The objective of this research was to design a pilot scale continuous supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) system for the treatment of drill cuttings.The design includes: • A Piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID) • A control philosophy • An operation manual, and • A HAZOP analysis The pilot scale SFE system was designed using a HAZOP-inspired framework, which resulted in the inclusion of risk reducing measures. This design approach was appropriate for the design of a novel technology, as risk reduction was made the inherent priority throughout the process. No major changes were made to the design during the professionally conducted safety analysis (HAZOP), thus the design is considered to be well positioned to operate safely. Recommended, non-critical future design improvements include: • Separation of the process control from the safety control systems • Continuous reduction of “human factors”, and • Review of all changes to the design before implementation / Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada; M-I SWACO, a Schlumberger Company

No description available.

No description available.

Research was conducted into using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) for removing hydrocarbons from drill cuttings slurries, which will be used in a pilot-scale continuous SFE system currently under development. A laboratory-scale batch SFE system employing supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) was used in this research. Based on the measured hydrocarbon solubility and apparent hydrocarbon solubility in supercritical CO2, conditions of 14.5 MPa and 40oC were selected for SFE treatment. The slurries require a minimum water to drill cuttings ratio of 1:1 (mass basis) to be free-flowing and therefore suitable for treatment in a continuous system. Water in the slurries leads to lower hydrocarbon extraction efficiencies during SFE treatment compared to the treatment of drill cuttings without slurrying. However, effective mixing and introduction of the supercritical CO2 at the bottom of the extraction vessel resulted in treated slurries containing less than 1% hydrocarbons (dry mass basis). / Environmental Engineering

Spent oil based drilling fluid and cutting wastes are global liabilities due to their hazardous hydrocarbon content which impacts negatively on flora, fauna, and global carbon footprint. The formulation of two demulsifiers to ensure chemically enhanced phase separation of this waste into oil, water and solid components was successfully carried out in addition to recycling the solid phase into PA6 nanocomposite materials. Initial characterisation of the untreated waste was carried out by Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) for total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) analysis, Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICPOES) for quantitative elemental analysis and Energy dispersive xray analysis (EDXA) for qualitative elemental composition amongst other characterisation methods. The analysis showed that the sample had a high hydrocarbon load of 662,500mg/kg and a high heavy metal load for Pb of 122mg/kg. No As, Cd, Hg were detected. The demulsifier formulations were composed of isopropanol, sodium dodecyl sulphate, poloxamer, sodium chloride, chitosan in 0.2M acetic acid and deionised water for demulsifier S4 and addition of phosphoric acid for demulsifier S3. Hydrocarbon reduction on the extracted solid phase nanofiller S3 and nanofiller S4 was 98.6% and 98.5% respectively after demulsification. The demulsified spent oil based drilling fluid solid extracts were below OSPAR regulation of < 1% oil on cutting by weight. However, recycling of the recovered solid was carried out in order to achieve environmentally sustainable management of the waste in Polyamide 6 (PA6) nanocomposite manufacture/fabrication. The formulation of different blends of PA6 nanocomposite materials from untreated, demulsifier treated and thermally treated drilling fluid and cuttings was successfully achieved. Nanocomposite leaching test showed Pb immobilisation. The flexural and compressive - modulus and strength of the PA6 were markedly improved in the presence of the nanofillers and glass fibre. This was attributed to the reinforcement, exfoliating, stiffening, rigidity effect of the nanofillers. S6 (untreated drilling fluid) nanofillers significantly improved the mechanical properties of PA6. This was attributed to the increased interfacial bonding between the fillers and the polymer matrix as a result of the petroleum hydrocarbon present in the sample. The Thermogravemetric analysis (TGA) results showed that nanocomposites PA6/S3 and PA6/S3/GF30 had improved the thermal stability of PA6 by 13.6% and 38.8% respectively compared to PA6/S2 and PA6/S2/GF30 (simulated commercial nanocomposite materials) that improved PA6 by 9.7% and 35.8% respectively.