Objetivos: O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi avaliar a contribuição do conhecimento, da religiosidade, do medo, da qualidade de vida, dos grupos de referência e de variáveis sociodemográficas e comportamentais na prática da doação de sangue em uma amostra representativa da população de usuários de atenção primária à saúde do município de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo. Como objetivos específicos, propôs-se uma versão em português da Blood or Injection Fear Scale e desenvolveu-se um instrumento para a avaliação do conhecimento sobre a doação de sangue na população brasileira denominado Blood Donation Knowledge Questionnaire (BDK-Brazil). As propriedades métricas desses instrumentos também foram avaliadas. Métodos: Tratou-se de estudo transversal com amostragem aleatória estratificada. As 41 unidades básicas de saúde do município foram agrupadas em 12 estratos, de acordo com a área geográfica e o Índice Paulista de Vulnerabilidade Social (IPVS). O tamanho amostral calculado para o estudo foi de 1,054 entrevistas. Os participantes responderam perguntas sobre a prática da doação de, conhecimento sobre a doação, religiosidade, medo, qualidade de vida e variáveis sociodemográficas e comportamentais. Para responder ao objetivo principal do estudo os dados foram incluídos em um modelo de equações estruturais e a prática da doação foi considerada a variável dependente (construto central). O modelo estrutural foi avaliado por meio de matriz de correlações policóricas. O ajuste do modelo foi analisado considerando-se os índices de qualidade do ajustamento e a significância dos caminhos causais (?), avaliados pelos testes z, considerando um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: a doação de sangue foi mais frequente no sexo masculino e entre indivíduos maior nível socioeconômico e educacional. Entre os que nunca doaram sangue, maiores frequências de participantes do sexo feminino, mais jovens, de menor nível socioeconômico, solteiros e sem religião foram detectadas. No modelo estrutural, as variáveis medo, conhecimento e as variáveis sociodemogáficas idade, sexo, nível econômico e educacional foram significativas. Conclusão: Os8 resultados do nosso estudo sugerem associação da prática da doação de sangue com o medo de sangue, injeções e reações vasovagais, com o conhecimento e com variáveis sociodemogáficas como sexo, idade, nível econômico e escolaridade. O medo foi considerado uma barreira relevante para a decisão de doar sangue, bem como a falta de conhecimento sobre o processo da doação. Além disso, há evidências que entre os usuários de atenção primária à saúde, o grupo menos propenso a doar sangue é formado pelas mulheres, os mais jovens e com menor nível socioeconômico e educacional / Objectives: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the contribution of knowledge, religiosity, fear, quality of life, blood donation of peers and sociodemographic and behavioral variables in the practice of blood donation in a representative sample of the population of primary healthcare users in the city of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo. As specific objectives, a Portuguese version of the Blood or Injection Fear Scale (BIFS) was proposed and an instrument for the evaluation of knowledge about blood donation in the Brazilian population denominated Blood Donation Knowledge Questionnaire (BDK-Brazil) was developed. The metric properties of these instruments were also evaluated. Methods: This was a crosssectional study with randomized stratified sampling. The 41 healthcare facilities of the municipality were grouped into 12 strata, according to the geographic area and the Paulista Social Vulnerability Index. The sample size calculated for the study was 1,054 interviews. Participants answered questions about the blood donation practice, knowledge about donation, religiosity, fear, quality of life and sociodemographic and behavioral variables. To address the main objective of the study the data were included in a structural equation model and the blood donation practice was considered the dependent variable (central construct). The structural model was evaluated through polychoric correlation matrix. The fit of the model was analyzed considering the goodness of fit indices and the significance of the causal paths (?), evaluated by the z-tests, considering a level of significance of 5%. Results: Blood donation was more frequent in males and among individuals with higher socioeconomic and educational level. Among those who never donated blood, higher frequencies of female participants, younger, lower socioeconomic level, single and non-religious were detected. In the structural model, the variables fear, knowledge and sociodemographic variables age, sex, socioeeconomic and educational level were significant. Conclusion: The results of our study suggest the association of the blood donation practice with fear of blood, injections and vasovagal reactions, knowledge and10 sociodemographic variables such as gender, age, socioeconomic and educational level. Fear was considered a relevant barrier to the decision to donate blood as well as lack of knowledge about the donation process. In addition, there is evidence that women, the youngers participants and those with lower socioeconomic and educational level are less likely to donate blood among primary healthcare users.

