Bakgrund: Transsexualism är en könsidentitetsstörning som innebär att en individ identifierar sig med det motsatta könet, och innefattar oftast en önskan om att korrigera sitt kön till det upplevda. I och med denna önskan kommer transsexuella ofta i kontakt med vården och därför krävs vårdpersonal som är kunnig och professionell i sitt bemötande. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att belysa transsexuellas upplevelse av vårdpersonalens bemötande under den könskorrigerande processen. Metod: Studien gjordes med en kvalitativ design och datainsamlingen skedde genom intervjuer av sex transsexuella personer. Insamlad data analyserades med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Respondenterna upplevde ett bra bemötande när mötet och samtalet genomsyrades av kunskap och professionalism och när personalen utgick ifrån deras livsvärld genom att ha en förstående och bekräftande inställning. När personalen istället tedde sig okunnig och oförstående upplevde sig respondenterna sårbara då de behövde övertala och anpassa sig till personalen för att få önskad vård. Slutsats: Studiens resultat visar tydligt att vårdpersonalens bemötande på många sätt påverkar de transsexuella patienternas väg genom den könskorrigerande behandlingen, som för de allra flesta transsexuella är helt livsavgörande. Det är därför av stor vikt att medvetandegöra transsexuella patienters upplevelser, för att på bästa sätt kunna försäkra ett gott bemötande. Klinisk betydelse: Belysandet av transsexuellas upplevelse av bemötandet i vården kan bidra till en ökad medvetenhet om transsexualism och transsexuellas vårdbehov, för att de i framtiden ska kunna erbjudas bättre vård. / Background: Transsexualism is a gender identity disorder, which means that an individual identifies him-/herself with the opposite sex, and this often involves a desire to correct their gender to the experienced one. With this desire, transsexuals often come in contact with health care and because of this it is necessary that care givers are knowledgeable and professional within the encounter. Aim: The aim of this study was to enlighten transsexual’s experience with the encounter from care givers during the gender reassignment. Method: The study was formed by a qualitative design and collection of data consisted in interviewing six transsexual individuals. Collected data was analyzed through a qualitative analysis of the context. Results: The participants experienced a good encounter when the meeting and conversation was imbued with knowledge and professionalism, and when the staff had the patient’s life-world in mind by having an understanding and affirmative attitude. When the personnel instead lacked of knowledge and occurred uncomprehending, the participants experienced vulnerability because they needed to persuade and adapt to the staff in order to get the required care. Conclusion: The result of the study illustrates that the encounter of health care personnel in many ways affect transsexual patients’ journey through the gender reassignment. It is therefore of great significance to acknowledge the experiences of transsexual patients’ to, in the best way possible, assure an adequate encounter. Clinical significance: The enlightenment of transsexual’s experiences of encounters could tribute to an increased consciousness of transsexualism and the health care needs of transsexuals, to offer better future health care.

