by Cheung Kin, Ken, Ko Chi-Chung. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 86-90). / ABSTRACT --- p.i / ACKNOWLEDGMENT --- p.iii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv / LIST OF TABLES --- p.v / LIST OF CHARTS --- p.vii / Chapter CHAPTER I - --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Market Definition --- p.1 / Market Size --- p.3 / Chapter CHAPTER II - --- METHODOLOGY --- p.5 / Chapter CHAPTER III - --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.7 / Chapter CHAPTER IV - --- CARBONATED SOFT DRINKS INDUSTRY IN CHINA --- p.11 / Industry Structure --- p.11 / Industry Analysis --- p.15 / Chapter CHAPTER V - --- CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CARBONATED SOFT DRINKS MARKET IN CHINA --- p.29 / Per-Capita Consumption --- p.29 / Multinationals' Cola war --- p.30 / National Brand Shares --- p.31 / Consumer Behavior --- p.32 / Chapter CHAPTER VI - --- "CASE STUDIES: COCA-COLA, PEPSICO AND JIANLIBAO" --- p.37 / Company Highlight --- p.37 / Production --- p.43 / Sales Turnover --- p.44 / Profitability --- p.45 / Marketing Mix --- p.46 / Regional Brand Shares --- p.52 / Chapter CHAPTER VII - --- SURVEY FINDINGS --- p.59 / Objectives --- p.59 / Methodology --- p.59 / Survey Results --- p.60 / Chapter CHAPTER VII --- IMPLICATIONS: KEY SUCCESS FACTORS --- p.66 / Chapter CHAPTER VIII --- CONCLUSION --- p.73 / Insights and Outlook --- p.74 / Study Constraints --- p.75 / Future Research --- p.75 / APPENDIX --- p.78 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.86

A research report submitted to Wits Business School, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the Degree of Master of Management in Strategic Marketing November 2015 / Building, maintaining and measuring consumption frequency over a specific period of time has become the primary driver of success for nonalcoholic beverage organisations; however, there is limited research on youth consumption frequency within South Africa. Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour, the study aimed to investigate the impact of brand association, flavour variety, peer influence and perceived value on consumption frequency intention in the sparkling soft drink (SSD) category amongst youth in South Africa. A quantitative research design was followed and data collected from 300 research participants aged between 16 and 24 years in Soweto, Gauteng Province in South Africa. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS 22 and AMOS 21 statistical packages for structural equation modelling. All four hypotheses are supported, with results indicating a positive relationship between brand association, flavour variety, peer influence, perceived value and consumption frequency intention. Peer influence and perceived value have a significantly stronger influence on consumption frequency intention. The results also indicate that flavour variety “ambiguous SSD flavour names” scored higher amongst 16 to 18 years olds. Ambiguous flavour naming strategies have proven to be successful in other beverage categories. Quantity-frequency (QF), a consumption frequency measurement instrument has been used, with consumption skewed towards “sharing” with friends or family. This study contributes significant new knowledge to the existing body of marketing literature in Africa and consumer behaviour in emerging markets. This study has implications for practitioners, academicians and public policy makers. / MT2017

It is claimed that economic and social changes are having effects on innovations. Today, innovations have shifted from being only techno-scientific to increasingly also being based on socio-cultural dynamics, with culture, fashion and aesthetic aspects becoming important factors within products. The aim of this study is to research how small food and drink producers in Skåne region innovate and add value to their products. Data was gathered with semi-structured interviews taken with eleven small food production companies and three interviews with people working with regional development. The thesis uses the differential knowledge base model and theories about the experience economy and regional innovation networks, linking the research to regional development. The results indicate that innovations in the food and drink industry are still technologically driven but showing some signs of non-technological elements. This was observable in the companies´ use of stories and symbols as part of the innovations. Most of the producers were adding value to their products by the use of experience staging and storytelling. Participation in networks seemed to enhance the companies’ innovation capabilities. The thesis contributes to studies within economic geography and regional studies by studying innovation, the experience economy and regional innovation networks.

