Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-03-18T17:25:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 estudo_desempenho.pdf: 1623749 bytes, checksum: c6a573b2417303fb9a9df23a0c7e03a2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-18T17:25:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 estudo_desempenho.pdf: 1623749 bytes, checksum: c6a573b2417303fb9a9df23a0c7e03a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / CNPQ – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A queima de combustíveis sólidos em leito fluidizado é uma das tecnologias mais avançadas utilizadas em usinas de conversão de energia térmica. Atualmente, há uma crescente busca por um melhor entendimento dos processos hidrodinâmicos de fluidização e por modelos matemáticos capazes de prever com eficácia tais fenômenos. Neste trabalho, uma ferramenta de Dinâmica dos Fluidos Computacional (CFD), o código aberto MFIX (Multiphase Flow with Interphase Exchanges) é empregado na simulação numérica de escoamentos multifásicos em um leito fluidizado borbulhante (LFB). Na modelagem matemática do problema, emprega-se a abordagem Euleriana, ou seja, as fases gás e sólido particulado são consideradas como meios contínuos interpenetrantes. As equações de conservação de massa e quantidade de movimento são resolvidas para cada fase, e o acoplamento entre as fases é feito pelo termo de transferência de quantidade de movimento entre as fases, a qual se dá pelo arrasto sólido-gás. Este último pode ser modelado por correlações teóricas ou empíricas, dentre as quais se destacam as correlações de Gidaspow, Hill-Koch-Ladd (HKL), Syamlal e O'Brien e Arastoopour. No presente trabalho é avaliado o desempenho dessas correlações na simulação numérica de um leito fluidizado borbulhante com jato central de gás. Os resultados gerados utilizando os diferentes modelos são comparados com resultados experimentais disponíveis na literatura. O modelo de Syamlal e O'Brien requer menor tempo de processamento e apresenta independência de malha mesmo para malhas pouco refinadas, porém prevê bolhas muito menores do que as observadas experimentalmente. Os modelos de Gidaspow e HKL apresentam resultados com boa concordância com resultados experimentais, principalmente no que diz respeito ao formato das bolhas. Estes modelos requerem alto tempo de processamento e malhas bastante refinadas para apresentarem resultados independentes da discretização. Para o modelo de Arastoopour são apresentados resultados preliminares, os quais diferem bastante dos demais modelos e necessitam um estudo mais aprofundado. / The burning of solids fuels in fluidized bed is one of the most advanced technologies used thermal energy power plants. Currently, there is a growing interest for a better understanding of the hydrodynamic processes of fluidization and mathematical models able to predict such phenomena effectively. In this work, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tool, the open source code MFIX (Multiphase Flow With Interphase Exchanges) is used in the numerical simulation of multiphase flows in a bubbling fluidized bed. In the mathematical modeling of the problem, the Eulerian approach is employed, i.e. the particulate solid and gas phases are considered to be interpenetrating continua. The equations of mass and momentum are solved for each phase, and the coupling between phases is achieved via a momentum transfer term, which is caused by gas-solid drag. The latter can be modeled by theoretical or empirical correlations, among which stand out the correlations of Gidaspow, Hill-Koch-Ladd (HKL), Syamlal and O’Brien and Arastoopour. In the present work the performance of these correlations in the numerical simulation of a bubbling fluidized bed with a central jet of gas is studied. The results produced using different correlations are compared to experimental results available in the literature. The model of Syamlal and O’Brien requires less processing time and presents mesh independent results even for coarse meshes, but predicts much smaller bubbles than those observed experimentally. The models of HKL and of Gidaspow give results which show good agreement with experimental results, especially with regard to the shape of bubbles. These models require high processing time and very refined meshes to produce results independent of the discretization. For the Arastoopour model, preliminary results are presented, which differ greatly from other models and require further study

Dois dos principais objetivos no estudo da aerodinâmica de veículos comerciais são a redução no consumo de combustível e o aumento na eficiência da refrigeração do motor. Esses objetivos podem ser alcançados através do desenvolvimento de dispositivos que modifiquem o escoamento do ar ao redor do veículo e também através da alteração da forma das superfícies externas. A inclinação das superfícies da parte traseira de um ônibus, por exemplo, tem grande influência sobre a esteira turbulenta que se forma atrás do veículo. O uso de ferramentas computacionais permite uma redução de custo e maior flexibilidade na análise aerodinâmica de autoveículos. Ainda é preciso, no entanto, que o resultado dessas ferramentas computacionais seja verificado com o maior número possível de casos para que se possa escolher e ajustar o modelo matemático de forma adequada. O objetivo do presente trabalho é a verificação dos resultados computacionais e experimentais no desenvolvimento de metodologias que visem à redução no consumo