Esta dissertação faz uma análise a respeito da mestiçagem brasileira, principalmente entre brancos e negros, sob a perspectiva do antropólogo alagoano Arthur Ramos em seu livro A mestiçagem no Brasil. O objetivo é compreender o papel desempenhado por ele na inversão positiva da imagem da mestiçagem, em especial, a partir dos anos 1930, quando Arthur Ramos, pertencendo a um conjunto de intelectuais brasileiros, preocupados em construir uma unidade nacional, elevou a figura do mestiço à categoria do particular, isto é, de singularidade nacional, porém sempre atrelada a ideia de democracia racial. Nessa operação, Ramos negou a tese da degenerescência do mestiço, o que lhe valeu embates políticos e intelectuais à frente da defesa da mestiçagem (física e cultural). Foi um dos responsáveis pela mudança de foco interpretativo da história nacional, que saiu do âmbito racial para o cultural. Na mesma medida, atuou de forma enérgica pela defesa da democracia racial brasileira, vista por ele como resultado da ausência de barreiras legais provenientes da colonização portuguesa. Assim, o estudo empreendido reflete a função e o significado da atuação de Ramos no cenário científico internacional, por seu trabalho curto, embora significativo no Departamento de Ciências Sociais da Unesco, que rendeu às ciências sociais brasileiras uma visibilidade como produtora de saber científico, bem como a vinda do projeto Unesco ao Brasil nos anos 1950. Esta pesquisa examina uma obra póstuma, A mestiçagem no Brasil, pouco conhecida e trabalhada, mas de significação ímpar, haja vista sua confecção depois das atrocidades da Segunda Guerra Mundial e ao retorno das concepções racistas do século XIX pelos nazistas. / This dissertation makes an analysis about the Brazilian miscegenation, mainly between black and white people, from the alagoano anthropologists perspective Arthur Ramos in his book on miscegenation in Brazil (A mestiçagem no Brasil). The objective is to understand the role he played in miscegenation reversing positive image, especially since the 1930s, when Arthur Ramos, belonging to a Brazilian intellectuals group, concerned with the building national unity, raised the mestizos figure to a particular category, thus, a national singularity, but always linked the idea of racial democracy. In this operation, Ramos denied the thesis of the mestizos degeneration, which earned his intellectual and political debates ahead about the miscegenation defense (physical and cultural). He was one of characters for focus interpretation of national history changing, who left from the race to the cultural context. In this way, acted vigorously to brazilian racial democracy defending, seen by him as a result of the legal barriers absence original from the Portuguese colonization. Thus, this studying treats about the function and meaning of Ramoss action in the international scientific space for his short but significant work in the Department of Social Sciences of UNESCO, which surrendered to the Brazilian Social Sciences visibility as a scientific producer of knowledge, as well as UNESCO project coming to Brazil in the 1950s. This research examines a posthumous work, The miscegenation in Brazil (A mestiçagem no Brasil), little bit known and worked, but unique meaning, considering his production from the World War II atrocities and the racist conception return in the nineteenth century by the Nazis.

Controlled environment experiments were designed to study the germination, seedling development, and defoliation responses of Chrysopogon aucheri and Cymbopogon jwarancusa to better understand their xv autecology and potential use in range improvement programs in Baluchistan. In experiment 1, Cymbopogon jwarancusa had greater seed fill and viability than Chrysopogon aucheri. When incubated at six different alternating temperature regimes, seeds of Cymbopogon jwarancusa had greater cumulative germination at five temperature regimes and faster germination at the colder temperature regimes than Chrysopogon aucheri. In experiment 2, seedling shoot and root development was characterized at 15-day intervals over a 60-day period. Seedlings of both species had a "panicoid'' type seedling morphology. Chrysopogon aucheri and Cymbopogon �warancusa developed comparable numbers of leaves and tillers per plant during the 60-day period. Chrysopogon aucheri had a greater number, length, and dry weight of primary and seminal roots than Cymbopogon jwarancusa at 30 and 60 days, respectively. Adventitious root length was also higher for Chrysopogon aucheri than Cymbopogon jwarancusa at 60 days. Seedlings of both species had similar shoot:root ratios and relative growth rates. In experiment 3, seedlings of both species were planted in rnonocultures and in a 50:50 mixtures. Defoliation treatments, implemented 32 weeks after emergence, included: equally clipping all plants of both species zero, one, two, or three times (at 4-week intervals) in monoculture and mixture; and clipping one species zero, one, two, or three times (at 4-week intervals) without clipping the associated species in mixture. Both species remained vegetative and did not differ in leaf and tiller development until about 32 weeks after emergence. During later growth, Chrysopogon aucheri reproduced while Cymbopogon jwarancusa remained vegetative. cymbopogon jwarancusa produced more tillers on control plants and defoliated plants (mainly in monoculture). At lower frequencies of defoliation Chrysopogon aucheri produced more shoot and root biomass than Cymbopogon jwarancusa (mainly in mixture). In 50:50 mixtures when one species was defoliated and the other not, both species were comparable in shoot dry weight; however, Chrysopopgon aucheri was superior to Cymbopogon jwarancusa in root dry weight at all defoliation regimes. The initial standing crop and subsequent regrowth of Chrysopogon aucheri were comparable or higher in crude protein and digestibility than Cymbopogon jwarancusa.