O Hemocentro São Paulo é responsável por manter um banco de dados com informações sobre cada doação ou tentativa de doação de sangue. No entanto, os dados desse banco de dados não possuem a qualidade requerida pelas ferramentas/técnicas de análise. Por essa razão, fica difícil utilizar tais dados para estabelecer relações sistemáticas entre as variáveis armazenadas. A principal contribuição desta tese é a descrição da proveniência para atributos selecionados usando critérios de classificação definidos por especialistas. Este trabalho mostra que é possível fazer investigações detalhadas usando a descrição dos dados sem a necessidade de alterar a estrutura do banco de dados. Durante o período de 1996 a 2006, 1.469.505 doadores foram responsáveis por mais de 2.8 milhões de doações. Após a descrição da proveniência, foram obtidos 252.301 doadores do sexo masculino e 133.056 doadores do sexo feminino e que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão usados nesta tese. Dos 385.357 doadores incluídos na análise, 21.954 (5,7%) tiveram suas doações adiadas devido a seus baixos níveis de hematócrito, 3.850 (1,5%) eram do sexo masculino e 18.104 (13,6%) do sexo feminino. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que, embora os intervalos de espera entre as doações de sangue sejam grandes entre os doadores do sexo feminino e masculino, as mulheres são recusadas mais cedo, por risco de desenvolver anemia, do que os homens. Aproximadamente 12,84% das mulheres e 1,21% dos homens desenvolveriam hematócrito baixo antes da sétima doação. Os dados sugerem que indivíduos com baixo nível de hematócrito devem esperar mais tempo antes de executarem a próxima doação. Portanto, é importante compreender se existe uma ligação entre a doação de sangue e a diminuição no nível de hematócrito, a fim de evitar resultados indesejáveis para os doadores de sangue. O modelo de proveniência apresentado nesta tese não foi definido de acordo com os modelos de proveniência genéricos já implementados. Esta tese apresenta um modelo de proveniência que foi capaz de acrescentar informações semânticas para adquirir conhecimento de um experimento in silico. Um dos principais objetivos foi desenvolver uma abordagem baseada em declarações, tentando responder a importantes questionamentos biológicos. O modelo descrito combina ricas informações em cada processo usando declarações, e se baseia no conhecimento de especialistas. Esta tese também utilizou estatística descritiva e Análise de Sobrevivência. Finalmente, com a validação do modelo em um domínio conhecido, é pretendido expandir esse método para outros sistemas de informação voltados para hemoterapia. / The São Paulo Blood Center is responsible to maintain a database with information on each donation. However, this database does not have the quality required by techniques of analysis. For this reason, it is difficult to use it directly to establish systematic relationships between the variables. The main contribution of this paper is a provenance description of attributes selected using classification criteria defined by specialists. We show that it is possible to make detailed investigations using the data description without the need to change the structure of the database. During 1996 2006, 1,469,505 donors were responsible for more than 2.8 million of donation. After the provenance description, we obtained 252,301 male and 133,056 female that met our inclusion criteria. Of the 385,357 donors included in the analysis, 21,954(5.7%) were deferred due to low hematocrit, 3,850(1.5%) were males and 18,104(13.6%) were females. Our results show that, although the intervals between donations for female and male donors are wider, women presented anemia earlier than men. Approximately 12,84% of the females and 1,21% of the males would develop low hematocrit before the 7th donation. Our data suggest that individuals with low hematocrit level should wait longer before the next donation. Therefore, it is important to understand if there is a connection between blood donation and decrease in hematocrit level in order to prevent undesirable outcomes to blood donors. The provenance model presented here was not defined according to the generic provenance models already implemented. This thesis presents a provenance model that is able to add semantic information to acquire knowledge of an in silico experiment. One of the main purposes is to develop an approach based on declarations in order to answer biological questions. The provenance model described in this paper combines rich information for each process using the declarations, each having expert knowledge as a basis. To evaluate this provenance model we use descriptive statistics and Survival Analysis. Finally, with the validation of the model in a known domain, we intent to apply and validate this provenance model to other hemotherapy information systems.