de combustível e aumento na eficiência da refrigeração do motor. Foram comparados resultados experimentais e computacionais do escoamento sobre um modelo de um ônibus comercial em escala 1:17,5. Para a realização do experimento foi utilizado um túnel de vento de seção aberta, onde foram analisadas as distribuições de pressão nas superfícies da carroceria e o arrasto aerodinâmico. Para o teste computacional, foi utilizado um software de dinâmica dos fluidos computacional em que as equações de Navier-Stokes com média de Reynolds são resolvidas pelo método dos volumes finitos usando um modelo de turbulência RNG 'capa' - 'épsilon' / Two main objectives in the study of commercial vehicle aerodynamics are the reduction in fuel consumption and the improvement in engine refrigeration efficiency. These objectives can be achieved through development of devices which vary the flow characteristics around the vehicle and also through modification of the shape of external surfaces. The slope of rear surfaces, for instance, has large influence over the wake turbulence which forms behind the vehicle. The use of computational tools yields cost reduction and greater flexibility in automotive aerodynamic analysis. There is still a need, however, for verification of results, generated by these computational tools, with the largest possible number of test cases so that the mathematical model is adequately chosen and adjusted. The objective of the present work is the verification of experimental and computational results in the development of methodologies aiming at reduction of fuel consumption and improvement in engine refrigeration efficiency. Experimental and computational aerodynamic results were compared for a commercial bus model with a 1:17.5 scale. The experiments were conducted in an open section wind tunnel where pressure distribution and aerodynamic drag were analyzed. The numerical analysis was conducted using computational fluid dynamics software which solves the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations using the finite volume method with a RNG 'capa' - 'épsilon' turbulence model

Cette thèse expérimentale et numérique s’intéresse à l’écoulement à inertie négligeable d’un fluide newtonien et d’un fluide à seuil autour d’une plaque ou d’un cylindre en présence d’une paroi. Les efforts générés et les structures d’écoulement ont été particulièrement étudiés. Pour le fluide à seuil, l’étude est centrée sur le domaine des effets de seuil grands par rapport aux effets visqueux. Pour l’approche expérimentale, un dispositif a été conçu permettant de mesurer simultanément les forces de traînée et de portance en fonction de la vitesse et de la distance obstacle/paroi. Les fluides étudiés sont un sirop de glucose Newtonien et un gel de Carbopol considéré comme un fluide à seuil modèle. Ces matériaux ont été finement caractérisés du point de vue rhéologique. Des simulations numériques utilisant le modèle viscoplastique anélastique d’Herschel-Bulkley régularisé par le modèle de Papanastasiou ont été réalisées. Les résultats obtenus avec le fluide newtonien ont permis de valider l’installation expérimentale et l’approche numérique. Les effets de la contrainte seuil, de la distance paroi/obstacle, de la rhéofluidification, de l’angle d’inclinaison de la plaque sur les coefficients de traînée et de portance ont été examinés en détail. Le régime de lubrification a été étudié pour le cylindre expérimentalement et théoriquement. La morphologie de l’écoulement (zones rigides) et les grandeurs locales ont été montrées. Des solutions analytiques de la traînée et de la portance ont été proposées. Les comparaisons entre les résultats expérimentaux et numériques ainsi qu’avec les solutions issues de la plasticité de la mécanique des sols sont analysées. Les écarts sont discutés en termes d’influence de l’élasticité et de plasticité du fluide à seuil. / This experimental and numerical thesis deals with the creeping flow of a Newtonian fluid and a yield stress fluid around a plate or a cylinder in the presence of a wall. The generated forces and the flow structures have been particularly studied. The study focuses for the yield stress fluid on large yield stress effects compared to the viscous effects. For the experimental approach, a device has been designed to measure simultaneously the drag and lift forces as a function of velocity and obstacle / wall distance. The fluids studied are a Newtonian glucose syrup and a Carbopol gel considered as a yield stress fluid model. These materials have been finely characterized from the rheological point of view. Numerical simulations using the Herschel-Bulkley anelastic viscoplastic model regularized by the Papanastasiou model were carried out. The results obtained with the Newtonian fluid allowed to validate the experimental set-up and the numerical approach. The effects of the yield stress, the wall / obstacle distance, the power law index and the inclined plate on the drag and lift coefficients were carefully examined. The lubrication regime has been studied for the cylinder both experimentally and theoretically. The morphology of the flow (rigid zones) and the local field quantities have been shown. Analytical solutions of drag and lift have been proposed. Comparisons between the experimental and numerical results as well as the solutions resulting from the plasticity of soil mechanics are analyzed. Deviations are discussed in terms of the elasticity and plasticity influence of the yield stress fluid.

