博士 / 臺北市立大學 / 中國語文學系博士班 / 102 / The Chinese variety plays in SONG and JIN dynasty (hereinafter referred to as ‘Zaju’) is a genre of dramas across the North and the South, a cultural integration that is diversified in contents and rich in formats. Zaju also has a great influence on the Chinese drama afterwards: both the poetic dramas in YUAN dynasty and the legends in MING and CH’ING dynasty reveal characteristics that can be traced back to Zaju. There are two inevitable challenges one has to face, however, when conducting research on Zaju. Firstly, the related information is so limited that it is very hard to collect. And secondly, it is almost impossible to find any hard evidence for logical analysis. The reason for this is quite simple: The 279 Zaju recorded officially in ‘Wulin News’ and the 708 Zaju mentioned in ‘Chuogenglu’ are registered only with titles while their contents are not available. In spite of the fact, Tao Zongyi’s “Titles of JIN Yuan-Ben” collected in ‘Nancun Chuogenglu’ has provided an index to Zaju’s performance types. Tao classifies Zaju into 11 categories. The former five are entitled as the ‘Yuan-Ben (screenplay)’ and are classified by themes. The rest are more complicated since they are more like ‘interludes’ in mature dramas. This study attempts to elaborate, correct, and give some complements to former studies by analyzing the received legacy shown in the dramas of later generations. This dissertation is arranged as follows: i) In the first chapter of this dissertation, we review the Zaju that are classified with performing situation, goals of performance, and ways of performing. ii) The second chapter examines the Zaju that are classified with the plots or the stories. iii) The third chapter looks into those “interludes” that can be flexibly used in scriptwriting. With the reviewing efforts in the three chapters, plus with a conclusion chapter, this dissertation aims to provide an insight into how Zaju influences the development of Chinese drama in later generations.

At an anniversary celebration for the Garment Workers' Center, children continue their game of musical chairs.

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At a celebratory event, remaining children play musical chairs.

At an anniversary celebration for the Garment Workers' Center, children continue their game of musical chairs.

At an anniversary celebration for the Garment Workers' Center, children continue their game of musical chairs.

At an anniversary celebration for the Garment Workers' Center, children continue their game of musical chairs.

Two women stand addressing the Association, while other members remain seated around them.

Human remains are one of the most popular aspects of archaeology for the public in the United Kingdom, yet they are also one of the most sensitive and debated. Changes in attitudes and guidance in the UK in recent years means that it has become increasingly important for archaeologists to engage and communicate with the public. The mass media such as newspapers provide an important, yet complex and often mistrusted interface through which this communication can happen. To date little research exists in this area, and this research project starts to address this gap by exploring newspaper coverage of the archaeological excavation, retention, and reburial of human remains in the UK between 1989 and 2009. An analysis of 413 newspaper articles, 59 surveys of osteoarchaeologists, six interviews with senior archaeologists in the North East of England and surveys from 100 members of the public allows the newspaper coverage of the archaeological excavation, retention, and reburial of human remains to be explored from a number of perspectives. When data sets are compared, it can be seen that there are different expectations and understandings of newspaper coverage. Survey data from osteoarchaeologists show that newspaper coverage is expected to be a clear, detailed account which explains the process and reasons behind excavation, and reburial of human remains, and contributes to the public knowledge. However, content analysis of newspaper articles demonstrates that the reality is different. The newspaper article is a social construct, influenced by a number of external and internal factors including the news values of elites, negativity, and unexpectedness; the ability to time and coordinate the flow of information from archaeology to the newspapers; available word count; and presentations of archaeology in the wider mass media. Concern about newspaper coverage from osteoarchaeologists was common and was found to lie in the perceptions of the negative effects that a newspaper article may have, such as the potential for poor public image and loss of support for the subject. This research project suggests that in reality the negative impact from newspaper coverage was minimal, and its key role was in creating an overview and interest in the ii subject. Issues of the public’s trust in newspapers, low level of recall of newspaper article details, and the interconnected nature of the different mass media mean that the impact from newspapers on the public is more complex than is often assumed.

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