em espécimes adultos e embriões nos estádios de blástula, gástrula, trocófora e véliger. Os resultados obtidos no ensaio de toxicidade aguda foram utilizados para determinar a faixa de concentração para o teste do letal dominante, que foi empregado para a detecção de mutações em células germinativas. Caramujos selvagens adultos, após o final da exposição nas soluções, foram cruzados com albinos não expostos em diferentes intervalos para avaliar os efeitos nas células germinativas em diferentes estágios da espermatogênese – 10, 17, 24, 31, 38, 45, 52 e 59 dias, para isso foram analisadas as progênies heterozigotas dos albinos quanto à freqüência de malformações. As amostras foram coletadas e transportadas pela SABESP. Os seguintes pontos foram escolhidos: P0 - Barragem Ponte Nova, P1 – 200 metros a montante da estação, P2 – o afluente da estação, P3 – o efluente tratado da estação antes do lançamento no rio e P4 – 200 metros após o lançamento do efluente no rio. Foram realizadas quatro amostragens: duas campanhas no inverno (C1 – agosto de 2006 e C3 – agosto de 2007) e duas no verão (C2 – fevereiro de 2007 e C4 – março de 2008). Nas amostras de agosto de 2006 e agosto de 2007, o afluente foi tóxico para os embriões e adultos. Os resultados foram semelhantes, com valores de CL50 de 43,04%, 41,56%, 57,16% e 60,06% para os embriões nos estádios de blástula, gástrula, trocófora e véliger, respectivamente, e 100% para caramujos adultos na primeira amostra e 48,24%, 43,71%, 55,43% e 62,64% para os embriões nos estádios de 8 blástula, gástrula, trocófora e véliger, respectivamente, e 84,16% para caramujos adultos, em agosto de 2007. A amostra de fevereiro de 2007 foi tóxica apenas para caramujos adultos, com valor de CL50 de 41,25% e a amostra de março de 2008 não foi tóxica para os caramujos adultos e embriões. Em todas as amostragens, após a descarga no rio, os efluentes tratados não foram tóxicos para adultos e embriões de B. glabrata. Não houve mutagenicidade em todas as amostras. Neste trabalho, o potencial impacto de descargas de efluentes ao biota do Rio Tietê foi observado. Foram realizadas comparações entre os ensaios normatizados de toxicidade aguda com Daphnia similis e os ensaios de toxicidade aguda com B. glabrata. Os resultados mostraram que houve resposta similar entre B. glabrata e D. similis. As novas metodologias propostas para o monitoramento da qualidade das águas: o ensaio de toxicidade aguda em adultos e embriões e o teste do letal dominante em Biomphalaria glabrata para a avaliação da mutagenicidade in vivo – mostraram ser eficientes na avaliação de amostras de água e podem ser integrados na bateria de testes já validados e empregados para o controle de poluição ambiental. / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
23

Otimização de parâmetros de transferência in vivo do gene do hormônio de crescimento visando a correção fenotípica de camundongos anões / Optimization of in vivo transfer parameters of the growth hormone gene aiming at the phenotypic correction of dwarf mice