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-07-18T18:46:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Thiago Ouverney Leite.pdf: 2936509 bytes, checksum: 0a40b1e1174dbb571b9a0bf187862eb9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-18T18:46:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Thiago Ouverney Leite.pdf: 2936509 bytes, checksum: 0a40b1e1174dbb571b9a0bf187862eb9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-25 / CAPES / Petrobras / CNPq / FAPERJ / The drill cuttings is a residue of the oil industry produced during the drilling of onshore and offshore wells. Their mineralogical characteristics depend on the geological formation present along the perforation. Upon reaching the surface, it is impregnated with drilling fluid used during the process. The use of this waste in soils has been discussed as it has limitations per se (e.g. high content of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu) as a consequence of the drilling process (e.g. Ba, Na and hydrocarbons - HTP). The purpose of this study was to investigate the decrease of salinity after the application of gravel with castor cake to the substrate and using the castor bean BRS- 149 cv. Nordestina, as plant indicator, to infer about limitations on the combined use of these wastes. Pots were used (8 dm3) with proportional doses of gravel (control, 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 Mg ha-1) associated with castor cake (control, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 Mg ha-1) in a factorial design with three replications for 97 days after planting (DAP). Improvements were observed in the morphological development of castor bean plants, with the application of 60 Mg ha-1 gravel associated with 16 Mg ha-1 of castor cake. However, the dose of 60 mg ha-1 of gravel caused stress due to accumulation of Na in leaves, the same for the 45 mg h-1 dose. The best ratio of gravel and pie in this respect was of 15 and 32 mg h-1, respectively. After the initial cultivation of castor bean plants, it was found that the application of 30 Mg ha-1 of gravel was sufficiently capable to neutralizing the toxic Al3+; raising the pH to values around 6.5 and thus making the nutrients more avalilable to the crop. Also, there was a marked HTP decomposition (above 92%) from the substrate metabolical microbiological increase, with the pie addition. It was therefore concluded that the use of gravel must follow specific guidelines especially due to salinity, to avoid possible impacts caused to the environmental and the crop (castor bean). / O cascalho de perfura??o ? um res?duo da ind?stria do petr?leo produzido durante a perfura??o de po?os terrestres e mar?timas, cujas caracter?sticas mineral?gicas dependem da forma??o geol?gica presente ao longo da perfura??o. Ao chegar ? superf?cie, se encontra impregnado com fluido de perfura??o utilizado durante o processo. O uso deste res?duo no solo tem sido discutido com frequ?ncia por apresentar limita??es de ordem qu?mica, tanto de origem geol?gica (e.g. Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu) como provenientes do fluido de perfura??o (e.g. Ba, Na e Hidrocarbonetos - HTP). A proposta deste trabalho foi de averiguar a ameniza??o da salinidade ocasionada pela aplica??o de cascalho, adicionando torta de mamona ao substrato e utilizando a mamoneira BRS-149, cv. Nordestina, como planta indicadora, buscando orientar e inferir limita??es no uso conjunto destes res?duos. Foram utilizados vasos com capacidade de 8 dm3, utilizando doses proporcionais de cascalho (controle, 5, 15, 30, 45 e 60 Mg ha-1) associado a doses de torta de mamona (controle, 2, 4, 8, 16 e 32 Mg ha-1) em fatorial com tr?s repeti??es durante 97 dias ap?s plantio (DAP). Foram observadas melhorias no desenvolvimento morfol?gico da mamoneira, com a aplica??o de 60 Mg ha-1 de cascalho associado ? 16 Mg ha-1 de torta de mamona. Contudo, a dose de 60 Mg ha-1 de cascalho causou estresse por apresentar ac?mulo de Na nas folhas, o mesmo com a dose de 45 Mg ha-1, onde a melhor rela??o, de cascalho e torta, neste contexto, foi de 15 e 32 Mg ha-1, respectivamente. No que tange a melhoria do solo ap?s o cultivo inicial de mamona, foi constatado que a aplica??o de 30 Mg ha-1 de cascalho foi suficientemente capaz de neutralizar o Al3+ t?xico, na eleva??o do pH em torno de 6,5, e assim disponibilizando nutrientes para a cultura. Tamb?m verificou-se decomposi??o acentuada de HTP (acima de 92%) proveniente do metabolismo microbiol?gico no substrato, auxiliada pela adi??o de torta. Concluiu-se ent?o que o emprego do cascalho em solo deve seguir orienta??es espec?ficas e ponderadas, no que tange principalmente ? salinidade, para que n?o haja preju?zo ambiental e ? cultura da mamona.