Este trabalho se propôs a avaliar o desempenho de um reator com leito de biomassa aderida de fluxo ascensional em escala plena (159 \'M POT.3\') e com aeração contínua a 7 m acima da base do reator para o tratamento do esgoto sanitário. O leito do reator era formado por carvão ativado granular, carvão antracitoso e areia. O trabalho foi dividido em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa foram feitos ensaios hidrodinâmicos que consistiram da curva de expansão/fluidificação para as biopartículas do leito do reator em escala plena e do ensaio de estímulo-resposta com o traçador \'NA\'CL\'. Na segunda etapa monitorou-se o comportamento do reator com leito de biomassa aderida operado com setor 1 (sem aeração) e setor 2 (com aeração) sobrepostos e foi utilizada a recirculação para expandir o leito. As curvas de expansão/fluidificação das biopartículas constituintes do leito do reator mostraram que o leito do reator no setor 1 encontrava-se sem expansão e no setor 2 estava expandido, sob as condições de operação determinadas para esse trabalho. Do ensaio com o traçador \'NA\'CL\', obtiverem-se tempo de detenção hidráulica médio (TDHM) de 18,45 h para o ensaio sem recirculação e com compressor desligado; e de 16,90 h para o ensaio com recirculação e compressor ligado. Os TDHM obtidos foram maiores que o TDH teórico (igual a 12 h), provavelmente devido à difusão do traçador no biofilme. A Etapa II foi dividida em duas fases, na fase 1 o TDH teórico médio foi de 12 h e na fase 2 foi de 16 h. Verificou-se baixa retenção de sólidos no sistema, visto que o efluente apresentou, durante a maior parte do período de monitoramento, concentrações de sólidos totais e sólidos suspensos totais superiores as do afluente. A maior eficiência de remoção de DQO de amostra bruta aconteceu na fase 2 e foi de 32% sob taxa de carregamento de 0,86kgDQObruta/\'M POT.3\'.d. Os valores médios de DQO de ) amostras filtradas do efluente foram iguais 119 e 116 mg \'O IND.2\'/L, o que equivale a remoções médias de 54% e 63%, respectivamente para a fase 1 e 2. A maior remoção DBO de amostra filtrada no sistema aconteceu na fase 1 e foi de 91%, com o efluente apresentando concentração de 19 mg \'O IND.2\'/L. Com relação à concentração de NTK, o sistema foi pouco eficiente em sua remoção e apresentou concentrações muito baixa de nitrogênio oxidado (menores que 1 mg \'NO IND.3\'POT.-1\'/L). O grau de amonificação foi de 89%, em média, quando considerou a concentração de NTK em amostra filtrada. Concluiu-se que o sistema não é eficiente na remoção de material orgânico e de nutrientes devido ao arraste de sólidos e material biológico no efluente. / This work aimed to evaluate the performance of a full scale up-flow attached biomass bed reactor (159 \'M POT.3\') and with continuous aeration at 7 m above bottom of the reactor to sanitary sewage treatment. The bed of the reactor was constituted for activated granular carbon, anthracite carbon and sand. The work was divided into two stages. In the first stage, hydrodynamics tests were made which consisted of the expansion/fluidization curve for the bioparticles of the bed of the full scale reactor and of the test of stimulus-response with tracer \'NA\'CL\'. In the second stage, it monitored the performance of the attached biomass bed reactor operated with overlapping sector 1 (without aeration) and sector 2 (with aeration) and it utilized the recirculation to expand the bed. The expansion/fluidization curves of the bioparticles of the bed of the reactor showed that the bed of the reactor in the sector 1 was without expansion and in the sector 2 was expanded, under the operating conditions determined for this work. Of the test with \'NA\'CL\' tracer obtained mean hydraulic detention time (HDTM) of 18,45 h for the test without recirculation and compressor off; and of 16,90 h for the test with recirculation and compressor on. The obtained HDTM were bigger than the theoretical HDT (equal at 12 h), probably due to at the diffusion of trace into biofilm. The stage II was divided into two phases, in the phase 1 mean theoretical HDT was of 12 h, and in the phase 2 was of 16 h. It verified low retention of solids in the system, since the effluent presented, during most of the monitoring period, concentrations of total solids and total suspended solids higher than the influent. The greater efficiency of COD removal of raw sample occurred in phase 2 and was of 32% under loading rate of 0,86kgCODraw/\'M POT.3\'.d. The mean amounts COD of filtered samples in the effluent were equal to 119 and 116mg\'O IND.2\'/L, which is equivalent ) to mean removals of 54% and 63%, respectively for phase 1 and 2. The higher efficiency of removal BOD filtered sample in the system was in phase 1 and was of 91%, with effluent presenting concentration of 19mg \'O IND.2\'/L. With respect to the TKN concentration, the system was little efficient in its removal and presented very low concentration of oxidized nitrogen (lower than 1mg \'NO IND.3\'POT.