LIMA FILHA, ELIANA R. 11 November 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2016-11-11T11:03:59Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-11T11:03:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A deficiência de hormônio de crescimento (DGH) é tratada convencionalmente com repetidas injeções do hormônio recombinante. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estabelecer uma alternativa de tratamento baseada na transferência dos genes do hormônio de crescimento humano (hGH) ou de camundongo (mGH), em camundongos anões lit/lit ou lit/scid, mediante administração de DNA plasmidial associada à eletrotransferência, com a finalidade de atingir a máxima recuperação de crescimento em comparação ao camundongo normal (catch-up growth). Inicialmente foi realizada a administração do plasmídeo contendo o gene do mGH no músculo quadríceps exposto ou tibial anterior (TA) não exposto. Utilizando diferentes condições de eletrotransferência, baseadas em pulsos alternados de baixa (100 V/cm) e alta (1000 V/cm) voltagem (HV/LV, HV/8LV) ou em pulsos seguidos de baixa voltagem (8 pulsos de 150 V/cm), o músculo TA na condição HV/LV apresentou os maiores níveis de expressão de mGH: 6,7 ± 2,5 ng/mL. O tempo de exposição e a quantidade da enzima hialuronidase (HI) necessária para a eletrotransferência foram também analisados. O tempo de 30 minutos e a dose de 20 U de HI proporcionaram os melhores resultados de expressão. Diferentes quantidades de DNA foram também testadas, mas a administração de 50 &mu;g DNA/animal foi confirmada como a melhor. Na padronização do volume de solução do plasmídeo administrado no TA, foi observado que a injeção de 20 &mu;L de DNA apresentou expressão significativamente maior da proteína em comparação a de 10 &mu;L. Buscando uma maior expressão de GH, foi realizado experimento adicionando poli-L-glutamato ao diluente do DNA, comparando também diferentes condições de eletrotransferência (HV/LV e 375 V/cm). A condição de 375 V/cm, sem a adição do polímero, proporcionou as maiores concentrações, tanto de hGH como de mGH, no soro de camundongos lit/scid e lit/lit, respectivamente. Quando utilizados 3 pulsos de 375 V/cm e a administração do plasmídeo com o gene do mGH em dois locais de cada músculo TA, foram obtidos os mais altos níveis de expressão atingindo 14,7 ± 3,7 ng mGH/mL. Estes foram os parâmetros utilizados em um bioensaio, no qual foi também determinada a medida do comprimento inicial e final do fêmur por radiografia. Neste bioensaio de 36 dias, a curva de crescimento dos camundongos lit/lit tratados foi similar a de camundongos heterozigotos não tratados e os níveis de mGH do grupo DNA foram significativamente maiores (P<0,0002) em relação ao grupo controle. Os camundongos tratados também apresentarem concentração de mIGF-I no soro superior a do grupo controle. Considerando os parâmetros de crescimento avaliados, o grupo tratado com DNA apresentou percentuais de incremento altamente significativos em relação ao grupo controle, com P<0,001 para o peso corpóreo e P<0,002 para o comprimento do corpo, da cauda e para ambos os fêmures, com valores de catch-up da ordem de 79% para o comprimento dos fêmures. Podemos concluir que foi estabelecida uma metodologia eficiente de transferência gênica não viral, que poderá levar a uma completa normalização de crescimento de camundongos anões mediante utilização de animais mais jovens, como mencionado na literatura e em trabalho recente do nosso grupo. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP / FAPESP: 14/07380-6
24

Micro-irradiation ciblée par faisceau d'ions pour la radiobiologie in vitro et in vivo / In vitro and in vivo ion beam targeted micro-irradiation for radiobiology

Vianna, François 26 March 2014 (has links)
Les microfaisceaux d’ions ont, au cours de ces dernières décennies, montré leur efficacité dansl’étude des effets des rayonnements ionisants sur le vivant notamment concernant les effets des faiblesdoses ou l’étude de l’effet de proximité. Le CENBG dispose depuis 2003 d’un dispositif permettant la micro-irradiation ciblée d’échantillons biologiques vivants. Les applications des microfaisceaux dans ce domainese sont récemment diversifiées et des études plus fines sur les mécanismes de réparation desdommages ADN radio-induits aux échelles cellulaire et multicellulaire sont devenues possibles via lesévolutions en imagerie par fluorescence et en biologie cellulaire. Ces approches ont nécessité une évolutionimportante de l'instrumentation de la ligne de micro-irradiation du CENBG qui a été entièrementredessinée et reconstruite dans un souci d’optimisation d’apport de nouvelles fonctionnalités. Les objectifsde mes travaux ont été i) la mise en service du dispositif, ii) la caractérisation des performances dusystème, iii) la mise en place de protocoles pour l’irradiation ciblée à dose contrôlée aux échelles cellulaireet multicellulaire, in vitro et in vivo, et le suivi en ligne des conséquences précoces de cette irradiation,iv) la modélisation des irradiations afin d’interpréter les observables biologiques au regard des donnéesphysiques calculées.Ces travaux ont permis i) de caractériser les performances du dispositif : une taille de faisceau d’environ2 μm sur cible et une précision de tir de ± 2 μm, de développer des systèmes de détection d’ions pour uncontrôle absolu de la dose délivrée, ii) d’induire des dommages ADN fortement localisés in vitro, et devisualiser en ligne le recrutement de protéines impliquées dans la réparation de ces dommages,iii) d’appliquer ces protocoles pour générer des dommages ADN in vivo au sein d’un organisme multicellulaireau stade embryonnaire, Caenorhabditis elegans.Ces résultats ouvrent la voie vers des expériences plus fines sur la ligne de micro-irradiation ciblée duCENBG pour étudier les effets de l’interaction des rayonnements ionisants avec le vivant, aux échellescellulaire et multicellulaire, in vitro et in vivo. / The main goal of radiobiology is to understand the effects of ionizing radiations on the living.These past decades, ion microbeams have shown to be important tools to study for example the effects oflow dose exposure, or the bystander effect. Since 2003, the CENBG has been equipped with a system toperform targeted micro-irradiation of living samples. Recently, microbeams applications on this subjecthave diversified and the study of DNA repair mechanisms at the cellular and multicellular scales, in vitroand in vivo, has become possible thanks to important evolutions of fluorescence imaging techniques andcellular biology. To take into account these new approaches, the CENBG micro-irradiation beamline hasbeen entirely redesigned and rebuilt to implement new features and to improve the existing ones. My PhDobjectives were i) commissioning the facility, ii) characterizing the system on track etch detectors, and onliving samples, iii) implementing protocols to perform targeted irradiations of living samples with a controlleddelivered dose, at the cellular and multicellular scales, and to visualize the early consequencesonline, iv) modelling these irradiations to explain the biological results using the calculated physical data.The work of these past years has allowed us i) to measure the performances of our system: a beam spotsize of about 2 μm and a targeting accuracy of ± 2 μm, and to develop ion detection systems for an absolutedelivered dose control, ii) to create highly localized radiation-induced DNA damages and to see onlinethe recruitment of DNA repair proteins, iii) to apply these protocols to generate radiation-induced DNAdamages in vivo inside a multicellular organism at the embryonic stage: Caenorhabditis elegans.These results have opened up many perspectives on the study of the interaction between ionizing radiationsand the living, at the cellular and multicellular scales, in vitro and in vivo.
25