O presente trabalho visou a caracterização dos cascalhos de perfuração de um poço de petróleo pertencente à Bacia de Santos, utilizando diferentes técnicas analíticas instrumentais. O enfoque foi dado a aplicação da difração de raios X como alternativa às práticas de estudo rotineiramente aplicadas na cabine de mud-logging, onde essencialmente são efetuadas classificações visuais das unidades litológicas do poço e geralmente em amostras de granulação fina, conferindo incertezas às descrições. Um total de 164 amostras de cascalhos foram analisadas quimicamente por espectroscopia por fluorescência de raios X e classificadas de acordo com suas similaridades mineralógicas utilizando o recurso de análise estatística multivariada de dados de difração de raios X. Esse recurso permitiu minimizar o conjunto de amostras para os estudos seguintes de caracterização. A definição e a quantificação dos minerais constituintes das amostras, assim como a determinação dos tamanhos e das formas das partículas por análise dinâmica de imagens foram efetuadas apenas em amostras representativas de cada um dos grupos de similaridades definidos. Os resultados foram comparados com os dados do perfil de acompanhamento geológico (dados de perfuração) e com as interpretações realizadas na cabine de mud-logging pelo geólogo, sendo identificada uma elevada correlação entre esses dados. A avaliação da viabilidade de utilização de difratômetros de bancada durante a etapa de perfuração de um poço de petróleo foi também verificada considerando o levantamento de procedimentos de preparação amostras viáveis de serem aplicados no local (tempo adequado de pulverização e eventuais erros de amostragem) e a qualidade das respostas obtidas por diferentes equipamentos de difração de raios X (condições de análise e resolução de picos). O uso de difratômetros de bancada no estudo de cascalhos de perfuração se mostrou viável do ponto de vista operacional, trazendo diversas vantagens para a correta caracterização dos fragmentos, com melhor acurácia nos resultados, diminuição das incertezas e se mostrando uma ferramenta muito ágil. / The present research aimed at characterization of the drill cuttings of an oil well belonging to the Santos Basin, using different instrumental analytical techniques. The main focus was given to the application of X-ray diffraction as an alternative to the routinely applied mud-logging study practices, where essentially visual classifications of the lithological units of the well are carried out and generally in fine granulation samples, giving uncertainties to the descriptions. A total of 164 samples of drill cuttings were chemically analyzed by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and classified according to their mineralogical similarities using the multivariate statistical analysis of X-ray diffraction data. This feature allowed minimizing the sample set for subsequent characterization studies. The identification and quantification mineral phases present in all samples, as well as the determination of the sizes and forms of the particles by dynamic images analysis, were carried out only in representative samples of each one of the defined groups of similarities. Results were compared with the data of the geological monitoring profile (drilling data) and the interpretations carried out in the mud-logging unit by geologist, and a high correlation between these data was identified. The viability of using a bench scale diffractometers during the drilling stage of an oil well was also studied considering the feasibility study on representative samples to be applied on site (adequate pulverization time and possible sampling errors) and quality of the results obtained by different X-ray diffraction equipment (collecting conditions and resolution of spikes). The use of bench diffractometers in the study of drill cutting proved to be feasible from the operational point of view, bringing several advantages for the correct characterization of the fragments, with better accuracy in the results, decrease of the uncertainties and a very agile tool.

O presente trabalho visou a caracterização dos cascalhos de perfuração de um poço de petróleo pertencente à Bacia de Santos, utilizando diferentes técnicas analíticas instrumentais. O enfoque foi dado a aplicação da difração de raios X como alternativa às práticas de estudo rotineiramente aplicadas na cabine de mud-logging, onde essencialmente são efetuadas classificações visuais das unidades litológicas do poço e geralmente em amostras de granulação fina, conferindo incertezas às descrições. Um total de 164 amostras de cascalhos foram analisadas quimicamente por espectroscopia por fluorescência de raios X e classificadas de acordo com suas similaridades mineralógicas utilizando o recurso de análise estatística multivariada de dados de difração de raios X. Esse recurso permitiu minimizar o conjunto de amostras para os estudos seguintes de caracterização. A definição e a quantificação dos minerais constituintes das amostras, assim como a determinação dos tamanhos e das formas das partículas por análise dinâmica de imagens foram efetuadas apenas em amostras representativas de cada um dos grupos de similaridades definidos. Os resultados foram comparados com os dados do perfil de acompanhamento geológico (dados de perfuração) e com as interpretações realizadas na cabine de mud-logging pelo geólogo, sendo