The continual increase in electricity dependence for the advancement of society has led to increased demand in electricity globally. This increased demand, among other things such as global warming interventions and energy security have encouraged the need to diversify electricity generation sources. Civilian use of nuclear power dates back to the 1950s. The United States of America and France are currently leading with the highest nuclear power generation in the world, generating 101 GWe and 63 GWe, respectively. Several countries such as China and the United Arab Emirates have committed to new nuclear build in order to increase their nuclear power generation capacities. Standing against the prospects of growth of the nuclear power industry are technical and nontechnical challenges. These include proliferation risk, safety, high capital costs and high-level waste management. Most spent nuclear fuel from power reactors is currently stored in the spent fuel pools on reactor sites, and some have been reprocessed. It is estimated that about 32% (370 000 tons of Heavy Metal) of the total spent fuel generated from power reactors have been reprocessed up to date. With most of the spent fuel pools filling up, alternative interim and long term disposal of spent nuclear fuel solutions have been under investigation from as early as the 1970s. South Africa has planned an interim dry storage facility for the spent nuclear fuel to be established at the existing Koeberg power station. The interim dry storage facility will make use of HI-STAR 100 multi-purpose casks to store spent nuclear fuel until the country decides on final disposal solution. There are many aspects that are critical to safe, efficient and cost-effective long term storage of spent nuclear fuel. Some of the physics and engineering aspects concerning dry storage facilities are briefly discussed. The aspects presented here are: radiation containment, spent fuel, sub-criticality, decay heat removal, site location aspects, response to seismic events, cask corrosion, transportation infrastructure, operability and monitoring. The study of the three existing dry cask storages from the USA, Hungary and Belgium gives an overview of the dry cask technology in use today. These presentations are based on publicly available reliable information. The proposed dry storage facility at Koeberg will be in the existing power station footprint using the HI-STAR 100 casks. The decision to have the proposed dry storage facility at Koeberg will minimise related licence applications and part of security installations as the site already has some security. The location of the facility in the power station’s footprint also allows for cost-effective and safe transportation of casks from the reactor building to the proposed facility. The modularity aspect of the dry cask storage facility at MV Paks in Hungary should also be employed at Koeberg to allow for more storage. This will cater for additional casks that may need to be stored if more nuclear power plants are procured in the future. South Africa’s air traffic around the Western Cape is not as congested as Belgium’s. There is, therefore, no need for the casks to be housed in concrete buildings like Doel’s. Most of Koeberg’s high-level waste would have had a longer cooling time in the pools compared to the minimum cooling time required for the chosen cask technology. This will provide a conservative, safe approach for Koeberg’s facility. Dry cask storage technology has provided a reliable interim dry storage solution for several countries. Despite uncertainties for long term disposal options, the proposed dry cask storage facility at Koeberg is a suitable interim storage alternative for South Africa to allow continuous operation of the plant. This conclusion is based on the physics and engineering aspects that have been presented in this minor dissertation.

Dedicated sensors are widely used throughout many industries to monitor everyday operations, maintain safety, and report performance characteristics. In order to adopt a more sustainable solution, much research is being applied to self-powered sensing, implementing solutions which harvest wasted ambient energy sources to power these dedicated sensors. The adoption of not only wireless sensor nodes, but also self-powered capabilities in the nuclear energy process is critical as it can address issues in the overall safety and longevity of nuclear power. The removal of wires for data and power transmission can greatly reduce the cost of both installation and upkeep of power plants, while self-powered capabilities can further reduce effort and money spent in replacing batteries, and importantly may enable sensors to work even in losses to power across the plant, increasing plant safety. This thesis outlines three harvesting opportunities in the nuclear energy process from: thermal, vibration, and radiation sources in the main structure of the power plant, and from thermal and radiation energy from spent fuel in dry cask storage. Thermal energy harvesters for the primary and secondary coolant loops are outlined, and experimental analysis done on their longevity in high-radiation environments is discussed. A vibrational energy harvester for large rotating plant machine vibration is designed, prototyped, and tested, and a model is produced to describe its motion and energy output. Finally, an introduction to the design of a gamma radiation and thermal energy harvester for spent nuclear fuel canisters is discussed, and further research steps are suggested. / Master of Science