Quantum Chemical Studies of Protein-Bound Chromophores, UV-Light Induced DNA Damages, and Lignin Formation

Durbeej, Bo January 2004 (has links)
<p>Quantum chemical methods have been used to provide a better understanding of the photochemistry of astaxanthin and phytochromobilin; the photoenzymic repair of UV-light induced DNA damages; and the formation of lignin. </p><p>The carotenoid astaxanthin (AXT) is responsible for the colouration of lobster shell. In solution, the electronic absorption spectra of AXT peak in the 470-490 nm region, corresponding to an orange-red colouration. Upon binding to the lobster-shell protein-complex α-crustacyanin, the absorption maximum is shifted to 632 nm, yielding a slate-blue colouration. Herein, the structural origin of this bathochromic shift is investigated on the basis of recent experimental work.</p><p>The tetrapyrrole phytochromobilin (PΦB) underlies the photoactivation of the plant photoreceptor phytochrome. Upon absorption of 660-nm light, PΦB isomerizes from a C15-<i>Z,syn</i> configuration (in the inactive form of the protein) to C15-<i>E,anti</i> (in the active form). In this work, a reaction mechanism for this isomerization is proposed. </p><p>DNA photolyases are enzymes that repair DNA damages resulting from far-UV-light induced [2+2] cycloaddition reactions involving pyrimidine nucleobases. The catalytic activity of these enzymes is initiated by near-UV and visible light, and is governed by electron transfer processes between a catalytic cofactor of the enzyme and the DNA lesions. Herein, an explanation for the experimental observation that the repair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) – the major type of lesion – proceeds by electron transfer from the enzyme to the dimer is presented. Furthermore, the formation of CPD is studied.</p><p>Lignin is formed by dehydrogenative polymerization of hydroxycinnamyl alcohols. A detailed understanding of the polymerization mechanism and the factors controlling the outcome of the polymerization is, however, largely missing. Quantum chemical calculations on the initial dimerization step have been performed in order to gain some insight into these issues.</p>
26

Quantum Chemical Studies of Protein-Bound Chromophores, UV-Light Induced DNA Damages, and Lignin Formation