-1\'). The degree of ammonification was 89%, on average, when considered the TKN concentration in the filtered sample. It concluded that the system is not effective removing organic material and nutrients due to drag of solids and biological material in the effluent.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2017-03-16T12:44:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel Augusto Kestering_.pdf: 4709572 bytes, checksum: bd1166e3946f589fd86f700a714928c2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-16T12:44:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel Augusto Kestering_.pdf: 4709572 bytes, checksum: bd1166e3946f589fd86f700a714928c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-31 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / PROSUP - Programa de Suporte à Pós-Gradução de Instituições de Ensino Particulares / A investigação dos modelos de arrasto gás-sólido é fundamental para se obter bons resultados de fluidização utilizando dinâmica dos fluidos computacional. A tecnologia de fluidização é muito utilizada para conversão térmica de combustíveis sólidos e tem como principal vantagem a boa mistura entre gás e sólido. O presente trabalho utiliza dois softwares para simulação de leitos fluidizados, MFIX e Ansys Fluent, para comparar os modelos de arrasto de Syamlal e O`Brien (1987) e Di Felice (1994). A abordagem utilizada para modelagem do problema é o modelo de dois fluidos (Two Fluid Model, TFM), juntamente com a teoria cinética para escoamento laminar (Kinetic Theory for Granular Flow, KTGF). Um método para ajuste do modelo de DF (DI FELICE, 1994), baseado no trabalho de Esmaili e Mahinpey (2011), é sugerido, assim como o modelo de SO (SYAMLAL; O`BRIEN,1987) é ajustado utilizando dados em condição de mínima fluidização. Foram conduzidos experimentos para obtenção de velocidade e fração de vazios em condição de mínima fluidização a fim de ajustar ambos os modelos. As partículas utilizadas nos experimentos foram esferas de vidro de 1,21 mm, 0,8 mm e areia de fundição de 0,29 mm. O método proposto representa de forma adequada os dados obtidos em mínima fluidização das três partículas. Com os modelos de arrasto ajustados, simulações numéricas em regime de fluidização foram conduzidas em domínio bidimensional e tridimensional. Os resultados obtidos nestas simulações apresentam boa concordância com resultados experimentais em queda de pressão do leito e borbulhamento. Concomitantemente, um código para obtenção de modelo de arrasto utilizando o algoritmo EMMS/Bubbling foi desenvolvido e simulações numéricas bidimensionais foram conduzidas, para teste e validação. Os resultados do código mostram que o modelo segue a mesma tendência de Shi, Wang e Li (2011), que desenvolveram o modelo EMMS/Bubbling. / The investigation of gas-solid drag models is a key to obtain good results of fluidization by using computational fluid dynamic tools. The fluidization technology is used for solid fuel thermal conversion and its main advantage is the high gas-solid mixture. The present effort uses two software for fluidized beds simulation, MFIX and Ansys Fluent, in order to compare the drag models of Syamlal and O`Brien (1987) and Di Felice (1994). Two Fluid Model is the approach used to model together with Kinetic Theory for Granular flow. A method to adjust DF drag model (DI FELICE, 1994), based on Esmaili and Mahinpey (2011), is suggested, as well as SO drag model (SYAMLAL; O’BRIEN, 1987) is adjusted using data obtained from minimum fluidization condition. Experiments were realized to obtain velocity and void fraction at minimum fluidization condition in order to adjust both models. Glass beads with diameter of 1,21 mm and 0,8 mm and sand with diameter of 0,29 mm were used on experiments. The purposed method fits the data obtained on minimum fluidization condition of the three particles, in accordance with experimental data. With the models adjusted, numerical simulation were conducted using drag models for two- and three-dimensional domain. The results of this simulations agrees with experimental data of pressure drop and bubble formation. Simultaneously, a code to obtain a drag model using EMM/Bubbling algorithm was developed and numerical simulation were conducted. Results of EMMS show that the model have the same tendency of results of Shi, Wand and Li (2011), who developed EMMS/Bubbling model.

