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Thesis (MPH.) -- University of Limpopo, 2015 / Background Drugs expiration in public hospital pharmacies is a concern to health professionals as the Department of Health spends a lot of money to buy drugs. The number of drugs which expire in public hospital pharmacies can give an indication of how the drugs are used, and consequently reflect on the disease prevalence for which the drugs are indicated for. Drugs cannot be used beyond expiry date. The purpose of this study was to determine the cause or causes, extent and costs of expired drugs in public hospital pharmacies of Sekhukhune District in Limpopo Province of South Africa. Methods Sekhukhune District has seven public hospital pharmacies. Data collection involved interviews conducted by the researcher from thirty-five participants with each hospital having five participants. All interviews were recorded by the use of a laptop voice recorder. Participants in each hospital involved a pharmacy manager, an additional pharmacist who had twelve months or more working experience within the facility under study, a clinical manager, a nurse who attends the hospital Drug and Therapeutics Committee and a medical practitioner who had twelve or more working experience within the facility under study. Results and conclusion In this study it was identified that, overstocking; prescribing tendencies by medical practitioners; delivery of short-dated drugs from the supplier; poor stock rotation and unreliably minimum and maximum order levels were cited as some of the reasons for stock expiration. The study found drugs expiration value to be above the set limit of 0.05% of the expenditure in a financial year. An expired stock value of R86 815 was found based on the data collected for 2010/2011 financial year.

Antibiotic resistance in clinical bacterial isolates remains an ongoing problem requiring continuous monitoring to effect some form of control. Comparative studies have not been previously reported for the Eastern Cape Region, South Africa and this study was undertaken to monitor resistance patterns in clinical isolates from Provincial Hospital, Port Elizabeth. Over the three year period 1989 to 1991, 9888 susceptibility results from isolates examined in the SAIMR pathology laboratory were analysed and collated using a stand-alone computer program. Resistance patterns for a range of nineteen antibiotics were collated for isolates from various sampling points within the hospital. Results were reported as resistance patterns in individually isolated species. Levels of resistance in each species were compared to those reported from South Africa and abroad, and changing patterns of resistance were noted within the three year period at the Provincial Hospital, Port Elizabeth.

Elderly people, or those over 65 years of age, are known to comprise 10% of the United States population today and are projected to reach nearly 12% by the year 2000. Further, 5% of this population is reported to be institutionalized resulting in approximately 1.1 million chronic care patients or 0.5% of the population. The use of drugs in this population comprises approximately 25% of the prescription drug market in the United States which is directly related to the greater occurrence of pathological problems associated with the aging process. While it is evident that the beneficial outcome of drug therapies is partially related to the increased longevity observed in these elderly people, this population is also well-known to be the most prone to adverse drug reactions. Factors complicating drug use in the elderly include high usage, chronic therapy, long-term hospitalization, inappropriate and multiple prescribing of drugs, inadequate monitoring of adverse drug effects, susceptibility to physical deterioration and senility. Therefore, the objective of this project is to test the hypothesis that the quality and cost of drug therapy in SNF patients can be significantly improved by implementing measures to improve the utilization of drugs.

tudies in teaching and non-teaching hospitals have shown that one- quarter to one-third of all patients receive an antimicrobial (AMC) drug during their hospital stay." 1-30 Many of these patients (ranging from 30 to 60%), particularly those on the surgical services, have no definite evidence of infection. Inquiry regarding the use of AMC drugs can be traced back more than two decades. In 1961, the Commission on Professional and Hospital Activities in its Professional Activity Study (CPHA-PAS) surveyed 24 hospitals." They found that approximately 27% of all patients were given an AMC drug; however, it was estimated by PAS that only about 12% of these patients should have received AMC therapy under the most conservative medical practice.

