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Based on the results of this investigation certain conclusions were arrived at relative to Portland cement concrete using Dolomitic limestone sand as the fine aggregate. The most important of these are as follows: 1. Fresh concrete continues to gain strength while in the frozen state. 2. Freezing and then thawing of fresh concrete does not have an appreciable effect on the twenty-eight day ultimate strength, and the concrete, if given time to recover, will compare favorably with concrete cured under normal conditions. 3. Freezing of concrete immediately after pouring has a greater effect on the twenty-eight day ultimate strength of the concrete than has freezing for the same period at a more advanced age within the twenty-eight days. 4. Concrete cured at 65°C. tends to increase its twenty-eight day ultimate strength, providing the water lost through evaporation is replaced. 5. High early strength concrete can be obtained by curing ordinary Portland cement concrete at high temperatures. Based on the results of compression tests performed in this investigation, Dolomitic limestone sand has been found to be satisfactory as the fine aggregate for Portland cement concrete; verifying what Messrs. Broyles and Brown had said in 1936 and 1937 respectively. What has been done in the way of concrete research at Virginia Polytechnic Institute is satisfactory for relatively new concrete using Dolomitic limestone sand as the fine aggregate; but it is wondered how this concrete will stand up over a long period of time. Professor Hartman and Dr. Holden have inaugurated some long time studies at the Institution, but there is still much room for further investigation. Dolomitic limestone rock has proven itself worthy when used as the coarse aggregate for Portland cement concrete. It is up to time and future research to prove the worth of its sand used as the fine aggregate. / Master of Science

Water availability is presently under risk owing to the increased discharge of pollutants from both industrial and residential properties. A distinct category of pollutants known as "emerging contaminants" (ECs), whose hazards were either unknown before they were noticed, e.g., antibiotics, dyes, PFAS, etc. Most of the ECs are unregulated and pose a threat to aquatic and human life at even low doses. Our water treatment facilities are not designed to efficiently eliminate these toxic substances. Therefore, we need an economical tertiary treatment approach. Adsorptionis a sustainable, cost effective and simple technique, making it a viable technique for pollutants elimination on a worldwide scale. The removal of these ECs has been made possible by several commercially available adsorbents, however most of them are expensive. Adsorbents fabrication using, agricultural wastes is an effective waste management technique that helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions via carbon sequestration. The adsorption capability of adsorbents can be enhanced by further modification of its properties. This research study focuses on conversion of biomass into environmentally friendly adsorbents including biochar and nanocellulose aerogel. In the first study, a natural mineral dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) modified biochar was fabricated from rice husk and used to remove anionic reactive dyes, Remazol Brilliant Blue (RBB) and Reactive Black 5 (RB-5) from synthetic wastewater. In the second study, a sustainable aminated/TEMPO cellulose nanofiber (Am/TEMPO-CNF) aerogel was fabricated and used to treat oxytetracycline (OTC) and chloramphenicol (CAP) contaminated water. The physiochemical properties of all adsorbents were studied using FTIR, SEM, TGA, elemental analyzer and N2 adsorption-desorption isothermal analyses. The contaminants were quantified using Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) before and after the experiments. Kinetics, isothermal and thermodynamics modeling was applied to analyze the adsorption behavior and mechanism. In the third investigation, a novel In-situ UiO-66-NH2/TOCNF adsorbent was employed to remove the anionic azo dyes Orange II (ORII) and Congo Red (CR) from synthetic wastewater. We also looked at how pH, time, and initial concentration impacted CR and ORII adsorption. Research was conducted to assess the stability and adsorption potential under various situations by thermodynamics and regeneration.