This study sought to explore a professional sport venue’s use of Corporate social responsibility (CSR) to promote positive social change, by addressing illegal street racing, through events designed for community participation. This study specifically looked at public dragracing events, titled “Street Fights,” held at a professional dragway. The purpose of this study was to 1) examine drivers’ awareness of the event’s social responsibility initiatives with Street Fight events and 2) determine if these initiatives are promoting behavioral changes in drivers. Drivers at Street Fight events were surveyed (n=77, 60% response rate) on their levels of awareness of the venue’s social responsibility initiatives, as well as, the event and venue’s overall influence on positive social change within the community. Results showed that Street Fight racers seem to be aware that the events were created to offer a safe, legal, and affordable place to dragrace. Street Fight racers also indicated they were less likely to engage in excessive speeding on open roadways due to their participation in Street Fight events.

A body exposed to hypersonic flow is subjected to extremely high wall heating rates, owing to the conversion of the kinetic energy of the oncoming flow into heat through the formation of shock waves and viscous dissipation in the boundary layer and this is one of the main concerns in the design of any hypersonic vehicle. The conventional way of tackling this problem is to use a blunt fore-body, but it also results in an increase in wave drag and puts the penalty of excessive load on the propulsion system. An alternative approach is to alter the flow field using external means without changing the shape of the body; and several such methods are reported in the literature. The superiority of such methods lie in the fact that the effective shape of the body can be altered to meet the requirements of low wave drag, without having to pay the penalty of an increased wall heat transfer rate. Among these techniques, the use of local energy addition in the freestream to alter the flow field is particularly promising due to the flexibility it offers. By the suitable placement of the energy source relative to the body, this method can be effectively used to reduce the wave drag, to generate control forces and to optimise the performance of inlets. Although substantial number of numerical investigations on this topic is reported in the literature, there is no experimental evidence available, especially under hypersonic flow conditions, to support the feasibility of this concept. The purpose of this thesis is to experimentally investigate the effect of energy deposition on the flow-field of a 120� apex angle blunt cone in a hypersonic shock tunnel. Energy deposition is done using an electric arc discharge generated between two electrodes placed in the free stream and various parameters influencing the effectiveness of this technique are studied. The effect of energy deposition on aerodynamic parameters such as the drag force acting on the model and the wall heat flux has been investigated. In addition, the unsteady flow field is visualised using a standard Z-type schlieren flow visualisation setup. The experimental studies have shown a maximum reduction in drag of 50% and a reduction in stagnation point heating rate of 84% with the deposition of 0.3 kW of energy. The investigations also show that the location of energy deposition has a vital role in determining the flow structure; with no noticeable effects being produced in the flow field when the discharge source is located close to the body (0.416 times body diameter). In addition, the type of the test gas used is also found to have a major influence on the effectiveness of energy deposition, suggesting that thermal effects of energy deposition govern the flow field alteration mechanism. The freestream mass flux is also identified as an important parameter. These findings were also confirmed by surface pressure measurements. The experimental evidence also indicates that relaxation of the internal degrees of freedom play a major role in the determination of the flow structure. For the present experimental conditions, it has been observed that the flow field alteration is a result of the interaction of the heated region behind the energy spot with the blunt body shock wave. In addition to the experimental studies, numerical simulations of the flow field with energy deposition are also carried out and the experimentally measured aerodynamic drag with energy deposition is found to match reasonably well with the computed values.

