Thesis (D. Min.)--Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-119).

This dissertation asks how knowledge about the past is made and transmitted, and what the role of material culture is in this process. Taking as its case study the Swiss lakedwelling collections acquired in Britain between 1850 and 1900, it uses a selection of these collections as primary sources of the material and social networks that were central to the development of archaeology as a discipline. The project not only supports the more widely held assertion that scientific knowledge is a form of cultural production (Lenoir 1998), but emphasises the material basis of such production, and the traces it leaves. In particular, it pays close attention to previously unexamined aspects of historic collections; namely the transformative practices - such as the conservation, packaging, labelling, cataloguing and illustration - by which lake-dwelling artefacts were salvaged, documented, and displayed. It uses this perspective to shed light on the social networks which motivated such practices, and develops a method of analysing the collections in dialogue with other contemporary representations, underscoring the variety of material contexts and media through which knowledge about lake-dwellings was represented and encountered. This research will hopefully reinvigorate further research into historic collections and their implications for the discipline of archaeology and the museum's own reflections on its historicity and methods of knowledge production.

Master of Public Health - MPH / Urban health policy has remained a neglected area in India. The homeless remain the most deprived, neglected and stigmatized group amongst the urban poor. While they suffer from a large burden of disease, there are a variety of reasons that prevent them from accessing the available health care services – particularly in the public health sector. Some interventions by concerned non-governmental organisations have attempted to circumvent the barriers to health care access faced by the homeless but these have not been well documented or assessed. This study seeks to establish both the barriers and facilitating factors for access to health care and health care seeking amongst adult street dwellers in an area of New Delhi which is known for a high concentration of homeless persons. Using a qualitative approach 18 adult street dwellers (both male and female) were individually interviewed – along with 6 key informants working in the public and non-governmental health sector. This was accompanied by a process of participant-observation. The results were analyzed by identifying recurrent themes associated with barriers and facilitating factors for access to health care by the homeless, following which a set of recommendations related to the homeless, have been developed so as to inform those working in the public health sector. In terms of ethics, informed consent was taken from each interviewee and they were explicitly given the option not to participate without adverse consequences to themselves. If any participant was found with acute health problems immediate assistance was facilitated. The study reveals a number of barriers faced by the homeless in attempting to access health care services. While minor ailments are taken care of by local private practitioners, they need to access public health care services for major problems. There they encounter many barriers due to the lack of money, delays and being shunted from place to place. Moreover, they are not able to get admission for reasons such as lack of address and the lack of an attendant. Facilitating factors include assistance for transportation, facilitation of admissions, arranging money for out of pocket expenditures on drugs and consumables, arranging blood and providing after-care. The role of social contacts in enabling access is also demonstrated through this study. The recommendations that emerge from the study are intended to assist in policy advocacy towards a comprehensive health care system for them, as well as assist health care providers to provide a better service for homeless people.

At last, we found some basic characteristics in Chinese kinship. Couple and child-parent are still the pivots in present urban China. Filial piety is undergoing many changes. For adult children, parents are important in instrumental supports. And siblings are hardly regarded as expected supporters. / For urban Chinese, close-kin playa prominent role in all the support networks. Close-kin include adult children, parents, and siblings. Additionally, supportive roles of different kin are diffused. Spouse and adult children are the most prominent source of support for dealing with both instrumental and emotional problems. In particular, their emotional supports are more significantly beneficial to people's mental health. Parents are the important instrumental supporters, rather than in emotional aspects. Siblings are sitable for contact, but they are not the expected supporters. Extended kin relations are insignificant in any of support dimensions. / It is widely recognized that social relationships have powerful effects on mental health. This empirical study aims at examining this theory among urban Chinese. Based on the dataset of "social networks and mental health in Beijing in 2000", the focus of this research is how depression of the residents in Beijing is related to their kinship (especially, close-kin) networks and supports. The network structural characters include "network size", "frequency of contact", and "residence distance". The functional elements of support include instrumental support and emotional support. CES-D (The Centre for Epidemiological Studies of Depression scale) is used to measure depression. / The major findings in theoretical dimension are: (1) Social supports have main effects, namely social supports are helpful to mental health regardless of stressors people might experience. (2) Some kinds of kinship networks have direct and indirect effects (mediated by kinship supports) on depression. This result also partially confirms "the support argument", which suggests that the social networks enhance the likelihood of accessing support which in turn provides the protective function against distress. / 孫薇薇. / Adviser: Rance Pui Leng Lee. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 72-10, Section: A, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 200-212). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Sun Weiwei.