identificada uma elevada correlação entre esses dados. A avaliação da viabilidade de utilização de difratômetros de bancada durante a etapa de perfuração de um poço de petróleo foi também verificada considerando o levantamento de procedimentos de preparação amostras viáveis de serem aplicados no local (tempo adequado de pulverização e eventuais erros de amostragem) e a qualidade das respostas obtidas por diferentes equipamentos de difração de raios X (condições de análise e resolução de picos). O uso de difratômetros de bancada no estudo de cascalhos de perfuração se mostrou viável do ponto de vista operacional, trazendo diversas vantagens para a correta caracterização dos fragmentos, com melhor acurácia nos resultados, diminuição das incertezas e se mostrando uma ferramenta muito ágil. / The present research aimed at characterization of the drill cuttings of an oil well belonging to the Santos Basin, using different instrumental analytical techniques. The main focus was given to the application of X-ray diffraction as an alternative to the routinely applied mud-logging study practices, where essentially visual classifications of the lithological units of the well are carried out and generally in fine granulation samples, giving uncertainties to the descriptions. A total of 164 samples of drill cuttings were chemically analyzed by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and classified according to their mineralogical similarities using the multivariate statistical analysis of X-ray diffraction data. This feature allowed minimizing the sample set for subsequent characterization studies. The identification and quantification mineral phases present in all samples, as well as the determination of the sizes and forms of the particles by dynamic images analysis, were carried out only in representative samples of each one of the defined groups of similarities. Results were compared with the data of the geological monitoring profile (drilling data) and the interpretations carried out in the mud-logging unit by geologist, and a high correlation between these data was identified. The viability of using a bench scale diffractometers during the drilling stage of an oil well was also studied considering the feasibility study on representative samples to be applied on site (adequate pulverization time and possible sampling errors) and quality of the results obtained by different X-ray diffraction equipment (collecting conditions and resolution of spikes). The use of bench diffractometers in the study of drill cutting proved to be feasible from the operational point of view, bringing several advantages for the correct characterization of the fragments, with better accuracy in the results, decrease of the uncertainties and a very agile tool.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:07:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MoacirGS_TESE.pdf: 4771867 bytes, checksum: f93165e08f62a97944b6eed01b488995 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-10 / Among the industries, those that produce ceramic porcelain for use in construction industry and oil, during the exploration and production period, play an important role in the production of waste. Much research has been carried out both by academia and the productive sector, sometimes reintroducing them in the same production line that generated them, sometimes in areas unrelated to their generation, as in the production of concrete and mortar for the construction, for example, but each one in an isolated way. In this research, the aim is to study the combined incorporation of the waste drill cuttings of oil well and the residue of the polishing of porcelain, generated in the final stage of finishing of this product in a clay matrix, for the production of red pottery, specifically bricks, ceramic blocks and tiles. The clay comes from the municipality of S?o Gon?alo, RN, the drilling waste is from the Natal basin, in Rio Grande do Norte, and the residue of the polishing proceeds from a ceramic porcelain of the State of Para?ba. For this purpose, we used a mixture of a plastic clay with a non-plastic, in a ratio of 50% each, settling formulations with the addition of these two residues in this clay matrix. In the formulations, both residues were incorporated with a minimum percentage of 2.5% and maximum of 12.5%, varying from 2.5% each, in each formulation, which the sum of the waste be no more than 15%. It should be noted that the residue of the polishing of ceramic porcelain is a IIa class (not inert). The materials were characterized by XRF, XRD, TG, DTA, laser granulometry and the plasticity index. The technological properties of water absorption, apparent porosity, linear shrinkage of burning, flexural tensile strength and bulk density were evaluated after the sintering of the pieces to 850 ?C, 950 ?C and 1050 ?C, with a burning time of 3 hr, 3 hr and 30 minutes, and 3 hr and 50 minutes, respectively, with a heating rate of 10 ?C/minute, for all formulations and landing of 30 minutes. To better understand the influence of each residue and temperature on the evaluated properties, we used the factorial planning and its surfaces of response for the interpretation of the results. It was found that the temperature has no statistical significance at a 95% of reliability level in flexural tensile strength and that it decreases the water absorption and the porosity, but