The purpose of this study was to investigate the process of remaining a non-smoker used by adolescent females. Grounded theory was used as the research methodology to guide this qualitative study. Through the use of theoretical sampling, data was collected from seventeen female adolescents through audiotaped interviews. The findings of the study revealed that the girls proceeded through a three-phase process in order to remain a non-smoker. The main theme underpinning the entire process was found to be the development of self-confidence. The girls each possessed their own individual degree of self-confidence which enable them to commence the process by first making sense of smoking. Subsequently, the girls proceeded to phase two, rejecting smoking, only after they had decided that smoking served no purpose in their lives. Successfully rejecting smoking enabled two things to happen; 1) self-confidence increased and 2) one became known as a non-smoker. Finally, the girls were able to declare themselves to be nonsmokers, signaling the completion of the process of remaining a non-smoker. Three intervening conditions being busy, having support, and peer pressure to fit in were identified which influenced both the development of self-confidence and the progress of the process of remaining a non-smoker. By studying the experiences of non-smoking female adolescents, the investigator discovered that some girls do implement a process for remaining non-smokers. Interestingly, these girls were quite unaware of the process they were utilizing. This would imply that there may be value in fostering an awareness in adolescents and the people who interact with them that indeed there is a process occurring that empowers teenagers to be successful at remaining smoke-free. By learning more about this process, more adolescents could be prepared for what they may experience and then health care professionals could better support and foster their efforts to proceed on a path of remaining smoke-free.

Wood charcoal remains were analyzed from the Lockport site located along the Red River in southern Manitoba. Three research objectives included: (1) an investigation of charcoal quantification by comparing the wood taxa recovered within size categories; (2) a comparison of wood composition within features to indicate wood use; and (3) a comparison of the wood recovered from the Blackduck, Laurel, and Larter occupations to test if there was a change in wood use and the forest composition through time. Charcoal was randomly collected and identified from features and general level samples. A catchment analysis of the modern vegetation around the site detailed the range of woody species that may have been available. The use of wood by historic Native groups in the region was also reviewed. The Lockport charcoal was compared with charcoal recovered from similar archaeological sites. A flow model for wood was presented as a framework for interpreting archaeological charcoal. The biases of differential fragmentation were reduced when charcoal was sampled from a number of contexts and when the calculations were based on frequency (occurrence) instead of abundance (number of fragments). In general, the charcoal recovered from the features reprented the remains of fuel. The occupants of the Lockport site appeared to have reandomly selected wood from the surrounding forests, except possibly the conifer recovered from the Blackduck occupation. The charcoal evidence indicated that there was little change in the forest compostion through time at the Lockport site.

No description available.

This thesis argues that the return of remains deserves greater attention in humanitarian action. When remains are returned in an undignified manner, or not at all, this can harm the deceased person’s family and provoke the surrounding community. The inability to return remains has a significant impact on the deceased’s family. A conceptual framework – using concepts of posthumous dignity, boundary objects and moral injury – is outlined in this thesis. An extensive literature review was conducted to landmark events and publications regarding human remains and the impact of returning remains to families. After examining a variety of sectors and professions for return-of-remains practices, it has been observed that the way in which remains are returned to families, including what they are interred within and surrounded by, is critical to preventing moral injury and other distress to the families. The thesis also contends that efforts to return remains to families are widely and well received by affected communities; however these efforts require a well-coordinated approach of standardised procedures. Examples of prevailing practices from several professions are used to propose a humanitarian approach for the return of remains to families, with a goal of safeguarding the dignity of the dead and helping families cope with their loss. An analysis of such case material makes possible the formulation of recommendations on how to improve practices in the humanitarian sector. Protecting the dead is a responsibility of the living, and guidance is needed on how to return remains in an appropriate and sensitive manner.

No description available.