Thesis (MPH.) -- University of Limpopo, 2012 / The objectives of the study: To determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices of black employees of The University of Limpopo (Turfloop campus) about blood donation. To determine the degree of willingness by blacks to donate as well as suggesting some solutions to improve the performance by the South African National Blood Services. Design: A descriptive study utilizing a self-reported questionnaire was carried out. Setting: The University of Limpopo Turfloop Campus in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. Material and Methods: A total of 138 employees participated in the study. With the aid of Predictive Analytics Software (PASW), 136 male and 101 female participants were randomly selected from the 40 University departments. The mean ages by gender was 36.91, ±10, 06 years for males, and 41.93, ±9, 35 years for females. The mean ages by donor status was 40.24, ±10, 15 years for donors and 37.94, ±9, 9 years for non-donors. Outcome measures: Subjects demographic variables were determined by the use of a pre-tested self-reported questionnaire, which covered personal characteristics such as gender, age, residence, number of household members, marital status, educational background, faculty or department of vi employment, as well as the monthly income bracket. Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding blood donation were also assessed using the pre-tested self-developed questionnaire. The following information was included: previous practices, current and lifetime practices of blood donation. Results: There was a general lack of practice of blood donation despite the presence of average knowledge relating to matters of blood donation amongst the black employees of the University of Limpopo, (Turfloop campus). There was no difference between black females and males as far as blood donation was concerned. There was a reflection of similar practices of blood donation by both genders. Blood donation generally started at a very late age due to early lack of exposure, information and awareness. Conclusion: Findings from this study showed that the prevalence of non-donors amongst the blacks is high. The attitudes and practices of non-donors towards donation were generally less favourable, but it can be argued that a high percentage of these findings may likely change with the right interventions.

published_or_final_version / Medical Sciences / Master / Master of Medical Sciences

Existing research in labor economics has rarely accounted for non-profit status in examining wage dispersion. Contrariwise, in non-profit sector research, little has been said so far about (intra-organizational) wage dispersion. Scattered findings from previous work indicate that wage dispersion is smaller in non-profit organizations (NPOs) as compared to for-profits (FPOs). Fairness perceptions and high moral ideals of workers within this sector are often cited as reasons for this assumption. Empirically, however, the reasons for inter-sectoral differences remain obscure. In our analysis, we concentrate on specific characteristics of NPOs as compared to FPOs. More specifically, this paper is to address the question if volunteer workers, donations and public subsidies influence the within-firm wage dispersion in NPOs. In order to answer this research question we use Austrian matched employer-employee data collected in 2006. We estimate an instrument variable regression and find that NPOs that employ volunteer workers and NPOs with a more even mix between paid and unpaid staff display smaller wage dispersion. Donations and public subsidies augment the wage dispersion. (author's abstract) / Series: Working Papers / Institut für Sozialpolitik

In this research I analyse how the existence of regulations that allow private funding of election campaigns have created opportunities for crime. Three specific questions are addressed here: 1. Do electoral donations increase political corruption? 2. Why do companies give electoral donations? 3. How are electoral donors compensated? To address these questions, I adopted a nested analysis. This sequential, mixed method brings together the strengths of both regression analysis and case study research, while conducting a validity check—triangulation—by convergence of results via different methods and theoretical approaches. I first conducted a cross-national comparison of 78 countries; then, I conducted a survey of 302 private companies in Colombia; and finally, I documented one case that described how campaign contributions affect the political decision-making process. The main conclusion of this research is that electoral law creates opportunities for crime, because it legalizes the entrance of interested money into politics, disqualifies donors as perpetrators, and introduces regulations with null or limited deterrent effect on the delivery of undue reciprocities. Indeed, I demonstrated that electoral financing is used as a legal bribery by private corporations. The legal character of this political instrument is perverted when undue compensation is delivered to donors. This is not a crime with a single perpetrator; rather, donors and incumbents are equally involved. However, donors are protected by electoral law, because the money delivered as corrupt incentive is classified as legal. This suggests that the law is being used as a mechanism that neutralizes donors as perpetrators. This perspective points to the manipulative use of electoral law, or creative compliance, as the term is used by McBarnet (2006).

The master´s thesis discusses the analysis of the plasma donor market in the Czech Republic with focus on Prague and Central Bohemian Region. The main aim of this thesis is to assess this market, identify behaviour of blood plasma donors and motives leading to regular donations, through research of primary and secondary data. Further the thesis deals with detection the awareness of donating blood plasma among studnets of prague universities and barriers to become a donor. The theoretical part of this thesis defines a donor market with legislation. Application part includes competitor analysis based on secondary data and research of blood plasma donators and Prague students. Thesis concludes with a marketing recommendations for a selected donor centre, which are deducted from the analysis.

