A series of experiments and finite-element simulations were performed in order to assess existing void coalescence criteria and propose a new model for the coalescence of cylindrical holes in a pure metal matrix during uniaxial stretching. The finite-element simulations were performed so that various plastic limit-load models could be evaluated at each strain increment during deformation, rendering predictions concerning the farfield strains required for coalescence. The experiments were performed in order to identify the actual far-field strain at the moment of incipient coalescence for the specimen geometries considered. The cylindrical-void models of Thomason (1990) and McClintock (1966) outperformed all of the other considered models in their original states. A modified form of the Ragab (2004) plastic limit-load model is proposed in the present work and is shown to have good agreement with the experimental results. The present model accounts for ligament work-hardening and ligament orientation.

No description available.

In a well-defined subrecess in the Appalachian thrust belt in northwestern Georgia, two distinct regional strike directions intersect at approximately 50°. Fault intersections and interference folds enable tracing of both structural strikes. Around the subrecess, tectonically thickened weak stratigraphic layers—shales of the Cambrian Conasauga Formation—accommodated ductile deformation associated with the folding and faulting of the overlying Cambrian–Ordovician regional competent layer. The structures in the competent layer are analogous to those over ductile duplexes (mushwads) documented along strike to the southwest in Alabama. The intersection and fold interference exemplify a long-standing problem in volume balancing of palinspastic reconstructions of sinuous thrust belts. Cross sections generally are constructed perpendicular to structural strike, parallel to the assumed slip direction. An array of cross sections around a structural bend may be restored and balanced individually; however, restorations perpendicular to strike across intersecting thrust faults yield an imbalance in the along-strike lengths of frontal ramps. The restoration leads to a similar imbalance in the surface area of a stratigraphic horizon, reflecting volume imbalance in three dimensions. The tectonic thickening of the weak-layer shales is evident in palinspastically restored cross sections, which demonstrate as much as 100% increase in volume over the restored-state cross sections. The cause of the surplus shale volume is likely prethrusting deposition of thick shale in a basement graben that was later inverted. The volume balance of the ductile duplex is critical for palinspastic reconstruction of the recess, and for the kinematic history and mechanics of the ductile duplex.

Titanium is a widely used metal in industrial and commercial applications. It retains anisotropic mechanical properties at room temperature due to its HCP crystal structure. The effects of crystal orientation have been studied theoretically and through modeling though there is a lack of empirical data available on the topic. The work presented here uses laser-machined voids along with EBSD analysis to study the ductility of grains in different orientations to better understand the microscale fracture process in α-titanium. Experimental results show that hard grains with their c-axis parallel to the tensile direction behave in a less ductile manner than grains with their c-axis oriented away from the tensile direction. This is due to the basal slip systems activating in the former case and prismatic slip systems in the latter. Models utilized include the McClintock model for void growth, Brown-Embury model for void coalescence and FEM crystal plasticity simulations

