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"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures En vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise en droit (L.L.M.)" / Facilitant l'adressage des sites sur Internet, le nom de domaine est devenu un moyen d'identification de l'entreprise, de ses activités et de ses productions, tant dans le monde virtuel que dans le monde réel, ce qui a amené le législateur à chercher comment protéger «cet identifiant» et organiser son mode d'exploitation. Cette «valeur ajoutée» à l'entreprise, qu'est le nom de domaine, déclenche plusieurs conflits entre lui et les «autres» signes distinctifs et pose de nouvelles questions et des réflexions d'ordre juridique. L'étude de la protection des noms de domaine met en relief l'élasticité de la théorie des signes distinctifs, une protection qui s'étend au monde virtuel transnational de l'Internet. Le caractère virtuel des noms de domaine sur le réseau mondial de l'Internet trace aussi un problème de juridiction. Doit on considérer que la protection accordée aux noms de domaine revêt un caractère d'ordre international, ou simplement un caractère d'ordre national où s'appliqueront les règles de droit d'un seul Etat? Toutes ces questions et bien d'autres, feront le noyau de notre étude dans laquelle on essayera le plutôt possible de répondre aux différentes questions d'ordre juridique qui se rattachent aux noms de domaine, tout en se basant sur les divers avis doctrinaux et jurisprudentiels comparés en la matière. / Facilitating web sites addressing on the Internet, domain names have become a means of identification of the company, its activities and its productions, whether in the virtual world as well as in the real world which obliged the legislator to look for the best legal way to protect this "identifier" and organize its mode of exploitation. This "added value" to the company, naming the domain name, provokes several conflicts between him and "the other distinctive signs" by raising new questions and reflexions of legal nature. The study of the protection of the domain names highlights the elasticity of the distinctive signs theory, which extends toward the transnational virtual world of the Internet. The virtual nature of domain names on the Internet traces also a problem of jurisdiction. Must one consider that the protection granted to domain names is of an international nature, or just national? AlI these questions and others as well, will make the core of our study during which we will try to answer, as much as possible, to all related questions, based on various related doctrinal and jurisprudential opinions.

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The precise control of ferromagnetic domain wall formation opens up exciting avenues of research and potential application in spintronics ? the manipulation of charge carriers via their spin properties. Recent experiments on Cobalt-Platinum multilayers containing artificially created domains provide the motivation for this work. In this thesis the electronic structure of CoPt multilayers are calculated by an ab initio multiple scattering method, and attempts are made at replicating the systems used in experiments, including lattice relaxations and the effects of substitutional alloying. The magnetic reversal process in Pt/Co/Pt trilayer systems is studied in the framework of micromagnetics, in which effects such as exchange, magnetocrystalline anisotropy and the demagnetising field are treated phenomenologically. The results are compared to recent experiments and the switching mechanism can be understood in terms of domain growth and domain wall nucleation. A ballistic transport framework is outlined in terms of a tight binding Green function method. The domain wall is modelled as a change in the local spin reference frame. The method is applied to Cobalt Platinum trilayers, and it is found that the resulting domain wall resistances are sensitive to the details of the Fermi energy bands. Subsequently, the angular dependence of domain wall resistivity in Pt/Co/Pt systems is studied by a model based on the anisotropic resistivity tensor that is expected in a domain wall. The results are used to extract resistivity parameters from experimental data, and a positive domain wall resistivity is identified, whilst resulting arguments provide supporting evidence for the Levy-Zhang theory of domain wall resistance. Finally, recent experiments on the dilute magnetic semiconductor (Ga,Mn)As have provided evidence for a negative intrinsic domain wall resistance in this material. By applying a similar model to that used on the CoPt systems, it is shown that the anomalous magnetoresistance effect can also provide a significant negative contribution to the measured resistance via induced eddy current at the domain wall boundary.

Measurements were made of the rate of magnetization, and the magnetization of the series of Dy (Co, Ni)2 compounds to investigate the intrinsic magnetic after effect. This effect is demonstrated by the existence of an intrinsic coercivity such that a critical value of applied field, Hc, must be reached before the domain walls can move freely through the material. However there is some movement of domain walls of fields below Hc, and this gives rise to time dependent magnetization. The mechanisms by which the domain walls overcome the energy barrier to their motion at fields below Hc was investigated in pulsed field, and in steady fields. After measuring the critical field and magnetic moments of each sample, the pulsed field magnetometer results were analysed to show that there is a certain temperature above which the mechanism for domain wall motion appears to be that described by Taylor???s thermal activation model. Below that particular temperature, the magnetization rate depends on the reciprocal of the applied field, and an empirical model is suggested. Estimates are made of the number of spines contained in the average wall kink; the wall jump frequency and the energy barrier. A vibrating sample magnetometer was used to study the magnetization of the specimens in steady fields. The results indicate that both the mechanisms described above are in operation, with thermal activation being a possibility at temperatures as low as 4.2K.

Thesis ()--University of Delaware, 2007. / Principal faculty advisor: Robert G. Hunsperger, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering. Includes bibliographical references.