O Hemocentro São Paulo é responsável por manter um banco de dados com informações sobre cada doação ou tentativa de doação de sangue. No entanto, os dados desse banco de dados não possuem a qualidade requerida pelas ferramentas/técnicas de análise. Por essa razão, fica difícil utilizar tais dados para estabelecer relações sistemáticas entre as variáveis armazenadas. A principal contribuição desta tese é a descrição da proveniência para atributos selecionados usando critérios de classificação definidos por especialistas. Este trabalho mostra que é possível fazer investigações detalhadas usando a descrição dos dados sem a necessidade de alterar a estrutura do banco de dados. Durante o período de 1996 a 2006, 1.469.505 doadores foram responsáveis por mais de 2.8 milhões de doações. Após a descrição da proveniência, foram obtidos 252.301 doadores do sexo masculino e 133.056 doadores do sexo feminino e que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão usados nesta tese. Dos 385.357 doadores incluídos na análise, 21.954 (5,7%) tiveram suas doações adiadas devido a seus baixos níveis de hematócrito, 3.850 (1,5%) eram do sexo masculino e 18.104 (13,6%) do sexo feminino. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que, embora os intervalos de espera entre as doações de sangue sejam grandes entre os doadores do sexo feminino e masculino, as mulheres são recusadas mais cedo, por risco de desenvolver anemia, do que os homens. Aproximadamente 12,84% das mulheres e 1,21% dos homens desenvolveriam hematócrito baixo antes da sétima doação. Os dados sugerem que indivíduos com baixo nível de hematócrito devem esperar mais tempo antes de executarem a próxima doação. Portanto, é importante compreender se existe uma ligação entre a doação de sangue e a diminuição no nível de hematócrito, a fim de evitar resultados indesejáveis para os doadores de sangue. O modelo de proveniência apresentado nesta tese não foi definido de acordo com os modelos de proveniência genéricos já implementados. Esta tese apresenta um modelo de proveniência que foi capaz de acrescentar informações semânticas para adquirir conhecimento de um experimento in silico. Um dos principais objetivos foi desenvolver uma abordagem baseada em declarações, tentando responder a importantes questionamentos biológicos. O modelo descrito combina ricas informações em cada processo usando declarações, e se baseia no conhecimento de especialistas. Esta tese também utilizou estatística descritiva e Análise de Sobrevivência. Finalmente, com a validação do modelo em um domínio conhecido, é pretendido expandir esse método para outros sistemas de informação voltados para hemoterapia. / The São Paulo Blood Center is responsible to maintain a database with information on each donation. However, this database does not have the quality required by techniques of analysis. For this reason, it is difficult to use it directly to establish systematic relationships between the variables. The main contribution of this paper is a provenance description of attributes selected using classification criteria defined by specialists. We show that it is possible to make detailed investigations using the data description without the need to change the structure of the database. During 1996 2006, 1,469,505 donors were responsible for more than 2.8 million of donation. After the provenance description, we obtained 252,301 male and 133,056 female that met our inclusion criteria. Of the 385,357 donors included in the analysis, 21,954(5.7%) were deferred due to low hematocrit, 3,850(1.5%) were males and 18,104(13.6%) were females. Our results show that, although the intervals between donations for female and male donors are wider, women presented anemia earlier than men. Approximately 12,84% of the females and 1,21% of the males would develop low hematocrit before the 7th donation. Our data suggest that individuals with low hematocrit level should wait longer before the next donation. Therefore, it is important to understand if there is a connection between blood donation and decrease in hematocrit level in order to prevent undesirable outcomes to blood donors. The provenance model presented here was not defined according to the generic provenance models already implemented. This thesis presents a provenance model that is able to add semantic information to acquire knowledge of an in silico experiment. One of the main purposes is to develop an approach based on declarations in order to answer biological questions. The provenance model described in this paper combines rich information for each process using the declarations, each having expert knowledge as a basis. To evaluate this provenance model we use descriptive statistics and Survival Analysis. Finally, with the validation of the model in a known domain, we intent to apply and validate this provenance model to other hemotherapy information systems.

Previous research has found that family socialization influences financial giving behaviors and that financial giving predicts personal wellbeing. However, little research since the early 1980s has explored this phenomenon, and virtually none of the research has been qualitative in nature. As part of the Whats and Hows of Family Financial $ocialization project, this study employs a diverse, multi-site, multigenerational sample (N = 115) to qualitatively explore the following research question: how do children learn about financial giving from their parents? In other words, how is financial giving transmitted across generations? From interviews of emerging adults and their parents and grandparents, three core themes emerged: "Charitable Donations," "Acts of Kindness," and "Investments in Family." Various topics, processes, methods, and meanings involved in this socialization are presented, along with implications and potential directions for future research.

This diploma thesis introduces the topic of online fundraising primarly based on foreign scholarly literature. The thesis focuses mostly on its tools, but it also presents ethical rules or evaluation. The goal of the diploma thesis after introduction this topic to the czech public is to analyse the half-structured questionnaire and identify successful organizations. In addition to that, the aim of the research is to discover the application of key success factors of online fundraising among identified successful organizations, which are at the end supplemented by inspirations and recommendations from czech NGOs.