increases the shrinkage and the bulk density. The results showed the feasibility of the desired incorporation, but adjusting the temperature to each product and formulation, and that the temperatures of 850 ?C and 950 ?C were the one that responded to the largest number of formulations / A ind?stria de produ??o de porcelanatos para uso na constru??o civil e a do petr?leo, na fase de explora??o e produ??o, exercem um papel importante na produ??o de res?duos. Muitas pesquisas t?m sido realizadas tanto pela academia quanto pelo setor produtivo, ora reintroduzindo esses res?duos na mesma linha de produ??o que os gerou, ora em setores alheios ao de sua gera??o, como na produ??o de concretos e argamassas para a constru??o civil, por exemplo, mas cada um de forma isolada. O objetivo desta pesquisa ? estudar a incorpora??o combinada do res?duo de cascalho de perfura??o de po?o petrol?fero e do res?duo do polimento do porcelanato, gerado na fase de acabamento final do produto, numa matriz argilosa, para a produ??o de cer?mica vermelha - especificamente tijolos, blocos cer?micos e telhas. A argila utilizada ? oriunda do munic?pio de S?o Gon?alo do Amarante, RN; o res?duo de perfura??o, da bacia potiguar, no Rio Grande do Norte; e o do polimento ? de uma cer?mica de porcelanato do Estado da Para?ba. Utilizou-se a mistura de uma argila pl?stica com uma n?o pl?stica, numa propor??o de 50 % de cada uma (que ? o percentual de mistura adotado na cer?mica fornecedora dessa argila), estabelecendo-se formula??es com a incorpora??o dos dois res?duos nessa matriz argilosa. Nas formula??es, os dois res?duos foram incorporados com um percentual m?nimo de 2,5 % e m?ximo de 12,5 %, variando-se em 2,5 % cada um, em cada formula??o, de modo que a soma dos res?duos fosse no m?ximo 15 %. ? oportuno registrar que o res?duo do polimento do porcelanato ? de classe IIa (n?o inerte). Os materiais foram caracterizados por FRX, DRX, TG, DTA, granulometria a laser e pelo ?ndice de plasticidade. As propriedades tecnol?gicas de absor??o de ?gua, porosidade aparente, retra??o linear de queima, tens?o de ruptura ? flex?o e massa espec?fica aparente, foram avaliadas ap?s a sinteriza??o das pe?as a 850 ?C, 950 ?C e 1050 ?C, com ciclo de queima de 3 h , 3 h e 30 min e 3 h e 50 min, respectivamente, com taxa de aquecimento de 10 ?C/min. e patamar de 30 min., para todas as formula??es. Para melhor compreender-se a influ?ncia de cada res?duo e de cada temperatura nas propriedades avaliadas, utilizou-se o planejamento fatorial e suas superf?cies de resposta para interpreta??o dos resultados. Verificou-se que a temperatura n?o tem signific?ncia estat?stica no n?vel de 95 % de confiabilidade na tens?o de ruptura ? flex?o e que ela diminui a absor??o de ?gua e a porosidade, mas aumenta a retra??o e a massa espec?fica aparente. Os resultados mostraram a viabilidade da incorpora??o pretendida, adequando-se a temperatura a cada produto e cada formula??o, e as temperaturas de 850 ?C e 950 ?C foram as que atenderam ao maior n?mero de formula??es

The need for energy and the associated economic benefits from the oil and gas deposits found mainly in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria necessitated the exploration and exploitation activities being carried out by the oil and gas Companies. However, these exploration and exploitation activities due to their unpredictable nature have a huge potential for environmental pollution as been experienced in the form of oil spills, gas flaring, irresponsible disposal of waste and several other activities that have resulted in the environmental degradation of the Niger Delta region. In the light of these, the Federal Government of Nigeria having experienced the consequences of pollution of the environment during the Koko Toxic Waste Dump incident in the then Bendel State in 1987 established a regulatory body tasked with the responsibility of harmonizing the economic interest from the oil and gas exploration and exploitation activities with the sustainability of the natural environment by developing well structured and articulated policies aimed at guiding the operations of the oil and gas operators, track their compliance and administer appropriate punitive measures for non compliance. However, this research work which is aimed at evaluating the impact of the environmental protection policies in upstream oil and gas activities in the Niger Delta region, involved the use of questionnaires and interviews. These questionnaires were completed by the management and staff of three major oil and gas companies operating within the area, the Department of Petroleum Resources and members of the Host communities. The interview was carried out to provide relevant feedback on their assessment of the impact made by the environmental protection policies on the upstream oil and gas activities in their operational areas/host communities. The study however concluded that “Although there is a regulatory body tasked with the responsibility to develop, implement and track compliance of the environmental protection policies in the upstream oil industry, the body is ineffective and as such the impact of the environmental protection policies is inadequate. Appropriate informed recommendations on the improvement strategies to the identified gaps that resulted in the unfavorable conditions were also provided. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011