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technologae: Chemical Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering at the CAPE PENINSULA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY 2014 / Most softdrink industries in developing countries are moving towards wastewater reuse or recycling. Water and wastewater reutilization, costs of treatment and disposal guidelines, remain the most critical factors for the development of sustainable water use for softdrink industries. Wastewater reuse or recycle has potential in the softdrink industry, depending on the wastewater characteristics’ concentration and volume. During this study, an integrated laboratory scale anaerobic/aerobic sidestream membrane bioreactor (MBR) system was used for treating softdrink industry wastewater (SDIW). The aim was to evaluate the system’s performance, and identify potential opportunities to recycle the water, and therefore reduce freshwater intake and minimise wastewater production. The objectives were to: evaluate: 1) treatment efficiencies for the individual stages; 2) biogas production in the anaerobic stage; and 3) the overall performance of the integrated system under different operating conditions. The SDIW used in this study was classified as medium to high strength wastewater with a total chemical oxygen demand (CODt) ranging between 2 242 and 11 717 mg/L and a biological oxygen demand (BOD) of up to 1 150 mg/L. The major pollutants in the SDIW were caustic soda; dissolved sugars, namely fructose (1 071 mg/L) and sucrose (6 900 mg/L); with the pH ranging between 6.1 and 12. The SDIW was characterized by total suspended solids (TSS) of 66 mg/L, as well as fats, oils and greases (FOG) of 40 mg/L. The maximum turbidity and colour was 65.3 NTU and 42 mg Pt/L, respectively. All the physiochemical properties and inorganic parameters were within the within the City of Cape Town’s (CCT’s) industrial wastewater quality discharge standards by-law (South Africa, 2006). Excluding the total dissolved solids (TDS) and electrical conductivity (EC) with maximum values were 1 050 mg/L and 1 483 μS/cm, respectively. Anaerobic pre-treatment of this SDIW was studied using a laboratory-scale expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor maintained at mesophilic temperature of between 35 to 37˚C. An organic loading rate (OLR), upflow velocity (Vup) and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 10.9 kg COD/m3d, 0.85 m/h and ~11.8 h, respectively, resulting in COD treatment efficiencies of up to 93% CODt. An increase in nitrate (NO3-) in the EGSB product stream was an indication of an anaerobic ammonium (NH4+) oxidation (ANAMMOX) process. Anaerobic digestion (AD) of SDIW in the EGSB resulted in biogas production with methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen (N2), and oxygen (O2), concentrations of up to 70%, 11%, 14.8%, and 4.1%, respectively. At the OLR and Vup of 10.9 kg COD/m3d and 0.85 m/h, respectively, the EGSB produced 16.7 L/d of biogas. The EGSB anaerobic pre-treatment resulted in stable treatment efficiencies for the removal of organic constituents, as well as biogas production without adding an external carbon source. The MBR post-treatment satisfactorily operated at a feed flowrate of up to 33.7 L/d, OLR of 2.3 and 3.1 kg COD/m3d for the anoxic and aerobic zones, respectively, and an HRT of approximately 0.41 h for both zones. The average CODt removal achieved was 86%. The dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration of 2.1 mg/L in the anoxic zone combined with an aeration rate and DO concentration of 11.8 L/min and 5.7 mg/L, in the aerobic zone resulted in NH4+; NO3-; and orthophosphate (PO43-), removal rates up to 90%; 55% and 39%, respectively. However, the MBR post-treatment did not decrease the orthophosphate concentration to within the SANS 241:2011 drinking water standards. The integrated EGSB-MBR treatment for SDIW was able to achieve an overall CODt removal efficiency of up to 94%. Although the MBR performance was successful the EC, TDS, PO43-, and colour concentrations in the ultrafiltration (UF) permeate did not meet the CCT’s industrial wastewater standards by-law (2006) as well as the SANS’ drinking water standards 241:2011 and required further treatment for reuse.