Mesidotea entomon inhabiting Pauline Cove, YT, is larger in total body length at sexual maturity than M. entomon inhabiting Dolomite Lake, NWT. The sex ratio, diet, habitat distributions, size frequency distributions, and fecundity in the two populations are compared. Total carbohydrate, protein, lipid, chitin, and ash contents of both isopods' life stages are compared. Isopods in the cove show reduced carbohydrate and elevated lipid levels. In the 1975, 1978, and 1979 summers, isopods in the cove were internally infected with an extracellular protozoan parasite; those in the lake were uninfected. The infection is systemic. The prevalence of the protozoan infection increases with increasing host size. The host response involved phagocytosis and encapsulation. Transmission may be transovarially and/or by ingestion of the infective stage. The protozoan also infected Mesidotea sibirica. The infection is related to growth, abundance, habitat, reproduction, and biochemical variables.

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It has been observed that mortar joints, where precast concrete trim and limestone building blocks are used in conjunction, tend to crack in the course of one or two years to such an extent as to admit water. It seemed possible that a difference in the thermal coefficients of the two materials might cause unequal changes in length along the joint, thereby setting up shearing stresses in the mortar, sufficient in time to destroy the bond. This investigation was undertaken in order to determine the relative rates of expansion of the local materials in question and to consider the validity or the theory that such differences might affect the mortar. The investigation and the conclusions drawn therefrom form the first part of this thesis. Part two consists of an investigation into the effects of different mixes on the thermal coefficient of such a concrete as might be suitable for the manufacture of precast trim. / M.S.

La partie supérieure de la Formation Khuff est un réservoir représentant le plus grand champ gazier mondial, d'âge Permien supérieur à Trias inférieur. Il est formé de la succession de calcaires, de dolomies et de sulfates. Sa production est principalement contrôlée par des intervalles d'épaisseur généralement inférieure à 10 m, totalement dolomitisés, appelés super-drains ou super-K, connectés sur plusieurs dizaines de kilomètres.Les objectifs de l'étude sont (1) de définir la mise en place et l'extension des super-drains dans un cadre stratigraphique, (2) de comprendre la diagenèse contrôlant leurs propriétés réservoirs et (3) de comparer la mise en place des corps dolomitiques stratiformes précoces ou tardifs liés aux failles à ceux d'un analogue à l'affleurement, à savoir les formations calcaréo-dolomitiques d'âge Jurassique supérieur en Provence.Pour les atteindre, des analyses sédimento-diagénétiques (sédimentologiques, pétrographiques et géochimiques) ont été entreprises sur les deux objets d'études du réservoir de subsurface et de l'analogue réservoir d'affleurement. Pour ce dernier, une modélisation en 3D de corps diagénétiques liés aux failles a été réalisée. Les principaux résultats sont que :- les localisations des super-drains ont été contrôlées par la dynamique sédimentaire de séquences à basse fréquences (SBF) et à haute fréquence (SHF) ;- des super-drains sont localisés au sommet des SBF sous les discontinuités d'émersions et à la limite des fronts de dolomitisation de reflux différé. / The upper part of the Khuff Formation includes the biggest gas reserves in the world, from Upper Permian to Lower Triassic age. It is composed by the succession of limestone, dolomite and sulfate. The gas production is mainly driven by layers typically thinner than 10 m, fully dolomitised, and called super-drains or super-K and connected over several dozen kilometers.The goals of this study are (1) to define the formation and the extension of super-K layers in a stratigraphic framework, (2) to understand the diagenesis controlling their reservoir properties and (3) to compare the creation of early stratabound and late fault-related dolomite bodies with an outcrop analogue, from the limestone and dolomite formations from Provence from Upper Jurassic age.To reach this goal, sedimento-diagenetic analyses (sedimentological, petrographical and geochemical) have been carried out on studied objects, the subsurface reservoir and the outcrop analogue reservoir. For the latter, 3D modelling of fault-related dolomite bodies have been realised. The main results are:- the locations of super-K have been controlled by the sedimentary dynamics of low frequency sequences (SBF) and high frequency sequences (SHF) ;- some super-K are located at the top of SBF under emersion unconformities and at the rim of dolomitisation fronts associated to postponed reflux. The reflux was made of brines, coming from synsedimentary dolomite bodies associated with marine transgressions that followed the emersions. This model is corroborated by an outcrop analogue, which is a dolomite reservoir underlying a long lasting emersion unconformity;

