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No / Medicines management services provided by community pharmacists have been proposed as one means to ensure that patients receive all the medicines they may benefit from in the English National Health Service. These services may also offer ways of addressing the historic under-utilization of community pharmacists' clinical skills and expertise. Medicines management services differ significantly from the dispensing and medicines sales roles traditionally associated with community pharmacy, particularly in relation to the provision for pharmacists to make recommendations to both patients and doctors about pharmacological treatment and lifestyle management. This paper describes patients' experiences of a medicines management service provided by community pharmacists for people with coronary heart disease, delivered in England. It draws on findings from semistructured, face-to-face interviews with 49 patients recruited from pilot sites delivering the service. Findings suggest that although patients cautiously welcomed the opportunity to consult with a pharmacist about their medicines, they had reservations about them making recommendations about treatment, and many still regarded the doctor as the health professional 'in charge' of their medicines. The implications of these findings are discussed in light of the developing sociological literature on pharmacy and medicines usage.

No / New antimalarial drugs are urgently needed to combat emerging multidrug resistant strains of malaria parasites. This Highlight focuses on plant-derived natural products that are of interest as potential leads towards new antimalarial drugs including synthetic analogues of natural compounds, with the exception of artemisinin derivatives, which are not included due to limited space. Since effective antimalarial treatment is often unavailable or unaffordable to many of those who need it, there is increasing interest in the development of locally produced herbal medicines; recent progress in this area will also be reviewed in this Highlight.

Thesis (M.Tech.)(Nuclear Medicine) -- Central University of Technology, free State, 2007 / In the South African Health Services (SAHS) it is each health worker’s responsibility to find ways to reduce health care cost and improve health service to the public. The measurement of radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) by the thyroid gland for diagnostic purposes has been used as early as the 1940s. The 24-hour (hr) iodine-131 (131I) uptake measurement is traditionally used for the calculation of the 131I administered activity for therapy dosage. This entails that the patient’s hospitalisation is prolonged, which increases the costs. The literature also indicates that the 24-hr 131I uptake value can be discarded and only the 6-hr 131I uptake measurement is needed to calculate administered activity for therapeutic dosages for Graves’ patients. Therefore, if it can be confirmed that the 6-hr 131I uptake measurement alone is needed, the SAHS could decrease hospitalisation costs. The overall goal of the investigation was to analyse the 6-hr and 24-hr 131I uptake measurements of patients with Graves’ disease at the Universitas Hospital. The aim was to determine the relationship between the 6-hr and 24- hr RAIU values to establish the therapeutic dosage for Graves’ disease. To achieve the aim, three objectives were set. First, to serve as a background to the investigation, a literature survey relating to the RAIU measurements of patients with Graves’ disease was made. Second, a retrospective analysis was performed by collecting the 6-hr and 24-hr 131I uptake measurements of patients with proven Graves’ disease at the Universitas Nuclear Medicine Department (UNMD). Finally, the data obtained from the retrospective analysis was analysed, summarised and compared to answer the investigation questions. The investigation group included patients with confirmed Graves’ disease who had undergone both the 6- and 24-hr 131I RAIU at the Universitas Hospital from the beginning of 2004 to the end of 2005. Graves’ disease is confirmed by the following factors at the UNMD, namely: Suppressed TSH, elevated T4 and T3 values, an increased uptake on the 99mTc-pertechnetate scan and increased 6- and 24-hr 131I RAIU values. The UNMD statistics show that 178 patients were diagnosed with Graves’ disease during this period. The patients of the investigation group included both male and female patients from different races, ranging from 15-75 years. In order to increase the validity of the investigation, all factors that could influence the accuracy of the 131I thyroid uptake test were excluded. After the exclusion and inclusion criteria had been applied, the final investigation group was made up of 124 Graves’ disease patients. The data obtained from the patient files was noted on the different data sheets (see Appendix A) for further analysis. The information from these data sheets was then used to obtain the investigation results. The Department of Biostatistics of the University of the Free State (UFS) was consulted for recommendations regarding the management of data and the processing of results. All values were summarised by means and Standard Deviations (SD) or percentiles. Mean or median differences were calculated with a 95% Confidence Interval (CI). A regression analysis was made between the 6-hr and 24-hr 131I RAIU values. The highest RAIU value is the best to calculate the therapeutic dosage, as this gives a true reflection of the thyroid function of a Graves’ disease patient. In the investigation group the median of the 24-hr 131I RAIU values was higher than the 6-hr 131I RAIU values. The findings showed that the 24-hr 131I RAIU in most of the investigation group was the highest value and most effective to calculate the 131I therapeutic dosage. At a time when research-based practice is taking on an increasingly important role, it is essential for nuclear medicine departments to make evidence-based recommendations. This investigation found that the correlation between the 6-hr and 24-hr RAIU clearly justified the cost spent on Graves’ disease patients who must stay overnight for the 24-hr 131I RAIU procedure.