Durbeej, Bo January 2004 (has links)
Quantum chemical methods have been used to provide a better understanding of the photochemistry of astaxanthin and phytochromobilin; the photoenzymic repair of UV-light induced DNA damages; and the formation of lignin. The carotenoid astaxanthin (AXT) is responsible for the colouration of lobster shell. In solution, the electronic absorption spectra of AXT peak in the 470-490 nm region, corresponding to an orange-red colouration. Upon binding to the lobster-shell protein-complex α-crustacyanin, the absorption maximum is shifted to 632 nm, yielding a slate-blue colouration. Herein, the structural origin of this bathochromic shift is investigated on the basis of recent experimental work. The tetrapyrrole phytochromobilin (PΦB) underlies the photoactivation of the plant photoreceptor phytochrome. Upon absorption of 660-nm light, PΦB isomerizes from a C15-Z,syn configuration (in the inactive form of the protein) to C15-E,anti (in the active form). In this work, a reaction mechanism for this isomerization is proposed. DNA photolyases are enzymes that repair DNA damages resulting from far-UV-light induced [2+2] cycloaddition reactions involving pyrimidine nucleobases. The catalytic activity of these enzymes is initiated by near-UV and visible light, and is governed by electron transfer processes between a catalytic cofactor of the enzyme and the DNA lesions. Herein, an explanation for the experimental observation that the repair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) – the major type of lesion – proceeds by electron transfer from the enzyme to the dimer is presented. Furthermore, the formation of CPD is studied. Lignin is formed by dehydrogenative polymerization of hydroxycinnamyl alcohols. A detailed understanding of the polymerization mechanism and the factors controlling the outcome of the polymerization is, however, largely missing. Quantum chemical calculations on the initial dimerization step have been performed in order to gain some insight into these issues.
27

Caractérisation phénotypique et moléculaire de déficiences humaines liées à des dysfonctions des télomères et / ou de la réparation de l’ADN / Phenotypic and molecular characterization of human deficiencies resulting from telomere dysfunctions and / or DNA repair defect

Le Guen, Tangui 29 November 2013 (has links)
Le maintien de l'intégrité du génome est essentiel pour la survie cellulaire et la propagation de l'information génétique. Une mauvaise prise en charge des dommages de l’ADN et / ou une aberration de la maintenance de l’intégrité des télomères - les extrémités des chromosomes linéaires - provoquent chez l'homme des pathologies associées à une instabilité génétique. Ainsi, des dysfonctions télomériques sont à l’origine de la Dyskératose Congénitale (DC), et de sa forme rare et sévère, le Syndrome de Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson (HHS). Les DC et HHS se caractérisent principalement par une insuffisance médullaire progressive, des défauts développementaux et une prédisposition à développer des cancers. Par ailleurs, de nombreux syndromes associant déficits immunitaires et anomalies développementales sont causés par des défauts de réparation de l'ADN (cas de déficits immunitaires sévères, de l’Anémie de Fanconi (FA), de l’ataxie télangiectasie (AT), etc …). Au cours de ce travail, nous avons réalisé une étude phénotypique et génétique de patients atteints de deux pathologies aux caractéristiques cliniques distinctes. Ce travail de thèse a permis : 1) d'une part d'identifier des mutations de RTEL1 chez 3 patients atteints de HHS, décrivant ainsi une nouvelle cause moléculaire de cette pathologie. L'analyse des cellules de ces patients a révélé le rôle crucial que joue RTEL1 sur la stabilité du génome et le maintien des télomères dans des cellules humaines. 2) d'autre part, d'identifier un défaut en MYSM1, une histone déubiquitinase, dans un nouveau syndrome immuno-hématologique associé à des défauts de réparation de l’ADN présentant certaines similitudes avec l'anémie de Fanconi. Cette étude démontre pour la première fois, qu'outre son rôle dans la régulation transcriptionnelle, MYSM1 participe également aux mécanismes de réparation des lésions de l'ADN. / Maintaining genome integrity is essential for cell survival and propagation of the genetic information. Improper management of DNA damages and / or aberrations in maintenance of telomere - the ends of linear chromosomes - causes humans disorders associated with genetic instability. Thus, in humans, telomere dysfunction causes Dyskeratosis Congenita (DC), and its rare and severe form, Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson Syndrome (HHS). DC and HHS are mainly characterized by progressive bone marrow failure, developmental defects and predisposition to cancer. In addition, many syndromes involving immunodeficiency and developmental abnormalities are caused by defects in DNA repair (e.g. severe immune deficiencies, Fanconi Anemia (FA), Ataxia Telangiectasia (AT),…). In this work, we performed a phenotypic and genetic study of patients with two syndromes presenting distinct clinical features. This work permitted : 1) on one hand, to identify RTEL1 mutations in patients with HHS and describe a new molecular cause of this disease. The analysis of patients’ cells revealed the crucial role for RTEL1 in genome stability and telomere maintenance in human cells. 2) on the other hand, to identify mutations in MYSM1, a histone deubiquitinase, in a new immuno-hematological syndrome associated with defects in DNA repair and sharing some similarities with Fanconi anemia. This study demonstrates for the first time that, in addition to its role in transcriptional regulation, MYSM1 is required to cope with DNA damages.
28

