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Ce travail de thèse a évalué les niveaux et les voies d'introduction de la contamination en micropolluants des eaux pluviales d'un petit bassin versant urbain, et mis en évidence les impacts de l'utilisation de techniques alternatives (TA) sur les flux d'eau et de contaminants. Quatre bassins versants à Noisy-le-Grand, homogènes par leur taille et leur occupation du sol (1 à 2 ha, résidentiel dense), et présentant une diversité de gestion des eaux pluviales (séparatif classique et différentes combinaisons de TA) ont été étudiés. La présence d'un certain nombre de substances prioritaires de la directive cadre européenne sur l'eau (HAP, alkylphénols, phtalates, diuron, isoproturon, atrazine, plomb) a été mise en évidence dans les eaux pluviales d'un bassin versant amont, à des niveaux de contamination globalement plus faibles qu'à l'aval des réseaux séparatifs. Cette contamination est tout de même significative pour certains paramètres qui ont été mesurés au dessus des normes de qualité. Pour le zinc, la contamination à l'amont est même plus élevée qu'à l'aval du fait de l'émission par des matériaux de couverture.Ce travail a montré que les TA diminuent les volumes d'eau rejetés vers l'aval d'environ 50% et réduisent les masses de contaminants émises de 20 à 80% (MES, DCO, PCB, HAP, alkylphénols, métaux traces). Cette réduction de masse est essentiellement liée à la diminution de volume, l'effet épuratoire sur les concentrations n'étant pas systématiquement mis en évidence. L'amplitude de ces effets varie suivant l'importance de la pluie, mais surtout en fonction du type d'ouvrage mis en place.La gestion à l'amont des eaux pluviales est donc à favoriser car elle évite la sur-contamination liée aux processus en réseau (mauvais branchements, érosion...). Elle permet de séparer les eaux peu chargées (infiltration ou rejet au milieu) des effluents contaminés qui pourront être traités localement ou à l'aval. Dans un objectif de réduction des flux polluants la conception des TA devra prendre en compte les pluies courantes et non pas seulement les événements exceptionnels / This thesis aimed at evaluating the contamination of urban stormwater from an upstream watershed by micropollutants and their introduction pathways, and estimating the hydrological effects and the pollutant removal performances of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS). Four watersheds located in Noisy-le-Grand were studied. They had comparable sizes (1 to 2 ha) and land use patterns (dense residential), but one was drained by a classical separate sewers system, and the other was managed by SUDS.We showed that stormwater from an upstream watershed is contaminated by some priority substances of the Water Framework Directive (PAHs, alkylphenols, phtalates, diuron, isoproturon, atrazine, lead), but at lower levels than the downstream. The concentrations of some parameters still excede the quality standards. Zinc concentrations are even higher than downstream, as a result of emissions from metallic materials from roong.SUDS reduce the volume of surface water discharged by 50 %. The mass of contaminants also decreases by 20 to 80 % (SS, COS, PCB, PAH, alkylphenol, metals). The discharge reduction is mainly due to water losses, whereas removal performances on concentrations are not systematically highlighted. These effects vary with rainfall and particularly with the type of SUDS.The upstream management of stormwater should be encouraged to avoid over contamination due to processes in sewer systems (erosion, bad connections...). Lightly contaminated effluents (infiltration or discharge to middle) can be separated from strongly contaminated ones that can be treated locally or downstream. In order to integrate depollution goals, the design of SUDS, currently based on exceptional events, should also rely on frequent events