The purpose of this project was to determine if the human skeletal remains of two distinct Native American cemeteries, found in close geographic proximity, represent the same population. These archaeological sites are similar in location and artifacts. Burial practices, however, vary between the sites. These differences may represent class distinction or a difference in the times the cemeteries were used. Radiocarbon techniques have given dates of AD 230±300 and AD 635±105 for these two sites. Several methods of DNA isolation were compared for their ability to yield PCR amplifiable DNA. DNA isolation using a combination of CTAB and phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (24:24:1) provided the best results and yielded amplifiable DNA form two individuals, Hn I (8F-410) and Hn 10 ( 27F-8-14 b). Purification of the DNA by extraction from low melting agarose gel was required prior to PCR, and PCR conditions were optimized to maximize the DNA yields. Regions of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genome of isolated DNA were amplified by PCR using primers which are specific for the HincII region of the mtDNA genome. Inability of restriction enzyme HincII to digest the amplified DNA of these two individuals suggested that they belong to the Native American mtDNA lineage C characterized by the loss of this restriction site. / Department of Anthropology

Wood charcoal remains were analyzed from the Lockport site located along the Red River in southern Manitoba. Three research objectives included: (1) an investigation of charcoal quantification by comparing the wood taxa recovered within size categories; (2) a comparison of wood composition within features to indicate wood use; and (3) a comparison of the wood recovered from the Blackduck, Laurel, and Larter occupations to test if there was a change in wood use and the forest composition through time. Charcoal was randomly collected and identified from features and general level samples. A catchment analysis of the modern vegetation around the site detailed the range of woody species that may have been available. The use of wood by historic Native groups in the region was also reviewed. The Lockport charcoal was compared with charcoal recovered from similar archaeological sites. A flow model for wood was presented as a framework for interpreting archaeological charcoal. The biases of differential fragmentation were reduced when charcoal was sampled from a number of contexts and when the calculations were based on frequency (occurrence) instead of abundance (number of fragments). In general, the charcoal recovered from the features reprented the remains of fuel. The occupants of the Lockport site appeared to have reandomly selected wood from the surrounding forests, except possibly the conifer recovered from the Blackduck occupation. The charcoal evidence indicated that there was little change in the forest compostion through time at the Lockport site.

No description available.

No description available.

Partly laminated sediments on the upper continental slope (200-600 m) off central Peru contain a diverse assemblage of fish debris, diatoms, and the remains of a variety of other nektonic, planktic, and benthic organisms. Approximately 97 percent of the fish scales recovered from the best preserved cores come from the anchoveta (79 percent) , Peruvian hake (16 percent) , and sardine (2 percent). Most of the diatoms belong to the genera Chaetoceros, Skeletonema, Thalassionema, Thalassiosira, Coscinodiscus, and Rhizosolenia. A discontinuous sedimentary record at 11°S. and 13°S. shows that the species composition of diatom and fish debris assemblages has changed very little in the past 15,000 years. However, the relative abundance of diatom species and genera, and to a lesser extent, fish species and genera, has fluctuated throughout the Holocene. These fluctuations may be attributed to changes of primary and secondary productivity in the overlying water column and to subsequent chemical and physical alteration of the depositional environment. An explanation of Holocene upwelling and productivity was developed based on the distribution of fish debris, diatoms, and silicoflagellates in sediments deposited during the Second Neoglacial Period (about 2700-1800 yr. B.P.) from core 7706-40 at 11°15'S. Floral and faunal assemblages, variously enriched in sardine and saury scales, diatoms of the species Rhizosolenia shrubsolei, R. bergonii, and Skeletonema costatum, and the silicoflagellate genera Dictyocha and Distephanus, suggest that periods of global atmospheric cooling were accompanied by both enhanced productivity and warmer surface water off the coast of Peru. Abundant sardine scales in sediments deposited during the close of the last ice age (11,700-11,400 yr. B.P.) and a tropical oceanic assemblage of diatoms (Coscinodiscus nodulifer, Asteromphalus spp., Rhizosolenia bergonii) deposited together with large numbers of Skeletonerna costatum and Rhizosolenia shrubsolei at 11°15'S. during the 'Little Ice Age' (200-500 yr. B.P.) are further evidence supporting the proposed explanation of Holocene upwelling and productivity patterns. Latitudinal compression of atmospheric and oceanic circulation in the South Pacific Ocean and a southward shifting Intertropical Convergence Zone are phenomena frequently attributed to climatic cooling. Intensified oceanic circulation and weakened southeast trade winds directly off Peru that may have resulted from the compressed and shifted circulation belts could have interacted to produce the paradoxical simultaneity of warm surface water and high productivity signals preserved in Peruvian marine sediments during some episodes of global atmospheric cooling. Further testing of this and competing hypotheses depends upon the availability of cores from the northern and southern reaches of the Peruvian continental margin that exhibit greater temporal continuity. / Graduation date: 1980