The emerging and competitive environment in the space technology requires the improvements in the capability of aerodynamic vehicles. This leads to the analysis in drag reduction of the vehicle along with the minimized heat transfer rate. Using forward facing solid aerospike is the simplest way among the existing drag reduction methodologies for hypersonic blunt cone bodies. But the flow oscillations associated with this aerospike makes it difficult to implement. When analyzing this flow, it can be understood that this oscillating flow can be compared to conical cavity flow. Therefore in the spiked flows, it is decided to implement the technique used in reducing the flow oscillation of the cavities. Based on this method the shallow conical cavity flow generated by the aerospike fixed ahead of a 120o blunt cone body is fissured as multiple cavities by so many disks formed from 10o cone. Now the deep conical cavities had the length to mean depth ratio of unity; this suppresses the unnecessary oscillations of the shallow cavity. The total length of the telescopic aerospike is fixed as 100mm. And one another conical tip plain aerospike of same length is designed for comparing the telescopic spike’s performance at hypersonic flow Mach numbers of 5.75 and 7.9. A three component force balance system capable of measuring drag, lift and pitching moment is designed and mounted internally into the skirt of the model. Drag measurement is done for without spike, conical tip plain spiked and telescopic spiked blunt cone body. The three configurations are tested at different angles of attack from 0 to 10 degree with a step of 2. A discrete iterative deconvolution methodology is implemented in this research work for obtaining the clean drag history from the noisy drag accelerometer signal. The drag results showed the drag reduction when compared to the without spike blunt cone body. When comparing to the plain spiked, the telescopic spiked blunt cone body has lesser drag at higher angles of attack. Heat transfer measurements are done over the blunt cone surface using the Platinum thin film gauges formed over the Macor substrate. These results and the flow visualization give better understanding of the flow and the heat flux rate caused by the flow. The enhancement in the heat flux rate over the blunt cone surface is due to the shock interaction. And in recirculation region the heat flux rate is very much lesser when compared to without spike blunt cone body. It is observed that the shock interaction in the windward side is coming closer towards the nose of the blunt cone as the angle of attack increases and the oscillation of the oblique shock also decreases. Schlieren visualization showed that there is dispersion in the oblique shock, particularly in the leeward side. In the telescopic spike there are multiple shocks generated from each and every disk which coalesces together to form a single oblique shock. And the effect of the shock generated by the telescopic spike is stronger than the effect of the shock generated by the conical tip plain spike.

Surface energy plays a major role in many phenomena that are important in technological and industrial processes, for example in wetting, grain growth and sintering. In this thesis, such surface-energy driven processes are studied by means of the phase-field method. The phase-field method is often used to model mesoscale microstructural evolution in materials. It is a diffuse interface method, i.e., it considers the surface or phase boundary between two bulk phases to have a non-zero width with a gradual variation in physical properties such as energy density, composition and crystalline structure. Neck formation and coarsening are two important diffusion-controlled features in solid-state sintering and are studied using our multiphase phase-field method. Inclusion of Navier-Stokes equation with surface-tension forces and convective phase-field equations into the model, enables simulation of reactive wetting and liquid-phase sintering. Analysis of a spreading liquid on a surface is investigated and is shown to follow the dynamics of a known hydrodynamic theory. Analysis of important capillary phenomena with wetting and motion of two particles connected by a liquid bridge are studied in view of important parameters such as contact angles and volume ratios between the liquid and solid particles. The interaction between solute atoms and migrating grain boundaries affects the rate of recrystallization and grain growth. The phenomena is studied using a phase-field method with a concentration dependent double-well potential over the phase boundary. We will show that with a simple phase-field model it is possible to model the dynamics of grain-boundary segregation to a stationary boundary as well as solute drag on a moving boundary. Another important issue in phase-field modeling has been to develop an effective coupling of the phase-field and CALPHAD methods. Such coulping makes use of CALPHAD's thermodynamic information with Gibbs energy function in the phase-field method. With the appropriate thermodynamic and kinetic information from CALPHAD databases, the phase-field method can predict mictrostructural evolution in multicomponent multiphase alloys. A phase-field model coupled with a TQ-interface available from Thermo-Calc is developed to study spinodal decomposition in FeCr, FeCrNi and TiC-ZrC alloys. / QC 20100622