This thesis presents a series of inter-related case studies (Kurismaa 2015; Kurismaa and Pavlova 2016; Pavlova, Berlov and Kurismaa 2017) aiming to reexamine, from modern perspectives, one of the most significant and integrative approaches to neurophysiology in the 20-th century - the study of the dominant (учение о доминанте) by the physiologist acad. A.A. Ukhtomsky (1875-1942) and his scientific school. Although recognized as a critical contribution and framework for organism-centered study of physiology, knowledge of this school has remained minimal in the West, and to this day, almost entirely unexplored for its prospects of integration and interrelation with respective foreign research programs in biology and neuroscience, both past and present. In recent years, and partly on the initiative of the present author, some of the first attempts have been made to overcome these limitations, and to more systematically address the legacy of Ukhtomsky's school from modern perspectives of Western science (Nadin 2015). The present thesis, growing out from these efforts, contributes further materials to such comparative and methodological investigation. It aims specifically to clarify the modern status and significance of the dominant framework as an integrative and organismic paradigm for neuroscientific...

Doctrine of essential facilities under Czech and European law "Essential facilities doctrine" is a term used to describe a set of rules concerned with a dominant undertaking refusing to supply a crucial resource, over which it holds an exclusive control, to its competitors who need the resource to remain in business. This thesis focuses on the doctrine's applications in the context of an abuse of a dominant position, but the role the doctrine plays in regulation of network industries is mentioned as well. The main goal of the thesis is to define conditions under which the owner of the crucial resource - described as "an essential facility" in the thesis - abuses his dominant position by refusing to supply a competitor who is willing to pay a reasonable price for such access. The method primarily used to achieve the goal is a careful analysis of primary legal sources accompanied by studies of the relevant literature. The opinions and conclusions expressed in the afore-mentioned sources are critically evaluated by the thesis's author who presents his own opinions and tries to justify them by legal arguments. Chapter One explains some specific terms used in the text. Chapter Two describes a conflict between two core principles that have to be evaluated when the rules of mandatory access are defined or...

<p>This thesis is an investigation into the causes behind the emergence, maintenance and defeat of dominant authoritarian party regimes (DPARs). The emergence of these regimes during certain critical junctures in a country's history is attributed to the ability of charismatic leaders to co-opt political elites using electoral instruments and incentives under the banner of a single party. The presence of institutional mechanisms that can smooth the leadership transition process, provide rewards for elites to remain in the dominant party and increase the costs of elite defections are important explanatory factors in DPAR maintenance. DPARs also employ different strategies to co-opt and divide the opposition in order to reassert their political dominance. Intra regime splits are a necessary but not sufficient condition to weaken a DPAR. Institutional reform which further weakens a DPAR and increases the probability of future elite splits is introduced when the opposition can play a veto card. The mutually reinforcing effects of elite splits and institutional reform explain the downfall of DPARs in Mexico, Taiwan, Senegal and Paraguay. The DPAR in Malaysia is at a critical juncture whereby an opposition veto which can possibly lead to institutional reform currently hangs in balance.</p> / Dissertation

A growing number of organizations developing complex innovation projects face the dilemma that complexity demands more stability, resulting in increased sensemaking efforts, whilst innovation requires instability which encourages the organization to breakdown meaning. The aim of this study is to shed light on the simultaneous need for a strong sensemaking process and a breaking down in meaning in complex innovation projects by analyzing the collective sensemaking process through a storytelling lens. By conducting an explorative case study, we investigated a long-term development project in the Swedish defense industry. The qualitative study is based upon ten in-depth interviews with technical experts occupying key positions in the investigated project (JAS39 Gripen E-series development). We followed a process study approach to investigate the dynamic attributes and effects of a changing dominant story on the sensemaking process of project sub-teams. We propose that the dual attributes of arising dominating narratives allow sub- collectives to "escape" the dangerous downward spiral of a collapsing sensemaking process, as they enable individuals with cause maps contradictory to an organization's dominant story to remain in action. The acceptance of temporal relaxed stability can therefore be seen as an important step in the creation of radical innovation.