Modificações nas concentrações iônicas em substratos de água rasa provocadas por micro-orgnaismos vêm demonstrando valorosas relevâncias tanto em fossilizações quanto precipitações de calcita, aragonita, dolomita, pirita e minerais de sílica e fosfato. Dados micropaleontológicos, petrográficos e geoquímicos, comumente estudados separadamente, quando integrados, podem elucidar questões sobre a formação destes minerais. A Formação Assistência (Subgrupo Irati, Permiano da Bacia do Paraná, Brasil) apresenta células e estruturas normalmente associadas a atividades microbianas, como microesferas dolomíticas, quartzo microcristalino e pirita. Microfósseis foram reconhecidos e seus processos de fossilização reconstituídos. Sílex, dolomito e folhelho de diversos níveis e localidades foram estudados utilizando-se seções petrográficas normais e polidas; resíduos orgânicos extraídos por dissolução ácida (HF/HCl); superfícies corroídas com dissolução parcial com HF; microscopia petrográfica e eletrônica de varredura (MEV); espectroscopia Raman e de energia dispersiva de raio-X (Energy Dispersive X-ray-EDX) e florescência e difratometria de Raio-X. As prospecções iniciais revelaram alta variedade de microfósseis de parede orgânica (cianobactérias; grãos de pólen; clrófitas; acritarcos; fitoclástos; escolecodontes; palinoforaminíferos e raros grãos de esporos) e microesferas dolomíticas. Diferentemente das pesquisas tradicionais sobre palinoestratigrafia, que utilizam de resíduos de rochas siliciclásticas finas, a petrografia do sílex diagenético revelou uma microbiota fóssil composta principalmente por delicadas cianobactérias. Permitiu também o reconhecimento de estágios ontogenéticos e de feições tafonômicas tais como a morfologia tridimensional de vesículas orgânicas e agregações polínicas. Estas preservações excepcionais é resultado de silicificação extremamente eodiagenética. Todas as amostras examinadas por florescência e difratometria de Raio-X apresentaram predomínio de sílica e dolomita e menores quantidades de pirita. Ao contrário dos nódulos e lentes de sílex de outros níveis, conhecidos de outras posições estratigráficas, somente o sílex maciço da Camada de Brechas Evaporíticas (CBE) demonstrou abundantes células de parede orgânica e estruturas preenchidas (fenestras e fraturas) com bordas dolomíticas. A sílica deste nível, portanto, foi gerada por fluídos supersaturados que substituíram a dolomita pré-existente. Analises com MEV e EDX revelaram cianobactérias fossilizadas com invólucros orgânicos (paredes celulares e/ou bainhas extracelulares) e regiões protoplasmáticas preenchidas por quartzo microcristalino. Comparações com estudos laboratoriais e ambientais demonstraram, em primeiro lugra, como a interação entre moléculas nas superfícies das células e íons em solução retiveram os componentes dos invólucros celulares e mineralizaram as demais partes das células. Em segundo lugar, porque o sílex da CBE também concentra microesferas dolomíticas agregadas em grandes quantidades e associadas e materiais carbonosos. Camadas externas recobrem esferas individuais, pequenos conjuntos e superfícies arredondadas. Nem toda microesfera exibem interiores celulares preenchidos por dolomita. Além das afinidades biológicas, as análises permitiram deduzir como certas condições na interface água/biosedimento provocaram a precipitação deste tipo de dolomita. Tais condições são relacionadas a salinidade, oxido-redução, razões \'Mg POT 2+\'/\'Ca POT 2+\' e atividades biológicas pretéritas tais como acumulações de substâncias poliméricas extracelulares (EPS - extracelular polymeric substances) e processos microbianos anóxicos (e.g.redução de sulfato e metanogênese). Foi possível também se reconhecer a sequência de mineralização (dolomitização e silicificação) bem como certas etapas que levaram a preservação de bainhas e interiores celulares. Os dados obtidos lançam novas perspectivas às discussões globais sobre o \"problema da dolomita\". / Microbial modification on ionic concentrations of shallow=water substrates recently reached valuable results both on