Il presente lavoro ha ad oggetto l’analisi del fenomeno giuridico della covendita, che, come noto, si è diffuso nella prassi negoziale italiana attraverso il recepimento di talune fattispecie negoziali nate e sviluppatesi negli ordinamenti anglosassoni. In particolare, l’attenzione viene rivolta alle cc.dd. clausole di drag along (o “trascinamento”), le quali si inseriscono nell’ambito delle pattuizioni negoziali che comportano un obbligo di covendita. Le ragioni della scelta di tale tema di ricerca risiedono nella diffusione di questo tipo di clausole nella disciplina dei rapporti societari. In effetti, la redazione di clausole che dispongono un obbligo di covendita rappresenta ormai una tecnica negoziale ampiamente diffusa nella pratica dei negozi acquisitivi di partecipazioni sociali. La clausola di drag along è normalmente inserita all’interno di patti parasociali stipulati laddove venga effettuata un’acquisizione da cui risulti una società partecipata da una pluralità di investitori. Tuttavia, con sempre maggior frequenza, e nell’ambito di una certa tendenza alla “migrazione dal parasociale al sociale” quale effetto della nuova disciplina dei patti parasociali introdotta dalla riforma del diritto societario, questo genere di clausole viene inserito direttamente negli statuti delle società di capitali. Il recepimento a livello statutario della clausola di trascinamento ha posto numerosi interrogativi in ordine alla relativa natura giuridica, validità ed efficacia. In particolare, gli aspetti che hanno costituito oggetto di maggiore attenzione da parte della dottrina e della giurisprudenza sono costituiti dalla collocazione sistematica della clausola statutaria di trascinamento e dalle relative condizioni di validità alla luce dei principi inderogabili dell’ordinamento societario. Un profilo che, invece, non è stato adeguatamente approfondito attiene alla natura “sociale” o “parasociale” di una siffatta clausola statutaria. Si tratta, peraltro, di un aspetto non secondario, atteso che, come cerca di dimostrare il presente lavoro, l’inserimento della clausola di trascinamento all’interno dello statuto sociale non sembrerebbe implicare di per sé il riconoscimento alla medesima di un valore “sociale” e, dunque, imporne automaticamente la valutazione della validità alla stregua del diritto societario. In questa prospettiva, il presente lavoro procede, innanzitutto, ad una ricognizione delle clausole che vengono generalmente ricondotte nel genus della covendita: e ciò, segnatamente, al fine di ricostruire i tratti tipologici delle clausole di drag along, così da distinguerle dalle altre tecniche negoziali ricomprese nell’istituto della covendita. In particolare, si cerca di individuare l’ambito di applicazione di una siffatta clausola e gli interessi economici che essa è in grado di soddisfare. L’indagine compiuta dimostra che la clausola di drag along è di regola estranea alla sfera dell’ordinamento sociale e abitualmente inserita in patti parasociali stipulati da soci di società a struttura chiusa che presentano un elevato grado di investimenti specifici, in ragione della sua inerenza a specifiche operazioni di acquisizione societaria, caratterizzate dal normale interesse dei soci paciscenti alla massimizzazione del valore delle proprie partecipazioni sociali e dal fisiologico disinteresse degli stessi a vincolare i soci presenti e futuri ad un determinato assetto negoziale. Successivamente, alla luce dei risultati raggiunti, obiettivo del lavoro è quello di dimostrare che la clausola statutaria di drag along può assumere carattere sociale o parasociale a seconda del caso concreto. In particolare, tale verifica, compiuta attraverso l’esame dei vari criteri di distinzione del sociale dal parasociale elaborati dalla dottrina e dalla giurisprudenza, porta a ritenere che, al fine di riconoscere un rilievo sociale alla clausola statutaria di drag along, sia necessario che la stessa – oltre ad essere formulata in modo impersonale – soddisfi un ulteriore requisito: e, cioè, sia idonea a rispondere ad interessi sociali, destinati a soddisfare un’esigenza dell’ente o, indistintamente, dei soci in astratto, e non miri, invece, a gestire unicamente specifici rapporti tra soci. Infine, vengono esaminate le conseguenze che derivano sul piano qualificatorio e disciplinare a seconda che la clausola statutaria di drag along assuma, nel caso concreto, carattere “sociale” o “parasociale”. In particolare, l’indagine cerca di dimostrare, da un lato, che, contrariamente a quanto solitamente si ritiene, il patto parasociale di trascinamento – così come la clausola statutaria di drag along di natura parasociale – non pare essere, a rigore, un patto che disciplina le condizioni di “circolazione” delle partecipazioni, ma un patto che regola le condizioni di “investimento” e di “disinvestimento” nella società, essendo normalmente volto a tutelare l’interesse di tutti i soci paciscenti alla massimizzazione del valore delle partecipazioni sociali; dall’altro lato, che la struttura