Orientadores: Paulo Morelato França, Reinaldo Morabitto / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T23:59:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Toledo_ClaudioFabianoMotta_D.pdf: 532543 bytes, checksum: 33c0f918069ba02db9d2c88f055bcbd2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: A presente tese de doutorado apresenta, modela matematicamente e soluciona úm problema multinível de dimensionamento de lotes e programação da produção em um ambiente industrial com máquinas paralelas que apresentam restrições de capacidade, custos e tempos de preparo dependentes da seqüência. O problema é motivado pela realidade encontrada em um setor industrial, em particular o de fabricação e engarrafamento de bebidas. Nesse tipo de indústria a produção envolve dois níveis interdependentes com decisões relativas à armazenagem das matérias-primas e ao engarrafamento das bebidas. As diversas matérias-primas são armazenadas em tanques de onde escoam para as linhas de engarrafamento. O desafio é determinar simultaneamente o dimensionamento e a programação das matérias-primas nos tanques e o envasamento de bebidas nas linhas, onde tempos e custos de trocas dependem do tipo de item previamente armazenado e envasado. O objetivo não foi apenas fornecer uma solução para o problema industrial, mas também estabelecer e solucionar o problema do ponto de vista acadêmico. Um modelo matemático inteiro-misto é proposto com diversas restrições combinadas que até então costumavam ser tratadas separadamente pela literatura. Inicialmente o modelo foi solucionado por meio do pacote GAMS/Cplex. A não existência de testes com modelos similares nos obrigou a criar um conjunto de instâncias para avaliar o modelo e as técnicas de solução desenvolvidas. A solução exata foi viável apenas em instâncias de pequena dimensão devido à complexidade do problema em estudo. Meta-heurísticas foram então propostas e se revelaram como uma alternativa para solucionar instâncias de média e grande dimensão. Os métodos foram capazes de fornecer soluções dentro de um tempo computacional razoável / Abstract: The present thesis establishes and solves a multi-Ievellot sizing and scheduling problem with parallel machines and sequence-dependent setup cost and time. The problem was motivated by a real situation found in some industrial settings mainly the soft drink industry. In this kind of industry, the production involves two interdependent levels with decisions about raw material storage and soft drink bottling. The several raw materiaIs are stored in tanks from which they ow to the bottling lines. The challenge is to determine simultaneously the lot sizing and scheduling of raw material in tanks and also in the bottling lines, where setup costs and time depend on the previous items stored and bottled. The objective is not only to provide an industrial problem solution, but also to establish and solve the problem by an academic point of view. Initially, a mathematical model is proposed with several combined constrains that use to be handled apart in the literature. This complex model was solved by the GAMS/Cplex software. The lack of similar models led us to create a set of instances to evaluate the model and the solution techniques developed. The exact model solution was possible only for small-sized instances because of the problem complexity. Therefore, meta-heuristics have been proposed and revealed as the only alternative to solve large instances. These methods have been able to provi de solutions with good quality in a reasonable computational time / Doutorado / Automação / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

Africa is acknowledged as a vast, untapped market for consumer goods as trade barriers are coming down and economies are starting to develop. The need for consumer goods arises with economic activity. This poses the following question, which will be addressed by this research: How can potential African consumer markets be successfully unlocked by a South African beverage organisation, thereby reducing risk of failure and eliminating the cost of a hit-and-miss approach? The secondary study focused on evaluating the aspects involved with risks and the modes of entry into foreign markets. The macro-environmental factors affecting the expansion into foreign markets were investigated to determine what influence they had on the entry mode chosen for a specific country targeted for expansion. Finally the marketing factors influencing the entry mode were analysed. The significance of trade blocs together with the advantages thereof was included in the study. The primary study was based on the theory and principles of existing literature. The Coca-Cola Sabco organisation was taken as a case study. Four countries, namely Kenya, Uganda, Mozambique and Namibia, were investigated. Questionnaires containing a set of questions to satisfy the sub-problems were sent to the various country managers and their first layers of management. Likewise, interviews were conducted with Coca-Cola Sabco head office strategic management. The empirical results obtained, indicated a strong concurrence, with the theory of entry modes and the influences of macro-environmental factors. In certain aspects, however, some contradictions with the theory pertaining to the Coca-Cola Sabco organisation, were observed. The findings concurred with the theory in that risk were minimised by the acquisition of a going concern that already possessed the infrastructure and logistics such as raw material procurement, manufacturing staff skills, distribution networks and political contacts. The empirical results contradict theory with respect to location economies and scale economies, as the Coca-Cola Company’s franchise agreement excludes the exporting of beverage products. Furthermore, Coca-Cola Sabco becomes involved in expansion initiatives only in reaction to an invitation from the Coca-Cola Company and not of its own desire. Therefore, market surveys are conducted subsequent to an invitation from the Coca-Cola Company. South African organisations planning expansion initiatives into emerging African markets need to take the specific macro- environmental factors of the country in question into consideration in order to minimise risk. A franchise agreement restricting exporting as in the case of Coco-Cola Company or any other restrictive agreement, might cause a deviation from contemporary theory, for example, where markets will be assessed for purposes of location and scale economies. Deviations from contemporary theory could also occur where a franchise opportunity is offered in a specific country that may not be the preferred market choice, due to its lack of growth potential.