Στην παρούσα μεταπτυχιακή διατριβή ειδίκευσης αναλύεται η γεωμετρία και κινηματική της πλαστικής παραμόρφωσης στο κάλυμμα κυανοσχιστολίθων της Όχης που εμφανίζεται στην ευρύτερη περιοχή του οικισμού Πλατανιστός, στη Ν. Εύβοια. Στα πλαίσια της διατριβής πραγματοποιήθηκε λεπτομερής γεωλογική - τεκτονική χαρτογράφηση της περιοχής, μεσοσκοπική τεκτονική ανάλυση καθώς και ποιοτική και ποσοτική μικροτεκτονική ανάλυση. Η παραμορφωτική ιστορία του καλύμματος της Όχης περιλαμβάνει πέντε διακριτές φάσεις παραμόρφωσης (D1 - D5). Η παλαιότερη, σύνθετη φάση παραμόρφωσης D1/2, έλαβε χώρα σύγχρονα με τη γλαυκοφανιτικής φάσης μεταμόρφωση των πετρωμάτων κατά το Ηώκαινο και χαρακτηρίζεται από την τοποθέτηση των επιμέρους καλυμμάτων (κάλυμμα Στύρας, κάλυμμα Όχης), με διεύθυνση κινήσεων προς τα ΑΝΑ. Το παραμορφωτικό γεγονός D3 εκφράζεται αποκλειστικά με μεσοσκοπικές και μεγασκοπικές όρθιες, συνήθως ανοικτές, πτυχές με άξονες που διευθύνονται ΑΝΑ – ΔΒΔ. Η D4 φάση αντιπροσωπεύει το κύριο γεγονός πλαστικής παραμόρφωσης. Εκφράζεται από μια ηπίως κλίνουσα φολίωση (S4) και μια γράμμωση (L4) ΑΒΑ/κης διεύθυνσης, οι οποίες ορίζονται από ορυκτά της πρασινοσχιστολιθικής φάσης μεταμόρφωσης. Η τελευταία D5 φάση παραμόρφωσης χαρακτηρίζεται από ημιεύθραυστες - εύθραυστες συνθήκες παραμόρφωσης και το σχηματισμό δύο ομάδων ΒΔ – ΝΑ διευθυνόμενων κανονικών ρηγμάτων με αντίθετες φορές μετατόπισης. Χαρακτηριστικό της κύριας φάσης D4 είναι η διαφοροποίηση στην ανάπτυξη των ιστών σε περιοχές κοντά ή μέσα σε ζώνες διάτμησης, αποτέλεσμα του εντοπισμού της παραμόρφωσης (strain localization). Συστηματική τεκτονική ανάλυση των κινηματικών δεικτών σε ζώνες διάτμησης D4 έδειξαν φορά κίνησης προς τα ΒΑ. Ποιοτική και ποσοτική τεκτονική ανάλυση στη ζώνη διάτμησης του Πλατανιστού έδειξε ότι κατά την παραμόρφωση των πετρωμάτων επικρατούσαν συνθήκες γενικής σύσφιξης έως επίπεδης παραμόρφωσης όπως προκύπτει από την παράμετρο Flinn (k) που λαμβάνει τιμές 1.16 < k < 2.56 στους επιμηκυμένους και 1.2 < k < 3.68 στους ανακρυσταλλωμένους κόκκους χαλαζία. Το συμπέρασμα αυτό ενισχύεται από τα διαγράμματα των κρυσταλλογραφικών [c]-αξόνων του χαλαζία που εμπίπτουν στο πεδίο της γενικής σύσφιξης. Επίσης, από τον υπολογισμό του 2D και 3D ποσού της παραμόρφωσης όπου προέκυψαν τιμές 8.05 < RXZ < 10.8 και 1.49 < ες < 1.70 με βάση τους επιμηκυμένους και 2.4 < RXZ < 3.15 και 0.62 < ες < 0.81 με βάση τους ανακρυσταλλωμένους κόκκους χαλαζία, συμπεραίνεται ότι το ποσό της παραμόρφωσης είναι εμφανώς μικρότερο όταν υπολογίζεται για ανακρυσταλλωμένους κόκκους από όταν υπολογίζεται για επιμηκυμένους κόκκους χαλαζία. Τέλος, με την εφαρμογή τριών μεθόδων (RXZ/β, RXZ/δ και δ/β) υπολογίστηκε ο κινηματικός αριθμός της στροβίλισης Wm ο οποίος λαμβάνει τιμές από 0.60 έως 0.99 φανερώνοντας ότι η ζώνη του Πλατανιστού είναι μία ζώνη στην οποία κυριαρχεί η απλή διάτμηση με μικρή συμμετοχή του παράγοντα καθαρής διάτμησης. / Τhis MSc thesis deals with the geometric and kinematic analysis of the ductile deformation in the (CBU) Cycladic Blueschist Nappe (Mt Ochi), which crops out in the vicinity of Platanistos village in south Evia island. As part of the research, detailed geological-structural mapping of the area was combined with mesoscopic structural analysis, as well qualitative and quantitative microtectonic analysis. The deformation history of the Cycladic Blueschist Nappe in the study area includes five distinct deformation phases (D1-D5). The oldest composite D1/2 deformation phase recorded in the study area took place simultaneous with the Eocene blueschist phase metamorphism. This D1/2 phase is characterized by structures that are related with ESE-directed thrusting and the emplacement of the individual units that constitute CBU (Styra and Ochi nappe). The D3 deformation event includes mesoscopic to map-scale upright, usually open, folds with ESE-WNW trending axes. D4 is the dominant phase of ductile deformation and is represented by a gently dipping foliation (S4) and an ENE-trending stretching lineation (L4). D4 fabrics are defined by the shape preferred orientation of minerals (e.g. actinolite) that are stable in the greenschist phase conditions. The latest D5 deformation event took place in semi-brittle - brittle deformation conditions and was characterized by the formation of two sets of NW-SE striking normal faults with opposite displacement directions. The main characteristic of D4 phase is the differentiation in the development of the planar S4 fabric, as a result of localization of D4 deformation (strain localization) in regions close to or into ductile shear zones. Kinematic analysis of D4 deformation was performed in ductile D4 shear zones and showed a top-to-the ENE sense of shear. Qualitative and quantitative analysis on the shear zone of Platanistos revealed that D4 deformation took place under general constriction to plane strain conditions, as shown from the Flinn parameter (k) values obtained from the elongated (1.16<k<2.56) and the