funzionale della clausola statutaria di drag along di carattere sociale presenta delle analogie rispetto alla struttura funzionale degli istituti giuridici del riscatto azionario e dell’esclusione del socio di s.r.l., dovendosi pertanto ritenere valida nella misura in cui sia compatibile con il principio dell’equa valorizzazione della partecipazione obbligatoriamente dismessa che si ricava dagli artt. 2437 sexies e 2473 bis c.c. / The present work relates to the legal analysis of the phenomenon of co-sale, which, as noted, it is common practice in negotiating through the implementation of certain Italian case negotiating created and developed in the Anglo-Saxon legal systems. In particular, attention is paid to cc.dd. drag along clauses (or "drag"), which are part of the negotiating stipulations that imply an obligation of co-sale. The reasons for the choice of research topic that reside in the spread of such clauses in the discipline of corporate relationships. In fact, the wording of clauses that have an obligation to co-sale is now negotiating a technique widely used in the practice of shopping acquisitive of shareholdings. The drag along clause is normally included in shareholders' agreements concluded when an acquisition is made, which result in a company owned by several investors. However, with increasing frequency, and within a certain tendency to "migrate from the parasocial to social" as a result of the new discipline of shareholders' agreements introduced by the reform of company law, such clauses are inserted directly into the statutes of the company capital. The implementation of the statutory provision at the drag posed numerous questions as to its legal, valid and effective. In particular, the aspects that have been the subject of increased attention by the doctrine and jurisprudence are constituted by the systematic position of the statute and the drive conditions of its validity in the light of the overriding principles of corporate order. A profile, however, has not been adequately thorough regards the "social" or "parasocial" of such a statute. It is, however, an important aspect, since, as this paper seeks to demonstrate, the inclusion of the clause in the bylaws do not drag would seem to imply the recognition of itself to the same value of a "social "and, therefore, automatically impose the same way as the evaluation of the validity of corporate law. In this perspective, this work proceeds, first, a survey of the clauses that are generally traced in the genus of the co-sale, and this, in particular, in order to reconstruct the typological features of the drag along clauses, so as to distinguish them from other negotiating techniques covered in the institution of co-sale. In particular, it seeks to identify the scope of such a clause and the economic interests that it is able to satisfy. The investigation carried out shows that the drag along clause is generally alien to the sphere of social order and usually included in shareholders' agreements concluded by shareholders of companies with a closed structure with a high degree of specific investments, because of its inherent specific corporate acquisitions, characterized by normal partners' interest in maximizing the value of their shareholdings and physiologically the same selflessness to bind the shareholders present and future negotiations to a specific structure. Later, in the light of the results achieved, goal of the work is to demonstrate that the statute can take to drag along social or agreement depending on the case. In particular, the verification process, accomplished through the examination of the various criteria of social distinction by the agreement drawn up by the doctrine and case law, leads to the belief that in order to recognize a social relevance to the statute of drag along, it is necessary that the same - as well as being formulated in an impersonal way - to fulfill an additional requirement: it is, is likely to respond to social interests, to meet a need or entity, without distinction of members in the abstract, and is not intended, however to handle only specific relationships between members. Finally, we examined the consequences on the level and discipline depending on whether the statute assumes drag along, in this case, "social" or " parasocial ". In particular, the survey seeks to demonstrate, firstly, that, contrary to what is usually considered the shareholders 'drag - as well as the statute of nature to drag along' agreement - does not seem to be, strictly speaking, a covenant governing the conditions of "circulation" of the investments, but a pact that regulates the conditions of "investment" and "disinvestment" in society, being generally aimed at protecting the interest of all shareholders to maximize the value of equity, on the other hand, the functional structure of the statute to drag along for social presents similarities with respect to the functional structure of legal institutions and the exclusion of equity of redemption partner srl, having to therefore be considered valid to the extent that both compatible with the principle of fair value of the investment which is made mandatory abandoned by the articles 2437 sexies e 2473 bis c.c.