Photoremovable protecting groups for carbonyl compounds of biological interest

Lineros Rosa, Mauricio 10 June 2021 (has links)
[ES] El espectro de la luz solar está compuesto por una amplia gama de radiaciones electromagnéticas las cuales tienen diferentes impactos sobre la vida en la tierra. Entre ellas, las pertenecientes a la región ultravioleta toman un papel principal cuando nos referimos a la fotobiología, ya que pueden interactuar con las biomoléculas por medio de procesos tanto directos como fotosensibilizados. Como resultado, estas biomoléculas pueden sufrir modificaciones que no siempre tienen efectos beneficiosos. En este contexto, los daños fotoinducidos al ADN son de gran relevancia ya que están estrechamente relacionados con la creciente incidencia de cáncer de piel. Por ello, es necesario investigar tanto los mecanismos involucrados en dichos procesos como el desarrollo de nuevas estrategias para combatirlos. En la presente tesis se da respuesta a estas necesidades mediante el desarrollo y empleo de grupos protectores fotolábiles (PPG). En una primera parte se avanza en el desarrollo de nuevos PPG basados en filtros solares. Estos ofrecen la ventaja de actuar, una vez liberados, como un escudo protector frente a la radiación ultravioleta. En este contexto, en el Capítulo 3 se profundiza en las propiedades fotofísicas y fotoquímicas de los sistemas formados por la avobenzona como PPG de ácidos carboxílicos, más concretamente del ketoprofeno (KP) y del naproxeno (NPX). En este estudio se analiza por medio de modelado molecular y técnicas espectroscópicas la influencia que tiene la energía relativa del triplete de la avobenzona en su forma dicetónica, 3AB(K)*, respecto a la de los compuestos protegidos en el proceso de liberación. Siguiendo en esta misma línea de trabajo, en el Capítulo 4 se ha desarrollado un nuevo PPG capaz de liberar el filtro solar oxibenzona (OB) junto con compuestos carbonílicos. En una segunda parte, el foco de atención se ha puesto en el concepto de "Caballo de Troya", el cual establece que ciertas lesiones del ADN pueden actuar a su vez como fotosensibilizadores endógenos generando así nuevas lesiones en su entorno. En este contexto, en el Capítulo 5 se han estudiado, mediante métodos tanto experimentales como teóricos, las propiedades fotosensibilizantes de dos de los daños oxidativos del ADN, el 5-formiluracilo (ForU) y la 5-formilcitosina (ForC), poniendo especial énfasis en la capacidad de estos para poblar sus estados tripletes, así como de inducir la formación fotosensibilizada de dímeros ciclobutánicos de pirimidina (CPD). Por último, en el Capítulo 6 se ha desarrollado una nueva alternativa sintética para la incorporación del ForU en oligonucleótidos. Debido a la inestabilidad del grupo aldehído, esta síntesis se lleva a cabo generalmente mediante la incorporación de un precursor el cual es posteriormente convertido en el ForU mediante la acción de un agente oxidante. Por el contrario, en la nueva alternativa planteada el aldehído es protegido con un PPG, de manera que una vez insertado en el ODN, el aldehído es liberado de forma selectiva mediante el empleo de luz. Este trabajo supone un avance en el estudio de las propiedades fotosensibilizantes del ForU ofreciendo una nueva herramienta para la evaluación de las mismas en un entorno más cercano al del ADN. / [CA] L'espectre de la llum solar està compost per una àmplia gamma de radiacions electromagnètiques les quals tenen diferents impactes sobre la vida en la terra. Entre elles, les pertanyents a la regió ultraviolada prenen un paper principal quan ens referim a la fotobiologia, ja que poden interactuar amb les biomolècules per mitjà de processos tant directes com fotosensibilitzats. Com a resultat, aquestes biomolècules poden patir modificacions que no sempre tenen efectes beneficiosos. En este context, els danys fotoinduits a l'ADN són de gran rellevància ja que estan estretament relacionats amb la creixent incidència de càncer de pell. Per això, és necessari tant d'investigar els mecanismes involucrats en els processos com el desenvolupament de noves estratègies per a combatre'ls. En la present tesi es dóna resposta a aquestes necessitats per mitjà del desenvolupament i ús de grups protectors fotolàbils (PPG). En una primera part s'avança en el desenvolupament de nous PPG basats en filtres solars. Estos ofereixen l'avantatge d'actuar, una vegada alliberats, com un escut protector enfront de la radiació ultraviolada. En este context, en el capítol 3 s'aprofundeix en les propietats fotofísiques i fotoquímiques dels sistemes formats per l'avobenzona com PPG d'àcids carboxílics, més concretament del ketoprofé (KP) i del naproxé (NPX). En este estudi s'analitza per mitjà de modelatge molecular i tècniques espectroscòpiques la influència que té