Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:44:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV14MA145.pdf: 557284 bytes, checksum: c1f697a8e08ea10590159b51ac90bac8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / For bud burst induction the main practice adopted is hydrogen cyanamide with mineral oil spraying. However, hydrogen cyanamide is classified as class I toxicity (highly toxic). Therefore, it is essential to study eficiente alternative methods in breaking dormancy, when cold requirements are not achieved. This study aimed to evaluate alternatives products to the use of hydrogen cyanamide to induce budding on apple Maxi Gala and the effect of these on orchard yield. The experimente was conducted in a randomized block design with five replications in a comercial orchard located at the city Vacaria RS during the agricultural years 2012/13 and 2013/14. The treatments were: T1 control (no treatment); T2 OM (Mineral Oil) 2%; T3 OV (egetable Oil) 2%; T4 - OV 4%; T5 OM 2% + OV 2%; T6 OM 2% + 4% OV; T7 - Dormex® + OM and T8 - Erger® + Ca nitrate. Thwe results were subjected to anova and means comparison by Duncan s test. The variables analyzed were budding percentage and yield per plant; the highest budding was observed in the treatment T8 (89.39), however this had the lowest production (11.86 kg plant-¹. The highest yield was observed in treatments T1, T4 and T6 (24, 22.6, and 22.5 kg plant-¹, respectively). The mixo f mineral oil 2% + vegetable oil 4% (T6) for this experimente proved to bean alternative to the use of hydrogen cyanamide allowing a good percentage of budding and good fruit yield. The treatment with Erger-¹ despite having the highest budding was not eficiente on fruit yield. In the last evaluation T8 treatment proved to be superior to other treatments with 90.23% of budding. T1 had the best yield per plant with 24.65 kg. The highest number of fruits was on T3. The largest amount of soluble solids ocurred in treatment T8 (13.07). in the next vegetative and productive cycle there was no significant difference for the variables, average fruit weight, number of fruit, soluble solids firmness. Treatment with Erger®, mineral oil 2% + vegetable oil 4% and only vegetable oil 4% had the highest yield. For the agricultural year 2012/13 and 2013/14 all treatments anticipated and standardized the shoots compared to control. The treatment of OM 2% + OV 4% promotes budding of apple plants with the same efficiency as the use hydrogen cyanamide. The treatment with Erger® promoted higher budding, but reduced the yield, causing alternation over the years / Para a indução de brotação a principal prática adotada é a pulverização com cianamida hidrogenada juntamente com óleo mineral. Entretanto, a cianamida hidrogenada é classificada como classe toxicológica I (extremamente tóxica). Portanto, torna-se imprescindível a realização de estudos sobre métodos alternativos eficientes na superação de dormência, quando as exigências de frio não forem satisfeitas. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar produtos alternativos ao uso de cianamida hidrogenada para indução da brotação em macieira Maxi Gala‟ e o efeito desses na produção do pomar. O experimento foi conduzido no delineamento em blocos casualizados com cinco repetições em pomar comercial localizado no município de Vacaria-RS durante as safras agrícolas 2012/13 e 2013/14. Os tratamentos consistiram em: T1 - Controle (sem tratamento); T2- OM (Óleo Mineral) 2%; T3 - OV (Óleo Vegetal) 2%; T4 - OV 4%; T5 - OM 2% + OV 2%; T6 - OM 2% + OV 4%; T7 - Dormex® + OM e T8 Erger®+Nitrato de Ca. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância seguida por comparação de médias através do teste de Duncan. As variáveis analisadas foram porcentagem de brotação e produção por planta; a maior porcentagem de brotação foi observada no tratamento T8 (89,39), no entanto este apresentou a menor produção (11,86 Kg planta-1). A maior produção foi verificada nos tratamentos T1, T4 e T6 (24; 22,6; e 22,5 Kg planta-1, respectivamente). A mistura de óleo mineral 2% + óleo vegetal 4% (T6), para este experimento mostrou-se uma alternativa ao uso da cianamida hidrogenada permitindo uma boa porcentagem de brotação e boa produção de frutos. O tratamento com Erger® apesar de ter a maior porcentagem de brotação não foi eficiente na produção de frutos. Na ultima avaliação o tratamento com T8 se mostrou superior aos outros tratamentos com 90.23% das gemas brotadas. T1 foi a que teve a melhor produção por planta com 24,65 Kg. O maior número de frutos foi no tratamento T3. A maior quantidade de teor de sólidos solúveis ocorreu no tratamento T8 (13,07). No ciclo vegetativo e produtivo seguinte não houve diferença significativa para as variáveis, peso médio de frutos, número de frutos, sólidos solúveis e firmeza de polpa. Os tratamentos com Erger, óleo mineral 2% mais óleo vegetal 4% e somente óleo vegetal a 4% tiveram a maior produtividade. Para o ano agrícola 2012/13 e 2013/14 todos os tratamentos utilizados anteciparam e uniformizaram as brotações quando comparados ao controle. O tratamento de OM 2% + OV 4% promove a brotação das plantas de macieira com a mesma eficiência que o uso de cianamida hidrogenada. O tratamento com Erger promoveu uma maior brotação, mas reduz a produção, causando alternância ao longo dos anos

The biology of seed dormancy and germination of 46 species representing 11 of the 12 tribes in Convolvulaceae were compared in laboratory (mostly), field and greenhouse experiments. Seeds were tested for kind of dormancy and storage behavior; artificial or simulated natural treatments were applied to break physical dormancy (PY); the initial route of water entry (“water gap”) into seeds was identified; the morphoanatomy of the water gap was compared in seeds of 17 species; ontogenetical differences between water gap and seed coat away from the hilum were described in Ipomoea lacunosa seeds; cycling of sensitivity to dormancy break was elucidated in seeds of I. lacunosa, I. hederacea, Cuscuta australis and Jaquemontia ovalifolia; and mechanism of opening of the water gap was determined for seeds of I. lacunosa and of I hederacea. Seeds of only three of the 46 species were nondormant. Two of these were recalcitrant (Maripa panamensis and Erycibe henryi), and the other one was orthodox (Bonamia menziesii). Seeds of the other 43 species were orthodox and had PY except those of Cuscuta europea, which also had physiological dormancy (PD) i.e. combinational dormancy (PY + PD). Two bulges adjacent to the micropyle were identified as the water gap in all seeds with PY except those of Cuscuta, in which the hilar fissure is the water gap. Anatomy of the bulges (water gap) adjacent to the micropyle differs from that of seed coat away from the bulges. A different sequence and phase of anticlinal and periclinal cell divisions during development created weak transitional zones between bulge - hilum and bulge - seed coat away from hilum. Water vapor pressure changes below the bulges caused formation of the opening(s) in water gap. Seeds of I. lacunosa I. hederacea, C. australis and J. ovalifolia cycle between sensitive and insensitive states to dormancy break, but not between PY and nondormancy. Seed dormancy and storage characteristics and anatomy and morphology of dormancy of seeds of Convolvulaceae closely follow the molecular phylogeny of the family. I suggest that PY in seeds of subfamily Convolvuloideae evolved from nondormant recalcitrant seeds of an ancestor closely related to Erycibeae.