O linfoma difuso de grandes células B (LDGCB) é o linfoma não-Hodgkin mais comum em nossa instituição (49,5%) e a classificação da Organização Mundial da Saúde reconhece vários subtipos de LDGCB com base na morfologia, imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) e perfil molecular. Metade dos pacientes permanecem incuráveis com terapia padrão baseada no anticorpo monoclonal anti-CD20 (rituximabe) e quimioterapia baseada em antraciclina. Portanto, é necessário identificar pacientes de alto risco e melhorar o seu prognóstico. Na era pré-rituximabe, a melhor maneira de identificar esse grupo de alto risco baseava-se no Índice de Prognóstico Internacional (IPI). Mais recentemente, grande interesse em subtipos moleculares e a caracterização da assinatura gênica das células malignas têm sido publicados. Pacientes com perfil de expressão gênica do centro germinativo (CG) parecem ter melhor prognóstico do que aqueles com assinatura de células B ativadas. Algoritmos IHC correspondentes foram propostos e o de Hans é o mais usado. No entanto, estes indicadores prognósticos têm sido questionados na era rituximabe. Além da classificação molecular, imagem funcional das células tumorais com 18F-fluodesoxiglucose (18F-FDG), a tomografia por emissão de pósitrons (PET/CT) tem sido recomendada ao diagnóstico e final do tratamento para aumentar a acurácia do estadiamento e avaliação de resposta. Embora alguns estudos tenham demonstrado que PET ínterim pode prognosticar a eficácia do tratamento, não há consenso e a utilização da PETi permanece controversa. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o impacto de fatores prognósticos clínicos, da PETi após dois ciclos de quimioterapia, e a célula de origem (CO) usando o algoritmo de Hans, como ferramentas prognósticas em pacientes tratados com R-CHOP 21. Foram analisados prospectivamente 147 pacientes. Dados clínicos estavam disponíveis em 146 casos. PETi foi realizada em 111 pacientes e 114 pacientes foram classificados em CG e NCG pelo algoritmo IHC de Hans. Com mediana de seguimento de 42,8 meses, a sobrevida global (SG), sobrevida livre de progressão (SLP) e resposta global (RG) para todos os pacientes foram 73,8%, 84,3% e 87,7%, respectivamente. IPI, R-IPI e NCCN IPI foram todos preditivos de SG. O IPI NCCN foi capaz de melhor discriminar um grupo de alto risco quando comparado ao de outros índices prognósticos clínicos. Embora PETi- tenha identificado um grupo com melhor SG (89,3% SG para PETi- versus 77,5% para a PETi+)(p = 0,04), a SLP entre os dois grupos não foi prognóstica (p=0,45), com SLP em 30 meses de 87,7%/81,2% para PETi- e PET+, respectivamente. O algoritmo de Hans não foi preditivo de SG, SLP ou RG. Associado à PETi-, ser do CG identificou um grupo de muito bom prognóstico, com SG e SLP de 100% em 48 meses. A análise univariada e multivariada revelou que, além da PETi-, o IPI, R-IPI e IPI do NCCN, juntamente com algumas variáveis que compõem este índice, foram preditivos para o SG, SLP e resposta completa. Este estudo mostrou que os fatores prognósticos clínicos são relevantes na era R-CHOP e a PETI, junto com a CO, foram capazes de identificar um subgrupo de muito bom prognóstico. Nossos resultados necessitam de confirmação / Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common non-Hodgkin lymphoma in our institution (49.5%) and the World Health Organization classification recognizes several subtypes of DLBCL based on morphology, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and molecular analysis. A half of patients remain incurable with standard strategy with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab) and anthracycline-based chemotherapy. Therefore, it is necessary to identify high risk patients and improve their prognosis. In the pre-rituximab era, the best way to identify this high risk group was based on International Prognostic Index (IPI). More recently, lot of interest on molecular subtypes and aspects that characterize the gene signature of the malignant cells have been published. Patients with gene expression profile from germinal center (GC) seem to show better prognosis than those with Bcells activated signature. Correspondents algorithms based on IHC were proposed and Hans algorithm is the most commonly used. However these prognostic indicators have also been questioned in the rituximab era. In addition to the molecular classification, functional imaging of the tumor cells with 18F-fludeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography PET/CT has been recommended at diagnosis and at the end of treatment to improve accuracy of staging and response evaluation. Although some studies have shown that interim PET may be a prognostic indicator of effectiveness of treatment, there is no agreement and the use of interim PET as a prognostic factor remains controversial. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of clinical prognostic factors, interim imaging with 18F-FDG PET/CT after 2 cycles of treatment and cell of origin (CO) using Hans\' algorithm as prognostic tools in patients treated with R-CHOP 21. 147 DLBCL patients were analyzed prospectively and clinical data was available in 146 cases. 18 F-FDG interim PET/CT was performed in 111 patients and DLBCL was classified as GC and NGC subtype by IHC using Hans\'s algorithm in 114 patients. With a median follow-up of 42.8 months, overall survival (OS), progression free survival (PFS) and overall response (OR) for all patients were 73.8%, 84.3% and 87.7% respectively. IPI, R-IPI and NCCN IPI were all predictive of OS. NCCN IPI was able to better discriminate a high risk group comparable with other clinical prognostic indexes. Although negative iPET identified a group with better OS (89.3% OS for PETi- versus 77.5% for PETi+)(p=0.04), PFS between the two groups was not prognostic (p=0.45) with a 30 months PFS of 87.7% and 81.2%, for PETi- and PET+, respectively. Hans algorithm was not predictive for OS, PFS or OR. Instead it was, together with PETi- and CG origin, able to predict a very good prognostic group, with both 100% OS/PFS in 48 months. The univariate and multivariate analysis revealed that besides negative interim PET, IPI, R-IPI and NCCN IPI along with some variables that compose this indexes, were predictive for OS, PFS and complete response. This study showed that clinical prognostic factors are relevant in R-CHOP era and PETi, along with CO, were able to identify a very good prognostic subgroup. Our results should be confirmed in others studies