en el procés d'alliberament l'energia relativa del triplet de l'avobenzona en la seua forma dicetònica, 3AB(K)*, respecte a la dels compostos protegits. En esta mateixa línia de treball, en el capítol 4 s'ha desenvolupat un nou PPG capaç d'alliberar el filtre solar oxibenzona (OB) junt amb compostos carbonílics. En una segona part, el focus d'atenció s'ha posat en el concepte de "Cavall de Troia", el qual estableix que certes lesions de l'ADN poden actuar al seu torn com fotosensibilitzadors endògens generant així noves lesions en el seu entorn. En este context, en el capítol 5 s'han estudiat, per mitjà de mètodes tant experimentals com teòrics, les propietats fotosensibilitzants de dos dels danys oxidatius de l'ADN, el 5-formiluracil (ForU) i la 5-formilcitosina (ForC), posant especial èmfasi tant en la capacitat d'estos per a poblar els seus estats triplet, com d'induir la formació fotosensibilitzada de dímers ciclobutànics de pirimidina (CPD). Finalment, en el capítol 6 s'ha desenvolupat una nova alternativa sintètica per a la incorporació del ForU en oligonucleòtids. A causa de la inestabilitat del grup aldehid, esta síntesi es duu a terme generalment per mitjà de la incorporació d'un precursor el qual és posteriorment convertit en el ForU per mitjà de l'acció d'un agent oxidant. Al contrari, en la nova alternativa plantejada l'aldehid és protegit amb un PPG, de manera que una vegada inserit en l'oligonucleòtid, l'aldehid és alliberat de forma selectiva per mitjà de l'ús de llum. Este treball suposa un avanç en l'estudi de les propietats fotosensibilitzants del ForU i ofereix una nova ferramenta per a l'avaluació de les mateixes en un entorn més pròxim al de l'ADN. / [EN] The solar spectrum is composed of a wide range of electromagnetic radiations which have different impacts on life on earth. Among them, those belonging to the ultraviolet region are of utmost importance when we refer to photobiology, since they can interact with biomolecules through both direct and photosensitized processes. As a result, these biomolecules can undergo modifications that do not always have beneficial effects. In this context, photoinduced DNA damage is of great relevance as it is closely related to the increasing incidence of skin cancer. Therefore, it is necessary both to investigate the mechanisms involved in these processes and to develop new strategies to avoid them. In this Thesis these issues have been addressed through the development and use of photolabile protecting groups (PPG). The first part of this Thesis involves the development of new PPG based on solar filters. Once released, these PPG offer the advantage of acting as ultraviolet shields. In this context, Chapter 3 looks into the photophysical and photochemical properties of those systems formed by avobenzone as PPG of carboxylic acids, more specifically ketoprofen (KP) and naproxen (NPX). In this study, the influence on the photorelease process of the relative energetic location of the avobenzone triplet manifold in its diketo form, 3AB(K)*, with respect to that of its caged compound, is duly analyzed by means of molecular modeling and spectroscopic techniques. Following this same line of work, a new PPG capable of releasing oxybenzone (OB) solar filter along with carbonyl compounds has been developed in Chapter 4. The second part of this Thesis focuses on the "Trojan Horse" concept, which establishes that certain DNA lesions can act as endogenous photosensitizers, thus generating new lesions in their neighborhood. In this context, in Chapter 5 the photosensitizing properties of two oxidatively generated DNA damages, namely 5-formyluracil (ForU) and 5-formylcytosine (ForC), have been studied by means of experimental and theoretical approaches. Here, special emphasis has been placed on unraveling their capacity to photoinduce the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD). Finally, in Chapter 6 a new synthetic alternative for the incorporation of ForU into oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) has been developed. Due to the instability of the aldehyde group, this synthesis is generally carried out by incorporating a precursor which is subsequently converted into ForU by the action of an oxidative agent. On the contrary, in the new approach, the aldehyde is protected with a PPG, so that once inserted into the ODN, the aldehyde is selectively released through the use of light. This work entails a step forward in the study of the photosensitizing properties of ForU, offering a new tool for their evaluation within the DNA environment. / Lineros Rosa, M. (2021). Photoremovable protecting groups for carbonyl compounds of biological interest [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/167764 / TESIS

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