Os sistemas relacionados à gestão e manejo dos recursos hídricos são concebidos e operados em todo o mundo considerando, dentre outras, a hipótese da estacionariedade da precipitação. Sob a hipótese da não estacionariedade, o possível aumento na magnitude e frequência de eventos extremos pode reduzir o nível de proteção das obras hidráulicas e acarretar em prejuízos econômicos, sociais e ambientais significativos. Em metrópoles como São Paulo, onde as bacias hidrográficas sofreram grandes transformações, o aumento da vulnerabilidade da infraestrutura hídrica, como os sistemas de drenagem, pode representar um risco ainda maior. Inserido neste contexto, esta pesquisa possui o objetivo de verificar se a precipitação na cidade de São Paulo apresenta um comportamento não estacionário e quais seriam as suas implicações sobre estudos hidrológicos, projetos de engenharia e custo de obras. Os testes não paramétricos de Mann-Kendall e Mann-Whitney foram aplicados para a detecção de mudanças graduais e abruptas respectivamente. A distribuição generalizada de valores extremos foi ajustada para identificação e quantificação das mudanças na magnitude e frequência da precipitação. A partir dos registros de precipitação em seis postos pluviométricos localizados na cidade de São Paulo, o comportamento não estacionário foi identificado em três séries de precipitação total anual e em duas séries de precipitação máxima diária anual. Para um aumento na precipitação de 9,5% entre 1997 e 2012, o aumento do escoamento superficial é superior a 28% para os tempos de retorno entre 10 e 100 anos. Esta mudança na precipitação pode acarretar em um aumento dos custos das obras de sistemas de micro e macrodrenagem entre 6% e 11%. / Water resources systems are planned and managed under rainfall stationarity hypothesis. Under non-stationarity, possible extreme precipitation magnitude and frequency increase may reduce water structures risk protection and cause several significant economic, social and environmental damage. In metropolises such as São Paulo, water infrastructure vulnerability increase may represent an even important risk, especially of flooding. In this context, this paper aims to verify in the city of São Paulo, if rainfall time series follow a non-stationary behavior and what would be its implications of hydrologic studies, engineering projects and work costs. Mann-Kendall and Mann-Whitney non-parametric tests were performed to detect changes gradually and in moments respectively. GEV distribution was fitted to identify and quantify changes in rainfall magnitude and frequency. From six rainfall series recorded in rain gauges in São Paulo city, non-stationarity was identified in three series of annual total and two of annual maximum daily precipitation. For an observed increase of total precipitation of 9.5% between 1997 and 2012, runoff increases in more than 28% for return periods between 10 and 100 years. This change of rainfall may increase work cost of minor and major drainage systems between 6% to 11%.

A construção de barragens de terra sobre formações geológicas permeáveis constitui um dos mais sérios desafios da engenharia de barragens. Neste tipo de projeto, as principais variáveis que devem ser analisadas são a vazão, o gradiente de saída e a subpressão, todas decorrentes da percolação de água pela fundação. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo acerca da eficácia dos dispositivos de controle da percolação a partir de análises paramétricas realizadas em uma barragem típica utilizando o método dos elementos finitos através do programa SEEP/W. Nestas análises foram variadas as características dos dispositivos e a anisotropia hidráulica do maciço de fundação. Verificou-se que a trincheira de vedação parcial é extremamente ineficaz, que o tapete impermeável à montante apresenta cerca de 60% de eficácia para relações entre o comprimento do tapete e a largura da base da barragem da ordem de 1,70 e que a trincheira de vedação total associada aos dispositivos de drenagem constitui a solução mais eficaz no controle das variáveis vazão, gradiente de saída e subpressão. / The construction of earth dams on pervious geologic formations constitutes one of the most serious problems of the engineering of dams. In this type of project, the main variables that must be analyzed are the discharge, the exit gradient and the uplift pressure, all decurrent ones of the water seepage for the foundation. This work presents a study on the effectiveness of devices of control of the seepage from parametric analyses carried through in a typical dam using the method of the finite elements through program SEEP/W. In these analyses the characteristics of the devices and the hydraulic anisotropy of the foundation mass had been varied. It was verified that the cut-off trench of partial is extremely inefficacious, that the impermeable blanket to the sum presents about 60% of effectiveness for relations between the blanket length and the width of the base of the dam of the order of 1.70 and that the cut-off trench of associated to the drainage devices constitues the solution most effective in the control of the variables discharge, exit gradient and the uplift pressure.