by Lam Tin Lun. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 131-151). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgment --- p.I / Table of content --- p.II / List of Tables --- p.IX / List of Figures --- p.XI / Abbreviation --- p.XIII / Abstract --- p.XIV / 論文摘要 --- p.XVI / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- History of AIDS --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Definition of AIDS --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- HIV/AIDS Around the World --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- HIV/AIDS in Hong Kong --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.4.1 --- Hong Kong AIDS Update --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.4.2 --- AIDS Transmission --- p.6 / Chapter 1.1.4.3 --- Main AIDS Complications Occur in Hong Kong --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2 --- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Classification of HIV --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- The Structure of HIV Virion --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- The HIV Genome --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- The Life Cycle of HIV --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.4.1 --- Invasion of the Cells --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.4.2 --- Integration into cell genome --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.4.3 --- Protease and assembly to the virus --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Three Essential Enzymes for HTV-1 Replication --- p.16 / Chapter 1.2.5.1 --- HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase (HIV-1 RT) --- p.16 / Chapter 1.2.5.2 --- HIV-1 Integrase (HIV-1 IN) --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2.5.3 --- HIV-1 Protease (HIV-1 PR) --- p.18 / Chapter 1.2.6 --- The Different Stages of HIV Infection --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3 --- AIDS therapy --- p.23 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Drugs Approved by US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) --- p.23 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Vaccine --- p.26 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Chemokine Receptor Inhibitor --- p.27 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Antisense Oligonucleotides Therpay --- p.28 / Chapter 1.3.5 --- Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) --- p.29 / Chapter 1.4 --- Objective of My Project --- p.32 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- SCREENING OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINAL PLANTS FOR HIV-1 PROTEASE INHIBITION --- p.33 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Materials --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Extraction Methods --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Aqueous Extraction --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- Methanol Extraction --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Preparation of Recombinant HIV-1 Protease --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Selection of Appropriate Clone --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Large-scale Expression of Recombinant HIV-1 Protease --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- Purification of Recombinant HIV-1 Protease by DEAE Sepharose CL-6B Chromatography --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.3.4 --- Purification of Recombinant HIV-1 Protease by Mono-S Cation Chromatography --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.3.5 --- Refolding of Purified Recombinant HIV-1 Protease --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.3.6 --- Protein Concentration Determination --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.3.7 --- Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Characterization of HTV-1 Protease --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- HIV-1 PR Fluorogenic Assays --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.4.2 --- HIV-1 PR Assay by Reverse Phase HPLC Separation of Cleavage Products of the Synthetic Peptide Substrate --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.44 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Functional Analysis of Recombinant HIV-1 PR Activity --- p.44 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Screening of Crude Extracts for Inhibition of HIV-1 PR Activity --- p.48 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.53 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS FROM METHANOL EXTRACTS OF WOODWARDIA UNIGEMMATA AGAINST HIV-1 PROTEASE --- p.56 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Materials --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Methods --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Methanol Extraction --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- Removal of Tannins --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2.2.3 --- Glucosidase Digestion --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2.2.4 --- Analytical Thin Layer Chromatographic (TLC) --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2.2.5 --- A cid Hydrolysis --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.2.6 --- Electrospray Mass Spectrometry --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.2.7 --- Dose-response Curve --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2.2.8 --- Kinetic Studies --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2.2.9 --- Activity of the HPLC-purified principle (s) on Other Aspartyl Proteases --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Purification of Methanol Extracts of Woocdwardia unigemmata --- p.66 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Removal of Tannins --- p.70 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Glucosidase Digestion --- p.73 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Acid Hydrolysis --- p.73 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Analytical Thin Layer Chromatography --- p.74 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Electrospray Mass Spectrometry --- p.80 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- Dose-response Inhibition of HIV-1 Protease --- p.80 / Chapter 3.2.8 --- Kinetic Studies --- p.85 / Chapter 3.2.9 --- Effects of HPLC-purified Active Principle on Other Aspartyl Proteases --- p.87 / Chapter 3.3 --- Discussion --- p.89 / Chapter CHATPER 4 --- IDENTIFICATION OF SELECTIVE RNA APTAMERS AGAINST HIV-1 PROTEASE BY SYSTEMATIC EVOLUTION OF LIGANDS BY EXPONENTIAL ENRICHMENT (SELEX) --- p.95 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.95 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.101 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Materials --- p.101 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Methods --- p.102 / Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- PCR Amplification for the Generation of a Double-Stranded DNA Library --- p.103 / Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- Preparation of RNA Pools --- p.104 / Chapter 4.2.2.3 --- In vitro Selection of RNA Ligands --- p.104 / Chapter 4.2.2.4 --- Reverse Transcription Reaction of Selected RNA --- p.108 / Chapter 4.2.2.5 --- Cloning of the Amplified cDNA pools --- p.108 / Chapter 4.2.2.6 --- Subcloning of the digested DNA product into pBluescript® IIKS (-) --- p.108 / Chapter 4.2.2.8 --- RNA Labeling with Digoxigenin (DIG) --- p.109 / Chapter 4.2.2.9 --- Binding Affinity of RNA Ligands for HIV-1 PR --- p.109 / Chapter 4.2.2.10 --- Competition Binding Reactions --- p.111 / Chapter 4.2.2.11 --- HIV-1 PR Inhibitory Activities of the Selected RNA Ligands --- p.112 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.113 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- In Vitro Selection of RNA Ligands --- p.113 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Sequences of RNA Ligands --- p.114 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Binding Affinity of RNA Ligands --- p.114 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Inhibitory Activity of RNA Ligands --- p.119 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.122 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- GENERAL DISCUSSION --- p.128 / REFERENCES --- p.132

by Lam Mei Ling. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 127-137). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Acknowledgment --- p.I / Table of content --- p.II / List of figures --- p.VII / List of tables --- p.IX / Abbreviation --- p.X / Abstract --- p.XII / 論文摘要 --- p.XIII / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Discovery of AIDS --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Definition and symptoms of AIDS --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- AIDS transmission --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- AIDS epidemic --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Human immunodeficiency virus --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Discovery of HIV --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- The structure of HIV --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Genomic structure of HIV --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Life cycle of HIV --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- How HIV is involved in different stages of AIDS --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3 --- Therapeutic targets for treatment of AIDS --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- HIV reverse transcriptase (HIV RT) --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- HIV integrase (HIV IN) --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- HIV protease (HIV PR) --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Chemokine receptors --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.5 --- Vaccine development --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4 --- AIDS therapy --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Current status of AIDS therapy --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4.1.1 --- Drugs approved by US Food & Drug Administration (FDA) --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4.1.2 --- Combination therapy --- p.19 / Chapter 1.4.1.3 --- Vaccine development --- p.19 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Alternative treatment --- p.20 / Chapter 1.5 --- Objective of my project --- p.21 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Screening of traditional Chinese medicinal (TCM) plants for HIV reverse transcriptase inhibition --- p.22 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.22 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- HIV RT structure and function --- p.22 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Natural product against HIV RT --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Inhibitory activities from plant extracts --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Materials --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Extraction methods --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Methanol extraction --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- Hot water extraction --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- Preparation of Prunella vulgaris extract --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Reverse transcriptase assay --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Characterization of active component in extract of Prunella vulgaris --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- Protease digestion --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.4.2 --- Glucosidase digestion --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.4.3 --- Ethanol precipitation --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.4.4 --- Sodium periodiate oxidization --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.4.5 --- Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) Precipitation --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.4.6 --- Polyamide resin binding --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Purification of Prunella vulgaris extract --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.5.1 --- Polyamide resin column chromatography --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.5.2 --- Sephadex LH-20 chromatography --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.5.3 --- Reverse phase HPLC chromatography --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Characterization of purified Prunella vulgaris extract --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.6.1 --- Paper chromatography --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.6.2 --- Acid hydrolysis of extract --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.6.3 --- Thin layer chromatography --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.6.4 --- Other assays --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Calculation --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Screening of Herbs --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3.1.1 --- Screening of methanol extracts --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3.1.2 --- Screening of hot water extracts --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Characterization of active components in Prunella vulgaris crude extracts --- p.44 / Chapter 2.3.2.1 --- Protease digestion --- p.44 / Chapter 2.3.2.2 --- Glucosidase digestion --- p.44 / Chapter 2.3.2.3 --- Ethanol precipitation --- p.44 / Chapter 2.3.2.4 --- Sodium periodate oxidation --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3.2.5 --- Effect of naturally occurring chemicals on inhibition of HIV RT --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3.2.6 --- Effect of removal of polyphenolic components of aqueous extract on inhibition of HTV RT --- p.51 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Further purification of active components in aqueous extract of Prunella vulgaris --- p.53 / Chapter 2.3.3.1 --- Absorption chromatography by polyamide resin --- p.53 / Chapter 2.3.3.2 --- The Sephadex LH-20 chromatography --- p.53 / Chapter 2.3.3.3 --- Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography --- p.56 / Chapter 2.3.3.4 --- Recovery of extract --- p.59 / Chapter 2.3.3.5 --- Inhibition from extract of various steps of purification --- p.59 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Characterization of purified aqueous extract of Prunella vulgaris --- p.62 / Chapter 2.3.4.1 --- Paper chromatography --- p.62 / Chapter 2.3.4.2 --- Dose response curve --- p.62 / Chapter 2.3.4.3 --- Acid hydrolysis of purified extract --- p.68 / Chapter 2.3.4.4 --- Identification of monosaccharide in purified extract by Thin layer chromatography (TLC) --- p.71 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Specificity of the purified extract on polymerase inhibition --- p.75 / Chapter 2.3.5.1 --- Inhibition of purified Prunella vulgaris extract on Taq polymerase --- p.75 / Chapter 2.3.5.2 --- Inhibition of purified Prunella vulgaris extract on Superscript II --- p.75 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.79 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Screening of inhibitory activities from traditional Chinese medicinal (TCM) plants extracts to HIV protease --- p.86 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.86 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- HIV Protease structure and function --- p.86 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Natural products against HIV Protease --- p.87 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Plant extracts against HIV Protease --- p.89 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.91 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Materials --- p.91 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Expression of HIV protease --- p.92 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Expression and purification of HIV protease --- p.92 / Chapter 3.2.2.2. --- Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) --- p.94 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Characterization of HIV protease --- p.95 / Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- HIV protease assay by fluorometric measurement --- p.95 / Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- HIV protease assay by using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography --- p.96 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.98 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Expression of HIV protease --- p.98 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- HIV protease assay --- p.98 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Protease