Objetivos: Conhecer a satisfação e a percepção da equipe de enfermagem usuária dos dispensários eletrônicos com relação a estes equipamentos e adaptar transculturalmente o instrumento ISMP Medication Safety Self Assessment® for Automated Dispensing Cabinets para a realidade brasileira. Métodos: O estudo foi realizado em duas etapas. A primeira etapa consistiu de um estudo qualitativo, do tipo exploratório, através da realização de grupos focais com os técnicos de enfermagem e enfermeiros das unidades que possuem dispensários eletrônicos. Na segunda etapa foi realizado um estudo metodológico para tradução e validação do instrumento ISMP Medication Safety Self Assessment® for Automated Dispensing Cabinets através da realização das etapas de tradução por dois tradutores independentes, síntese das traduções, retrotradução, síntese da retrotradução, avaliação por especialistas e pré-teste. Resultados: Durante a realização dos grupos focais a equipe de enfermagem demonstrou estar satisfeita com o uso dos dispensários eletrônicos, necessitando de algumas adequações e melhorias no processo. As etapas de adaptação transcultural do instrumento foram realizadas obtendo-se um instrumento adaptado para a realidade brasileira que pode auxiliar no planejamento da implantação de dispensários eletrônicos. Faz-se necessária a realização de validação externa deste instrumento para utilização na realidade nacional. Conclusões: Neste estudo ficou evidente a satisfação dos usuários dos dispensários eletrônicos com o uso destes equipamentos e a importância de um planejamento adequado para a implantação de novas tecnologias. Demonstra-se a importância de um trabalho conjunto entre as equipes de farmácia e enfermagem na implantação e utilização de dispensários eletrônicos com foco na segurança do paciente. / Objectives: To know the satisfaction and perception of the user nursing staff of automated dispensing cabinets about this equipment and cross-culturally adapt the instrument ISMP Medication Safety Self Assessment® for Automated Dispensing Cabinets for the Brazilian reality. Methods: The study was conducted in two stages. The first stage consisted of a qualitative study, exploratory, by conducting focus groups with nursing technicians and nurses of the units that use automated dispensing cabinets. In the second stage it was carried out a methodological study for the translation and validation of the instrument ISMP Medication Safety Self Assessment® for Automated Dispensing Cabinets by performing the translation stages by two independent translators, synthesis of translations, back translation, synthesis of back translation, evaluation by experts and pretest. Results: During the course of the focus groups the nursing staff proved to be satisfied with the use of automated dispensing cabinets, requiring some adjustments and improvements in the process. The steps of cross-cultural adaptation of the instrument were carried out obtaining a tool that can assist in planning the implementation of automated dispensing cabinets adapted to the Brazilian reality. Conducting external validation of this instrument for use at the national reality is necessary. Conclusions: In this study it was evident the satisfaction of users of automated dispensing cabinets with the use of this equipment and the importance of proper planning for the deployment of new technologies. It demonstrates the importance of joint work between the pharmacy and nursing staff in the implementation and use of automated dispensing cabinets with a focus on patient safety.

Objetivos: Conhecer a satisfação e a percepção da equipe de enfermagem usuária dos dispensários eletrônicos com relação a estes equipamentos e adaptar transculturalmente o instrumento ISMP Medication Safety Self Assessment® for Automated Dispensing Cabinets para a realidade brasileira. Métodos: O estudo foi realizado em duas etapas. A primeira etapa consistiu de um estudo qualitativo, do tipo exploratório, através da realização de grupos focais com os técnicos de enfermagem e enfermeiros das unidades que possuem dispensários eletrônicos. Na segunda etapa foi realizado um estudo metodológico para tradução e validação do instrumento ISMP Medication Safety Self Assessment® for Automated Dispensing Cabinets através da realização das etapas de tradução por dois tradutores independentes, síntese das traduções, retrotradução, síntese da retrotradução, avaliação por especialistas e pré-teste. Resultados: Durante a realização dos grupos focais a equipe de enfermagem demonstrou estar satisfeita com o uso dos dispensários eletrônicos, necessitando de algumas adequações e melhorias no processo. As etapas de adaptação transcultural do instrumento foram realizadas obtendo-se um instrumento adaptado para a realidade brasileira que pode auxiliar no planejamento da implantação de dispensários eletrônicos. Faz-se necessária a realização de validação externa deste instrumento para utilização na realidade nacional. Conclusões: Neste estudo ficou evidente a satisfação dos usuários dos dispensários eletrônicos com o uso destes equipamentos e a importância de um planejamento adequado para a implantação de novas tecnologias. Demonstra-se a importância de um trabalho conjunto entre as equipes de farmácia e enfermagem na implantação e utilização de dispensários eletrônicos com foco na segurança do paciente. / Objectives: To know the satisfaction and perception of the user nursing staff of automated dispensing cabinets about this equipment and cross-culturally adapt the instrument ISMP Medication Safety Self Assessment® for Automated Dispensing Cabinets for the Brazilian reality. Methods: The study was conducted in two stages. The first stage consisted of a qualitative study, exploratory, by conducting focus groups with nursing technicians and nurses of the units that use automated dispensing cabinets. In the second stage it was carried out a methodological study for the translation and validation of the instrument ISMP Medication Safety Self Assessment® for Automated Dispensing Cabinets by performing the translation stages by two independent translators, synthesis of translations, back translation, synthesis of back translation, evaluation by experts and pretest. Results: During the course of the focus groups the nursing staff proved to be satisfied with the use of automated dispensing cabinets, requiring some adjustments and improvements in the process. The steps of cross-cultural adaptation of the instrument were carried out obtaining a tool that can assist in planning the implementation of automated dispensing cabinets adapted to the Brazilian reality. Conducting external validation of this instrument for use at the national reality is necessary. Conclusions: In this study it was evident the satisfaction of users of automated dispensing cabinets with the use of this equipment and the importance of proper planning for the deployment of new technologies. It demonstrates the importance of joint work between the pharmacy and nursing staff in the implementation and use of automated dispensing cabinets with a focus on patient safety.