Increasing competition within the non-alcoholic, ready to drink market (NARTD) in South Africa has intensified the need for soft drink producers to identify ways in which to enhance their competitiveness. One of the most important challenges for organisations operating in this industry is to produce quality products while meeting the needs of customers, at the lowest possible cost. While a number of competitors may rely on various competitive strategies such as lower priced products, it could become increasingly challenging for others to adopt similar approaches without comprising on the quality of their products. In order to remain competitive, organisations may be required to shift their focus onto their employees as a source of competitive advantage. Research has shown that employees provide organisations with sustainable competitive advantage, more specifically, it has shown that engaged employees outperform disengaged employees. The differentiating factor for organisations in the pursuit of competitive advantage would therefore be an engaged workforce. The primary research objective of this study was to investigate employees’ perceptions of engagement within the logistics function at Coca-Cola Fortune Port Elizabeth, as well as its impact on critical success factors. A theoretical overview was conducted to appraise various definitions, engagement models, factors influencing engagement and the impact of engagement on critical success factors. The research highlighted a number of common themes of engagement which includes a reciprocal relationship between the organisation and employees, enthusiasm, involvement and motivation. This research revealed that engaged employees make positive contributions to key business outcomes such as financial performance, productivity and customer satisfaction.An empirical study was conducted by means of a survey with a questionnaire as data collecting tool. The purpose of the structured questionnaire was to validate the findings obtained from the theoretical overview and to assess employees’ perceptions of engagement, engagement factors and the impact of engagement on critical success factors. A sample comprising 112 employees was identified by means of a stratified sampling technique. A 93 per cent response rate was obtained. The key findings of the study indicated that management and employee perceptions of engagement were comparable. It also indicated that corporate communication, employee involvement strategies, relationships with management and HR policies and procedures did influence employee engagement. Furthermore, the study validated the existence of a strong positive relationship between customer satisfaction, employee attendance and productivity – as was found between employee engagement and business success at CCF. The theoretical overview in conjunction with the empirical findings yielded a hypothesised model of employee engagement as presented in Chapter One. This model could provide direction in the organisation’s attempt to improve engagement levels and ultimately in the pursuit of competitive advantage.

by Tong Shing, Steve. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1988. / Bibliography: leaves 91-92.

Thesis (M.B.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 145-150).

The aim of this study was to determine a carbon and water footprint for a beverage manufacturing company. The carbon footprint etermination was conducted on Scope 1 and Scope 2. The water footprint was determined on the blue water and grey water. The beverage production volumes of the beverage manufacturing company were used to determine both the carbon and the water footprint. The theoretical background to this study was based on both local and international beverage companies and the outcome for the carbon and water footprint was benchmarked against the local and international companies. The objectives of this study were achieved by calculating a carbon and water footprint for the beverage company. The carbon footprint unit of measure is g CO2e / litre produced and the water footprint is litre water/litre produced. The unit of measure for pollutant grey water footprint is measured in milligram. Based on the results achieved in this study, commendations for carbon and water footprint reductions were made to the beverage company. Reduction targets for production year 2020 were also recommended based on the implementation of the reduction plans. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Management)