Offering business solutions instead of selling products has been identified by many firms as a strategy to fight against price pressure through commoditisation, to strengthen relationships with customers, and to increase ‘share of wallet’. Yet, three out of four companies selling business solutions fail to see a sustainable economic impact (Johansson et al., 2003). One approach to understanding how business solution suppliers could change this situation is to develop an understanding of the life cycle of business solutions, from idea generation to redeployment. This systematic review examines how the literature conceptualises the development, deployment and redeployment of business solutions. It systematically identifies and then analyses 31 scholarly articles contributing to our knowledge on this issue. The review discusses the literature within the framework of four aspects. Firstly, the review proposes the processes and phases of the development and deployment of business solutions. Secondly, it presents the components of the redeployment of business solutions. Thirdly, it provides information on the actors involved in the development, deployment, and redeployment of business solutions, and, fourthly, it discusses the interaction forms of these actors. The discussion shows that evidence in relation to the conceptualisation of the development, deployment, and redeployment of business solutions remains at a superficial, tentative and inconclusive level. The major limitations of the extant literature relate to the studies’ context-specificity, their lack of theoretical underpinning, and their deficiency of including actors of the supplier and/or customer network in the empirical investigation even though there is evidence that they play a role in the development, deployment, and redeployment of business solutions. Based on the limitations identified, the study suggests opportunities of further research.

Background: Complications related to peritoneal dialysis (PD) in patients with autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), including intraperitoneal rupture of renal cyst, hernia, membrane failure and peritonitis, have been reported. However, long-term clinical outcomes of ADPKD patients on PD remain unclear. We performed this meta-analysis to assess the risks of death, technique failure and peritonitis in ADPKD patients on PD. Methods: A systematic review was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane databases from inception to October 2017 to identify studies that evaluated the outcomes of ADPKD patients on PD, including the risks of death, technique failure and peritonitis. Non-ADPKD patients on PD were used as controls. Effect estimates from the individual study were extracted and combined using the random-effect, generic inverse variance method of DerSimonian and Laird. Results: Twelve cohort studies with a total of 14 673 patients on PD (931 ADPKD and 13 742 non-ADPKD patients) were enrolled. Compared with non-ADPKD status, ADPKD was associated with significantly decreased mortality risk with pooled odds ratio (OR) of 0.68 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.53–0.86; I 2 = 0). There were no associations of ADPKD with the risks of technique failure of PD and peritonitis with pooled OR of 0.93 (95% CI, 0.79–1.10; I 2 = 0) and 0.88 (95% CI, 0.75–1.05; I 2 = 0), respectively. We found no publication bias as assessed by Egger's regression asymmetry test, with P = 0.90, 0.28 and 0.60 for the risks of mortality, technique failure and peritonitis in ADPKD patients on PD, respectively. Conclusion: Compared with non-ADPKD patients on PD, our study demonstrates that ADPKD patients on PD have 0.68-fold decreased mortality risk. There are no associations of ADPKD status with the risks of technique failure or peritonitis.

Due to the increasing digitization of society, Gamification of services has become increasingly proliferated. Identifying and knowing how to manipulate the factors for successful implementation of gamification strategies is paramount. This study focuses on the factors of intrinsic motivation as identified by Self-Determination Theory while utilizing the principles of Service-Dominant Logic. Though the relationship between Self-Determination Theory and Gamification is relatively well researched, this is the first study to examine the relationship between all of these three distinct theories. This is a deductive quantitative study wherein upon an extensive theoretical and literature chapter, a collection of survey questions was devised and disseminated to appropriate audiences. This approach yielded 108 survey answers which were designed to examine independent versus dependent variables in order to draw a conclusion on specific relationships. The research findings revealed that the combination of Self-Determination Theory and Service-Dominant Logic did not yield any significant benefits when attempting to enhance customer motivation. Consequently, this study failed to provide evidence supporting the notion that these theories, when employed collectively within a gamification context, could produce more positive outcomes in comparison to Self-Determination Theory alone. The study yielded some interesting implications. Managers must exercise caution regarding the adverse effects that excessive customer autonomy can have. They should strive to establish a well-defined equilibrium between granting customers control while still meeting their expectations. Moreover, managers must tactfully avoid making customers feel inadequate which can be done through offering manageable challenges and tailoring products and services to suit their unique requirements. Lastly, managers should account for the preferences of their target audience when implementing gamification and allocate resources to research and development to remain informed about the latest advancements in this field.