Objetivos: Conhecer a satisfação e a percepção da equipe de enfermagem usuária dos dispensários eletrônicos com relação a estes equipamentos e adaptar transculturalmente o instrumento ISMP Medication Safety Self Assessment® for Automated Dispensing Cabinets para a realidade brasileira. Métodos: O estudo foi realizado em duas etapas. A primeira etapa consistiu de um estudo qualitativo, do tipo exploratório, através da realização de grupos focais com os técnicos de enfermagem e enfermeiros das unidades que possuem dispensários eletrônicos. Na segunda etapa foi realizado um estudo metodológico para tradução e validação do instrumento ISMP Medication Safety Self Assessment® for Automated Dispensing Cabinets através da realização das etapas de tradução por dois tradutores independentes, síntese das traduções, retrotradução, síntese da retrotradução, avaliação por especialistas e pré-teste. Resultados: Durante a realização dos grupos focais a equipe de enfermagem demonstrou estar satisfeita com o uso dos dispensários eletrônicos, necessitando de algumas adequações e melhorias no processo. As etapas de adaptação transcultural do instrumento foram realizadas obtendo-se um instrumento adaptado para a realidade brasileira que pode auxiliar no planejamento da implantação de dispensários eletrônicos. Faz-se necessária a realização de validação externa deste instrumento para utilização na realidade nacional. Conclusões: Neste estudo ficou evidente a satisfação dos usuários dos dispensários eletrônicos com o uso destes equipamentos e a importância de um planejamento adequado para a implantação de novas tecnologias. Demonstra-se a importância de um trabalho conjunto entre as equipes de farmácia e enfermagem na implantação e utilização de dispensários eletrônicos com foco na segurança do paciente. / Objectives: To know the satisfaction and perception of the user nursing staff of automated dispensing cabinets about this equipment and cross-culturally adapt the instrument ISMP Medication Safety Self Assessment® for Automated Dispensing Cabinets for the Brazilian reality. Methods: The study was conducted in two stages. The first stage consisted of a qualitative study, exploratory, by conducting focus groups with nursing technicians and nurses of the units that use automated dispensing cabinets. In the second stage it was carried out a methodological study for the translation and validation of the instrument ISMP Medication Safety Self Assessment® for Automated Dispensing Cabinets by performing the translation stages by two independent translators, synthesis of translations, back translation, synthesis of back translation, evaluation by experts and pretest. Results: During the course of the focus groups the nursing staff proved to be satisfied with the use of automated dispensing cabinets, requiring some adjustments and improvements in the process. The steps of cross-cultural adaptation of the instrument were carried out obtaining a tool that can assist in planning the implementation of automated dispensing cabinets adapted to the Brazilian reality. Conducting external validation of this instrument for use at the national reality is necessary. Conclusions: In this study it was evident the satisfaction of users of automated dispensing cabinets with the use of this equipment and the importance of proper planning for the deployment of new technologies. It demonstrates the importance of joint work between the pharmacy and nursing staff in the implementation and use of automated dispensing cabinets with a focus on patient safety.