recrystallized (1.2<k<3.68) quartz grains. This conclusion is further supported by quartz [c]-axis fabric diagrams, which also show types formed in general constriction. Furthermore, from the 2D and 3D strain analysis yielded values 8.05 < RXZ < 10.8 and 1.49 < ες < 1.70 by measuring the shape of elongated quartz grains and values 2.4 < RXZ < 3.15 and 0.62 < ες < 0.81 by measuring recrystallized quartz grains. Finally, three methods (RXZ/β, RXZ/δ and δ/β) were applied in order to calculate the kinematic vorticity number, Wm, which takes values from 0.60 to 0.99, revealing that Platanistos shear zone is a zone dominated by simple shearing with little contribution of pure shear component.

Les revêtements semi-conducteurs déposés sur des substrats souples sont utilisés dans différentes applications de haute technologie, par exemple pour la fabrication de composants micro-électroniques flexibles ou de cellules photovoltaïques flexibles. Sous un chargement de traction, ces revêtements subissent un endommagement caractérisé par l'apparition de multiples fissures sur leur surface avec ou sans délaminage à l'interface film/substrat. A la fin du processus de la multi-fissuration, une distance caractéristique entre les fissures peut être mesurée. Cette distance dépend principalement de l'épaisseur du film et du comportement mécanique du substrat.Dans ce projet, une étude expérimentale sur des monocouches d'oxyde et des multicouches d'oxyde et d'argent de différentes épaisseurs déposées sur deux substrats souples a été menée. Cette étude nous a permis de déterminer le comportement mécanique de chaque substrat, d'identifier les stades de la multi-fissuration des couches minces à savoir un premier stade d'apparition aléatoire de fissures, un deuxième stade de fissuration régulière et un dernier stade de saturation du réseau de fissures. L'influence de l'épaisseur de la couche d'argent a été également étudiée.Nous avons développé un modèle mécanique 2D basé utilisant des zones cohésives pour simuler l'amorçage et la propagation de fissures à travers le film. Ce modèle a permis de simuler numériquement les trois stades de la multi-fissuration des monocouches d?oxyde déposées sur polymère tels qu' observés expérimentalement. Nous avons ensuite réduit le modèle à une cellule représentative permettant de modéliser seulement les deux derniers stades de la multi fissuration. Cette cellule nous a permis d'identifier l'influence des propriétés géométriques et mécaniques des couches minces et de leur substrat sur la distance inter fissures à saturation. L'influence du délaminage interfacial a également été étudié. / Semiconductor coatings deposited on flexible substrates are used in various high-tech applications, for example flexible micro-electronic components or flexible sollar cells.When submitted to large tensile strains, these coatings undergo damage characterized by the appearance of multiple cracks on their surface with or without delamination at the film/substrate interface.At the end of the multi-cracking process, a characteristic distance between cracks can be measured.This distance depends mainly on the thickness of the film and the mechanical behavior of the substrate.In this project, an experimental study on oxide layers and oxide and silver multilayers of different thicknesses deposited on two polymer substrates was carried out.Were able to determine the mechanical behavior of each substrate and to identify the stages of the three stades of multi-cracking of thin layers.A first stade of random appearance of cracks, a second stade of regular cracking and a last stade of saturation of the network of cracks were identified.The influence of the thickness of the silver layer has also been studied.We have developed a 2D based mechanical model using cohesive zones to simulate the initiation and propagation of cracks in the film.Using this model, we successfully simulate the three stages of the multi-cracking of oxide monolayers deposited on polymer as observed experimentally.We then reduced the model to a representative cell allowing only the last two stages of multi-cracking to be modeled. This cell allowed us to identify the influence of the geometric and mechanical properties of the thin layers and their substrate on the distance between cracks to saturation.The influence of interfacial delamination has also been studied.