A construção de barragens de terra sobre formações geológicas permeáveis constitui um dos mais sérios desafios da engenharia de barragens. Neste tipo de projeto, as principais variáveis que devem ser analisadas são a vazão, o gradiente de saída e a subpressão, todas decorrentes da percolação de água pela fundação. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo acerca da eficácia dos dispositivos de controle da percolação a partir de análises paramétricas realizadas em uma barragem típica utilizando o método dos elementos finitos através do programa SEEP/W. Nestas análises foram variadas as características dos dispositivos e a anisotropia hidráulica do maciço de fundação. Verificou-se que a trincheira de vedação parcial é extremamente ineficaz, que o tapete impermeável à montante apresenta cerca de 60% de eficácia para relações entre o comprimento do tapete e a largura da base da barragem da ordem de 1,70 e que a trincheira de vedação total associada aos dispositivos de drenagem constitui a solução mais eficaz no controle das variáveis vazão, gradiente de saída e subpressão. / The construction of earth dams on pervious geologic formations constitutes one of the most serious problems of the engineering of dams. In this type of project, the main variables that must be analyzed are the discharge, the exit gradient and the uplift pressure, all decurrent ones of the water seepage for the foundation. This work presents a study on the effectiveness of devices of control of the seepage from parametric analyses carried through in a typical dam using the method of the finite elements through program SEEP/W. In these analyses the characteristics of the devices and the hydraulic anisotropy of the foundation mass had been varied. It was verified that the cut-off trench of partial is extremely inefficacious, that the impermeable blanket to the sum presents about 60% of effectiveness for relations between the blanket length and the width of the base of the dam of the order of 1.70 and that the cut-off trench of associated to the drainage devices constitues the solution most effective in the control of the variables discharge, exit gradient and the uplift pressure.

Os sistemas relacionados à gestão e manejo dos recursos hídricos são concebidos e operados em todo o mundo considerando, dentre outras, a hipótese da estacionariedade da precipitação. Sob a hipótese da não estacionariedade, o possível aumento na magnitude e frequência de eventos extremos pode reduzir o nível de proteção das obras hidráulicas e acarretar em prejuízos econômicos, sociais e ambientais significativos. Em metrópoles como São Paulo, onde as bacias hidrográficas sofreram grandes transformações, o aumento da vulnerabilidade da infraestrutura hídrica, como os sistemas de drenagem, pode representar um risco ainda maior. Inserido neste contexto, esta pesquisa possui o objetivo de verificar se a precipitação na cidade de São Paulo apresenta um comportamento não estacionário e quais seriam as suas implicações sobre estudos hidrológicos, projetos de engenharia e custo de obras. Os testes não paramétricos de Mann-Kendall e Mann-Whitney foram aplicados para a detecção de mudanças graduais e abruptas respectivamente. A distribuição generalizada de valores extremos foi ajustada para identificação e quantificação das mudanças na magnitude e frequência da precipitação. A partir dos registros de precipitação em seis postos pluviométricos localizados na cidade de São Paulo, o comportamento não estacionário foi identificado em três séries de precipitação total anual e em duas séries de precipitação máxima diária anual. Para um aumento na precipitação de 9,5% entre 1997 e 2012, o aumento do escoamento superficial é superior a 28% para os tempos de retorno entre 10 e 100 anos. Esta mudança na precipitação pode acarretar em um aumento dos custos das obras de sistemas de micro e macrodrenagem entre 6% e 11%. / Water resources systems are planned and managed under rainfall stationarity hypothesis. Under non-stationarity, possible extreme precipitation magnitude and frequency increase may reduce water structures risk protection and cause several significant economic, social and environmental damage. In metropolises such as São Paulo, water infrastructure vulnerability increase may represent an even important risk, especially of flooding. In this context, this paper aims to verify in the city of São Paulo, if rainfall time series follow a non-stationary behavior and what would be its implications of hydrologic studies, engineering projects and work costs. Mann-Kendall and Mann-Whitney non-parametric tests were performed to detect changes gradually and in moments respectively. GEV distribution was fitted to identify and quantify changes in rainfall magnitude and frequency. From six rainfall series recorded in rain gauges in São Paulo city, non-stationarity was identified in three series of annual total and two of annual maximum daily precipitation. For an observed increase of total precipitation of 9.5% between 1997 and 2012, runoff increases in more than 28% for return periods between 10 and 100 years. This change of rainfall may increase work cost of minor and major drainage systems between 6% to 11%.

The Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council (ANZECC) and the Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand (ARMCANZ) have announced that the 1997 review of the Australian Water Quality Guidelines will include for the first time, consideration of sediment quality guidelines. For this reason, it is timely to review the methods for establishing such guidelines, and the manner in which they could be used in managing the quality of sediments in Australian rivers, lakes and drainage systems. In this thesis, the problem of the development of sediment quality guidelines is introduced and basic questions relating to the development of such guidelines are addressed. The importance of sediment monitoring and sediment quality assessment in aquatic ecosystem management is demonstrated, and the role of sediment quality guidelines in the process of sediment quality assessment is discussed. The arguments considered in this thesis are illustrated by specific reference to the setting and use of sediment quality guidelines for heavy metal contamination. A number of physico-chemical factors (grain size distribution, pH, redox potential, alkalinity and hardness, salinity, organic matter) can affect the bioavailability and toxicity of contaminants in sediments, and these factors may vary spatially and temporally within and between sediment deposits. Changes in physico-chemical conditions as a result of natural or anthropogenic processes may lead to major changes in bioavailability of sediment contaminants. The variability of these physico-chemical factors has ramifications for the way in which sediment quality guidelines are derived and used. Factors affecting the way in which toxicity is measured (test species chosen, toxicological end-point measured, duration of test relative to life-cycle), and toxicity data is interpreted, are also important to the development of useful sediment quality guidelines. All of these factors must be taken into account in deriving sediment quality guidelines for Australian conditions. The large number of factors affecting the sensitivity and efficiency of sediment quality guidelines means that a simple set of numerical guidelines, as has been used in the past, is not appropriate. A multi-step assessment procedure will be required. Methods of setting sediment quality guidelines that have been used by authorities in overseas jurisdictions were reviewed. Advantages and disadvantages of the various methods were compared. None of the methods used overseas has been shown to be applicable to Australian conditions. In the absence of a suitable method for deriving Australian sediment quality guidelines in the short term, the adoption of the Canadian Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines as interim sediment quality guidelines for Australia is recommended. Sediment quality guidelines need to be viewed in the context of the overall environmental management process, of which they form an integral part. The policy background to environmental management in Australia, and the management frameworks that have been put in place to implement the policy, are outlined. The AS/NZS/ISO 14000 series of standards for environmental management systems provides a framework which is consistent with the principles and objectives of environmental management in Australia. It therefore provides an appropriate framework within which to develop and use sediment quality guidelines. Within the broad AS/NZS/ISO 14000 policy, a framework for the development and use of sediment quality guidelines is proposed, which will provide a technically and legally defensible basis for the management of aquatic sediments in Australia, in the short term and long term. The proposed framework involves the setting of Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines for Australia, based on the best scientific knowledge currently available. The framework recognises that the factors affecting the bioavailability and toxicity of sediment contaminants are complex, and that the current level of knowledge of sediment processes is incomplete. Therefore, a conservative approach to setting guidelines is taken, and a highly sensitive guideline based on that used in Canada, is proposed. The framework further recognises that this approach will lead to over protection of the environment in some cases, so a "Decision Tree" approach is taken. The "decision tree" allows the consideration of more complex interactions than can be incorporated into simple numeric guidelines, while attempting to simplify the assessment process. In keeping with the ISO 14000 series of standards for environmental management, the framework also explicitly includes steps designed to ensure that monitoring data are regularly collated, and analysed, and where necessary, guidelines are able to be updated in light of new knowledge gleaned from the review process. The proposed framework is appropriate to, and supportive of, the principles of environmental management as set out in Australian Government policy documents, inter governmental and international agreements, and legislation. It provides a basis for the on-going collection of data suited to increasing our understanding of the factors influencing the behaviour of contaminants in sediments, and thereby lead to continual improvement in sediment quality guidelines for use in Australian conditions.