assay by using reverse phase HPLC --- p.98 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Protease assay by fluorometric measurement --- p.98 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Screening of crude Chinese medicinal extracts on inhibition of HIV protease --- p.104 / Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- Methanol extracts --- p.104 / Chapter 3.3.3.2 --- Water extracts --- p.105 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Characterization of herbal extracts on inhibition of HIV protease --- p.110 / Chapter 3.3.4.1 --- Dose response curve of methanol extract of Woodwardia unigemmata --- p.110 / Chapter 3.3.4.2 --- Dose response curve of hot water extract of Prunella vulgaris --- p.110 / Chapter 3.3.4.3 --- Inhibition mode of methanol extract of Woodwardia unigemmata --- p.113 / Chapter 3.3.4.4 --- Inhibition mode of hot water extract of Prunella vulgaris --- p.113 / Chapter 3.3.4.5 --- Effect of partially purified extracts on HIV protease inhibition --- p.116 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.119 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- General discussion --- p.124 / References --- p.127 / Appendix / Appendix 1 Pictures of herbs used in this study --- p.i / Appendix 2 Mass spectrometry of purified Prunella vulgaris extract --- p.vi / Appendix 3 Calibration curve for determination of HIV PR concentration --- p.viii

Tse, Sui Man. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 95-104). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.v / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Motivation --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Basic Concepts and Definitions --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Evolutionary Algorithms --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Chromosome Encoding --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Selection --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Crossover --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Mutation --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Elitism --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.6 --- Niching --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.7 --- Population Manipulation --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.8 --- Building Blocks --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.9 --- Termination Conditions --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2.10 --- Co-evolution --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3 --- Local Search --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4 --- Memetic Algorithms --- p.16 / Chapter 1.5 --- Objective --- p.17 / Chapter 1.6 --- Summary --- p.17 / Chapter 2 --- Background --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1 --- Multiple Drugs Tumor Chemotherapy --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2 --- Bioinformatics --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Basics of Bioinformatics --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Applications on Biomedical Systems --- p.26 / Chapter 3 --- A New Drug Administration Dynamic Model --- p.29 / Chapter 3.1 --- Three Drugs Mathematical Model --- p.31 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Rate of Change of Different Subpopulations --- p.32 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Rate of Change of Different Drug Concen- trations --- p.35 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Toxicity Effects --- p.35 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Summary --- p.36 / Chapter 4 --- Memetic Algorithm - Iterative Dynamic Program- ming (MA-IDP) --- p.38 / Chapter 4.1 --- Problem Formulation: Optimal Control Problem (OCP) for Mutlidrug Optimization --- p.38 / Chapter 4.2 --- Proposed Memetic Optimization Algorithm --- p.40 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Iterative Dynamic Programming (IDP) . . --- p.40 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Adaptive Elitist-population-based Genetic Algorithm (AEGA) --- p.44 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Memetic Algorithm 一 Iterative Dynamic Programming (MA-IDP) --- p.50 / Chapter 4.3 --- Summary --- p.56 / Chapter 5 --- MA-IDP: Experiments and Results --- p.57 / Chapter 5.1 --- Experiment Settings --- p.57 / Chapter 5.2 --- Optimization Results --- p.61 / Chapter 5.3 --- Extension to Other Mutlidrug Scheduling Model . --- p.62 / Chapter 5.4 --- Summary --- p.65 / Chapter 6 --- DNA Sequencing by Hybridization (SBH) --- p.66 / Chapter 6.1 --- Problem Formulation: Reconstructing a DNA Sequence from Hybridization Data --- p.70 / Chapter 6.2 --- Proposed Memetic Optimization Algorithm --- p.71 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Chromosome Encoding --- p.71 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Fitness Function --- p.73 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Crossover --- p.74 / Chapter 6.2.4 --- Hill Climbing Local Search for Sequencing by Hybridization --- p.76 / Chapter 6.2.5 --- Elitism and Diversity --- p.79 / Chapter 6.2.6 --- Outline of Algorithm: MA-HC-SBH --- p.81 / Chapter 6.3 --- Summary --- p.82 / Chapter 7 --- DNA Sequencing by Hybridization (SBH): Experiments and Results --- p.83 / Chapter 7.1 --- Experiment Settings --- p.83 / Chapter 7.2 --- Experiment Results --- p.85 / Chapter 7.3 --- Summary --- p.89 / Chapter 8 --- Conclusion --- p.90 / Chapter 8.1 --- Multiple Drugs Cancer Chemotherapy Schedule Optimization --- p.90 / Chapter 8.2 --- Use of the MA-IDP --- p.91 / Chapter 8.3 --- DNA Sequencing by Hybridization (SBH) --- p.92 / Chapter 8.4 --- Use of the MA-HC-SBH --- p.92 / Chapter 8.5 --- Future Work --- p.93 / Chapter 8.6 --- Item Learned --- p.93 / Chapter 8.7 --- Papers Published --- p.94 / Bibliography --- p.95