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The present thesis shows the analysis, calibration, and application of the stress modified criticai strain criterion to predict ductile failure for an A285 steel. To obtain the mechanical behavior of the material, experimental tests were carried out by implementation of 5 different types of geometries: smooth round bar, notched round bar (R=1 , 2, 3 mm), and, deep and shallow cracked SE(B) specimens. Then, for the calibration process of the mechanical properties finite element models were generated, using 30 solid elements with 8 nodes (C308), matching the geometry and the properties of the tested specimens. To calibrate the elastoplastic behavior was used the experimental and numerical response obtained from the smooth and notched round bar specimens; and, for the damage calibration was used the responses obtained from both deep and shallow crack SE(B) specimens. Once the mechanical properties were calibrated, then there were obtained the SMSC criterion factors represented by the equation ..... and, the damage condition which is represented by the displacement at failure (.......) and exponential factor (....). This calibrated model was able to recover the SE(B) experimental responses that validate the use of the characterized material in a complex structure. Then, the fully characterized material was applied in two pipelines which have externai initial circumferential elliptical crack; being the first one pipe with shallow crack and the second one with deep crack. Finally, both pipes were submitted to tension loads to predict the ductile damage behavior, obtaining the necessary load to the crack start growing, and the evolution of the failure. / A presente dissertação apresenta o processo de análise, calibração e aplicação das propriedades mecânicas, incluindo o comportamento elastoplástico e de dano, para o aço A285, utilizando o critério \"Stress modified criticai strain\" (SMCS). Para obter o comportamento mecânico do material, testes experimentais foram realizados com a implementação de 5 tipos diferentes de geometrias: barra cilíndrica sem entalhe, barra cilíndrica com entalhe (R = 1, 2, 3 mm) e corpos de prova SE(B) com trinca inicial profunda e rasa. Para o processo de calibração das propriedades mecânicas foram gerados modelos de elementos finitos, utilizando elementos sólidos 30 com 8 nós (C3D8), que representam de forma adequada a geometria e as propriedades dos corpos de prova testados. Para calibrar o comportamento elastoplástico e iniciação do dano, utilizou-se a resposta experimental e numérica obtida para as amostras de barra cilíndrica com e sem entalhe; e, para a calibração da evolução do dano, foram utilizadas as respostas obtidas para os espécimes SEB de trincas profundas e rasa. Este modelo calibrado foi capaz de recuperar as respostas experimentais dos corpos de prova SE(B), o que valida o uso do material caracterizado em uma estrutura complexa. Uma vez calibradas as propriedades mecânicas, foram obtidos os fatores do critério SMSC representados pela equação ....... , e, a condição de dano que é representada pelo deslocamento na falha .... e o fator de amolecimento exponencial .... . Depois, o material totalmente caracterizado foi aplicado em dois dutos que possuem trinca elíptica circunferencial inicial externa; sendo o primeiro tubo com trinca superficial e o segundo com trinca profunda. Finalmente, ambos os tubos foram submetidos a cargas de tensão para prever o comportamento do dano dúctil, obtendo a carga necessária para o início do crescimento da trinca e a evolução da falha.