fossilization and precipitation of calcite, aragonite, dolomite, pyrite, and minerals of silica and phosphate. Data on micropaleontology, petrography, and geochemistry, which are often sudied separately, when treated together, improve the understanding of the formation of these minerals. The Permian Assistência Formation of the Irati Subgroup in the Brazilian Paraná Bassin bears preserved cells and structures commonly associated with microbial activities, such as dolomite microspheres, microcrystalline quartz and pyrite. Microfossils were recognized and their processes of fossilization reconstituted. Chert, dolostone and shale from many stratigraphic leves and locations were studied by the use of normal and polished petrographic section; estracted organic residues via HF/HCL attach, HF-etched surfaces; petrographic microscopy; scanning electron microscopy (SEM); Raman and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy; fluorescence and diffraction of X-ray. The initial surveys revealed a large variety of organic-walled microfossils (cyanobacteria, pollen grains, chlorophytes, acritarchs, phytoclasts, scolecodonts, palynoroaminifers and rare spores) and dolomitic microspheres. Unlike traditional researhce on palynostratigraphy, which employ organic residues from fine siliciclastic rocks, the petropgraphy of diagenetic chert revealed abundant fossil microbiota composed principally of delicate cyanobacteria. This procedure allowed also the recognition of ontogenetic stages of micoorganisms and taphonomic features such as three-dimensional morphology of organic vesicles and the pollen aggregations. This excellent preservation results from extreme eodiagenetic silicification. Every chert sample examined by fluorescence and X-ray diffraction shows mostly silica and dolomite with a minor amounts of pyrite. Unlike the nodules and lens of chert from other levels,which are known in many stratigraphic sequence, only the massive chert from Brecciated Evaporite Beb (BEB) bears abundant organic-walled cells and filled structures (fenestrae and fractures) exhibiting dolomitic edges. Silica from this sequence, therefore, was generated from supersaturated fluid solutions replacing pre-existing dolomite, preserving the organic content. The SEM and EDX revealed fossilized cyanobacteria with organic involucres (cell walls and/or extracellular sheath) and protoplasmatic region filled by microcrystalline quartz. Comparison with laboratory and environmental studies show, firstly, how the interaction between molecules in the cell surfaces and ions in solution retained the organic components of cellular surfaces and mineralized portions at the other parts of cells, and secondly, why BEB chert is massive at the expense of others relatively smaller in size and the occurrence of chert in other sequences. The quartzitic matrix of the BEB chert also concentrate dolomitic microspheres, which are aggregated in large quantities and associated with carbonaceous material. Outer layers coat indivisual shperes, small clusters and rounded surfaces. Not every microsphere exhibit the filling of dolomite in the interior of cells. Beyond their biological affinity, this analysis allowed the evaluation of how certain conditions on water-biosediment interface led to the precipitation of this kind of dolomite. Such conditions are related to salinity, redox, \'Mg POT 2+\'/\'Ca POT 2+\' ratios, and ancient biological activities such as the accumulation of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and anoxic microbial processes (e.g. sulfate reduction, methanogenesis). It was also possible to recognize the mineralization sequence (dolomitization and silicification) as well as certain steps that led to the preservation of sheaths and some cell interiors. The acquired data launches a new prospect for global discussions on the \"dolomite problem\".

Thesis (Sc.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 1979. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND SCIENCE. / Vita. / Bibliography: leaves 594-611. / Sc.D.

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