Le développement de différentes formes colloïdales pour la thérapie et le diagnostic médical ultrasonore connait un intérêt croissant depuis de nombreuses années. En particulier, les microbulles de perfluorocarbone (PFC) sont des agents de contraste intéressants, car le gaz est un puissant réflecteur des ultrasons. Plus récemment, les gouttelettes de PFC ont été proposées pour de nouvelles applications acoustiques. Suite à une impulsion acoustique, les ultrasons induisent un changement de phase de l’état liquide à l’état gazeux. Ce phénomène est appelé la vaporisation acoustique de gouttelettes. Parallèlement à l’étude de nouvelles applications, le développement de nouvelles techniques de préparation offrant un meilleur contrôle lors de la production, reste un enjeu primordial. Ainsi, de nouvelles méthodes de préparation basées sur des dispositifs membranaires semblent être particulièrement intéressantes. L’objectif de la thèse porte donc sur le développement de nouvelles techniques à membrane pour la formulation de microbulles et de microgouttelettes de taille contrôlée pour des applications en imagerie et thérapie ultrasonore. Dans ce travail, l’émulsification membranaire directe avec un module membranaire de type cross-flow a été utilisé pour la préparation de microbulles stabilisées par des tensioactifs solubles, tandis qu’un module de type microkit a permis l’obtention de microbulles stabilisées par des phospholipides. Dans un second temps, l’émulsification membranaire par prémix a permis de formuler des microgouttelettes de PFC monodispersées. Pour les différentes formes colloïdales préparées, nous avons observé l’influence des paramètres du procédé (pression, débit et contrainte de cisaillement), des paramètres de formulation (molécules stabilisatrices, type de PFC de la phase dispersée) et des paramètres de la membrane (taille des pores) sur la formation des microbulles/ microgouttelettes. Par la suite, la caractérisation acoustique des microbulles/microgouttelettes a montré que ces systèmes présentent les propriétés nécessaires pour être utilisés comme agents de contraste ultrasonores / The development of various colloidal forms for therapy and diagnosis in ultrasound medical present a great interest for many years. In particular, microbubbles of perfluorocarbon (PFC) are interesting as contrast agents because the gas is a high ultrasound reflector. More recently, PFC droplets have been proposed for news acoustic applications. Indeed, after an acoustic pulse, the ultrasound waves induce a phase change from the liquid state to the gaseous state. This phenomenon is called the acoustic vaporization of droplets. In parallel with the study of new applications, the development of new process offering a better control during production, remains a key issue.Thus, the preparation using news methods based on membrane devices seem to be particularly interesting. The aim of the thesis is the development of new membrane process for the formulation of microbubbles and droplets with a size controlled for ultrasound applications in imaging and therapy. In this work, the direct membrane emulsification with a cross-flow membrane module was used for the preparation of microbubbles stabilized by soluble surfactants, while a microkit module allowed to obtain microbubbles stabilized by phospholipids. In a second step, the membrane emulsification by premix allowed to formulate monodispersed droplets of PFC. For the various colloidal forms prepared, we observed the influence of the process parameters (pressure, flow rate and shear stress), the formulation parameters (surfactants, type of PFC of the dispersed phase) and the membrane parameters (pore size) on the formation of microbubbles/droplets. Subsequently, the acoustic characterization of microbubbles/droplets has shown that these systems have the properties to be used as ultrasonic contrast agents

Droplets as precursor are extensively applied in diverse fields of science and engineering. Various contributions are provided previously towards analysis of single phase and multi-phase droplets of single and multiple components. This thesis describes modelling of multi-phase (nano fluid) droplet vaporization. The evaporation of liquid phase along with migration of dispersed particles in two-dimensional plane within droplet is detailed using the governing transport equations along with the appropriate boundary and interface conditions. The evaporation model is incorporated with aggregate kinetics to study agglomeration among nano silica particles in base water. Agglomeration model based on population balance approach is used to track down the aggregation kinetics of nano particles in the droplet. With the simulated model it is able to predict different types of final structure of the aggregates formed as observed in experimental results available in literature. High spatial resolution in terms of agglomeration dynamics is achieved using current model. Comparison based study of aggregation dynamics is done by heating droplet in convective environment as well as with radiations and using different combination of heating and physical parameters. The effect of internal flow field is also analysed with comparative study using levitation and without levitation individually. For levitation, droplet is stabilized in an acoustic standing wave. It is also attempted to study the transformation of cerium nitrate to ceria in droplets when heated under different environmental conditions. Reaction kinetics based on modified rate equation is modelled along with vaporization in aqueous cerium nitrate droplet. The thermo physical changes within the droplet along with dissociation reaction is analysed under different modes of heating. The chemical conversion of cerium nitrate to ceria during the process is predicted using Kramers' reaction velocity equation in a modified form. The model is able to explain the kinetics behind formation of ceria within droplet at low temperatures. Transformation of chemical species is observed to be influenced by temperature and configuration of the system. Reaction based model along with CFD (computational fluid dynamics) simulation within the droplet is able to determine the rate of chemical dissociation of species and predict formation of ceria within the droplet. The prediction shows good agreement with experimental data which are obtained from literature.