O objetivo do presente trabalho, consistiu na obtenção de ferro fundidos nodulares, a serem utilizados na fabricação de eixos, com as seguintes características mecânicas após os tratamentos térmicos adequados: limites de resistência à tração e escoamento mínimos de 700 N/mm2 e 450 N/mm2 respectivamente, alongamento mínimo de 5% e dureza entre 235 à 285 HB. A microestrutura mais adequada à obtenção das características mecânicas desejadas deveria consistir de cementita esferoidizada numa matriz ferrítica, a ser obtida com o tratamento de recozimento ou revenimento de microestruturas previamente perlíticas ou martensíticas, respectivamente. No caso do tratamento de recozimento, as estruturas iniciais consistiram de perlita grossa mais ferrita, presentes no material no estado bruto de fusão, ou, de perlita fina mais ferrita, do material normalizado. Todos os tratamentos térmicos utilizados, dependendo do tempo de tratamento, permitiram a obtenção de cementita esferoidizada. O material normalizado e recozido durante 2 horas a 700ºC, possibilitou a obtenção das propriedades mecânicas desejadas: limites de resistência à tração e de escoamento de 827 N/mm2 e 547 N/mm2 respectivamente, alongamento de 7% e dureza de 277 HB, valores estes, dentro dos limites desejados no presente trabalho. No caso do material temperado e revenido a 700ºC durante 0,5 hora, obteve-se limites de escoamento de 542 N/mm2, alongamento de 6% e dureza de 246 HB. O tratamento de recozimento realizado durante 48 horas, produziu microestrutura quase totalmente ferrítica, com pequenas áreas de agregados de carbonetos. O restante do carbono migrou para os nódulos de grafita secundária ao redor dos mesmos. / The purpose of the present work, consisted in obtaining ductile casting iron, that will be used in the shaft production, with de following mechanical properties after the appropriated heat treatments: ultimate tensile strength and yield strength values of 700 N/mm2 and 450 N/mm2 minimum respectively, elongation of 5% minimum and hardness value from 235 to 285 HB. The microstructure more adequated to obtaining the desired mechanical characteristics should consist of spheroidized cementite in a ferritic matrix, to be obtained with the annealing or tempering treatments of microstructures previously pearlitic or martensitic respectively. In the case of the annealing treatment, the initial structures consisted of thick pearlite plus ferrite, wich were in the material in the ascast state, or fine pearlite plus ferrite, of the normalized material. All the used heat treatment, depending on the time of treatment, allowed the obtainment of spheroidized cementite. The material normalized and annealed for 2 hours at 700°C made possible the obtaining of the desired mechanical properties: ultimate tensile strength and yield strength value of 827 N/mm2 and 547 N/mm2 respectively, elongation of 7% and hardness values of 277 HB, values these, in acordance with the aims initially proposed in the present work. In the case of the material quenched and tempered at 700°C for 0,5 hour, it was obtained yield strength values of 542 N/mm2, elongation of 6% and hardness value of 246 HB. The annealing treatment made during 48 hours, produced a microstructure almost totally ferritic, with small areas of aggregated carbides. The remaining of the carbon migrated to the graphite nodules producing secondary graphite around them.

Amostras de ferros fundidos nodulares ligados com Cu, Cu-Ni ou Cu-Ni-Mo foram austemperadas, boretadas e boroaustemperadas e caracterizadas quanto à dureza e o comportamento ao desgaste microadesivo, tendo sido também estudada a cinética de formação da camada. O método de boretação utilizado foi via líquida em banho de bórax fundido, com tempos de permanência de 2 e 4 horas nas temperaturas de 850, 900 e 950ºC. Procedeu-se o tratamento direto de austêmpera, a partir dessa temperatura, em banhos de sal fundidos nas temperaturas de 240, 300 e 360ºC com tempos de permanência de 4 horas (boroaustêmpera). Realizou-se também, para fins de comparação, tratamento convencional de austêmpera. Microscopias óptica e eletrônica de varredura, EDS por raios-X, testes de dureza Brinell (substrato) e Vickers (revestimento) foram realizados, bem como ensaios de desgaste microadesivo do tipo esfera presa. A boretação resultou na formação de camadas de elevadas durezas, na faixa de 1300 a 1700 HV, e elevadas resistências ao desgaste. As resistências ao desgaste das amostras boretadas ou boroaustemperadas foram aumentadas em até 40x em relação às amostras brutas de fundição ou apenas austemperadas, indicando a grande eficácia do tratamento neste tipo de propriedade. / Samples of ductile cast iron alloyed with Cu, Cu-Ni or Cu-Ni-Mo were austempered, borided and boroaustempered and afterwards characterized for hardness and micro-adhesive wear behavior. The kinetics of layer formation were also studied. The boriding method used was liquid molten borax bath, in periods of 2 and 4 hours at temperatures of 850, 900 and 950°C. The direct austempering treatment was performed from the borax bath temperature using molten salt baths at temperatures of 240, 300 and 360°C for 4 hours (boroaustempered). For comparative purposes, the conventional austempering treatment was also conducted. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, EDX, Brinell hardness measurements (substrate) and Vickers (coating) were performed, as were the tests for micro-adhesive wear. The boriding treatment resulted in the formation of layers with high hardness, in the range of 1300 to 1700 HV and high wear resistance. The wear resistance of borided or boroaustempered samples were increased by 40 times when compared to cast irons or austempered samples, indicating the high efficiency of this type of treatment in increasing the wear resistance of this material.