关于信任和社会资本的现有文献中存在着以下几点不足有待改进。第一，有关信任格局及比较不同信任类型差异的研究方法有待完善。第二，对信任（尤其是普遍信任）是否存在地区差异的学术研究还很欠缺。第三，在当前关于信任的影响因素研究中，尤其是关于社会资本是否会影响信任的研究中，存在着社会资本概念模糊导致社会资本与信任关系不清的问题。社会资本与信任之间是线性关系还是曲线关系也有待理清。第四，社会资本与普遍信任的关系是否受到制度性结构资源的调节仍然是研究的空白点。 / 为了填补以上现有文献中的不足，本研究引入新的数据分析方法考察中国城镇居民信任的构成以及比较各个信任类型的程度差异，并在总结了相关信任和社会资本理论的基础上，主张“资源（包括信息）影响信任的观点，从“网络资源观出发，分析两个维度的社会资本对普遍信任的影响及效用差异，以及制度性结构资源对此影响的调节作用。 / 本研究发现中国城镇居民的信任呈现“差序格局。具体来说，中国城镇居民对自然人群体的信任低于对制度群体的信任，人际信任内部有非常明显的差异，个体对家人的信任远远高于其他自然人，而制度信任内部则差异较小。另外，本研究发现普遍信任存在地区差异，具体表现为南方城镇居民高于北方城镇居民；东部高于中部，而西部最低。 / 本研究还采用社会资本的多维度视角，将社会资本划分为讨论网社会资本和拜年网社会资本两类。数据显示中国城镇居民的讨论网社会资本（以定名法测量）呈现出相对规模大、资源丰富、密度高以及异质性强等特点。拜年网社会资本（以定位法测量）则具有亲属人数多、成员互动多、职业规模小、资源总量偏低等特点。总体来看，大部分人的拜年网络资源并不丰富，并且资源的占有存在等级性和有限性。 / 就社会资本和普遍信任之间的关系看，本研究发现社会资本对普遍信任存在显著影响。具体地说，讨论网社会资本对普遍信任带来负面影响，而拜年网社会资本则正面地影响中国城镇居民的普遍信任。总的来说，社会资本的增加有助于提高信任水平，并且这种增加符合边际效用曲线。最后，本研究验证了社会资本对普遍信任的影响会受到一些制度性结构资源因素（籍、房产、工作场所）的调节。 / 本研究的相关结论有助于更为清楚、明确地了解中国当前各信任种类的程度差异，更好地把握和了解民众的社会行动，为决策者在改进社会制度方面的政策制定上提供参考。对普遍信任的地区差异的考察为相关的政策在监管不同区域的经济和社会行为时提供了可行性的指导。对两类不同维度的社会资本的效用比较更清楚地解构了社会资本在信任生成上的差异，对了解中国本土的社会关系网络提供了新的视角，方便行动者更为理性地认识自身信任产生的缘由，合理地调整和建构自身能够动用的资源以实现行为目的。有关结构性资源的调节作用分析，有助于更全面地认识社会资本和信任、个体和结构的关系。 / There are several gaps in the existing literature on trust and social capital. First, the methods of analyzing the trust structure and comparing different types of trust need to be improved. Second, few studies have explored the regional difference of trust, especially generalized trust, although China has dramatic diversities geographically, culturally and economically. Third, it still hasn’t been convincingly explored that whether there is a relationship, if any, linear or nonlinear, between social capital and trust in the literature. Fourth, it is still unknown that whether the institutional resources will condition the relationship between social capital and trust. / In order to fill these gaps, this research applies a new data analyzing method to study the trust structure in urban China, and compare the differences among its components. This research also carefully scrutinizes different trust theories and social capital theories, advocates the resource view of social capital, and proposes that social capital measured in two different dimensions will affect the level of generalized trust, conditioned by several institutional resources. / The results show that Chaxugeju does exist in the respondents’ trust in natural persons. Specifically, the trust placed in natural persons is lower than in institutions. Chaxugeju is more remarkable in interpersonal trust than in institutional trust. In terms of regional variations, the respondents in Southern China show higher level of generalized trust than their counterparts in Northern China. In addition, the rank-order from high to low in the level of generalized trust is the East, the Middle, and the West. / In this study, the concept of social capital is measured from two dimensions. One is social capital embedded in discussion network (by the name generator), the other is social capital embedded in New Year greeting network (by the position generator). The data show that the urban residents’ discussion networks are relatively large, resourceful, dense and highly heterogeneous. On the other hand, the New Year greeting networks have the following features: containing more relatives, more interaction among members, smaller size, and less embedded yet unequally distributed resources. / The results confirm the hypothesis that social capital affects the generalized trust. Specifically, social capital embedded in discussion network negatively affects trust while social capital embedded in New Year greeting network positively influences trust. Overall, social capital has positive impact on the generalized trust in a nonlinear way. Finally, the results confirm that the relationship between social capital and trust is contingent on several institutional factors like Hukou, housing, and Danwei. / The results are not only meaningful academically; they also help understand current China and help shape the policy making in relevant fields. It gives clearer and more definite description on differences among types of trust in current urban China, which shed lights on the mechanisms behind social actions taken by citizens, and provides references for improving social policy. The findings on regional differences of generalized trust permit local government to adopt different policies to supervise economy and social action regionally, instead of using unified standard. The decomposition of social capital into two dimensional social capital provides a new perspective to understand social network in China. Such understanding makes agents construct and utilize their resources efficiently to fulfill their action purposes. Finally, the analysis on moderating effects of structural resources draws a clearer and more complete picture on the relation between social capital and trust and on the relation between individual resources and institutional structures. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 鄒宇春. / "2013年3月" / "2013 nian 3 yue" / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 199-206). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Zou Yuchun. / Chapter 第一章 --- 导论 --- p.1 / Chapter 一、 --- 研究缘起 --- p.1 / Chapter 二、 --- 理论背景 --- p.1 / Chapter 三、 --- 研究问题与贡献 --- p.3 / Chapter 四、 --- 论文的章节安排 --- p.5 / Chapter 第二章 --- 文献回顾 --- p.7 / Chapter 一、 --- 信任理论与经验研究 --- p.7 / Chapter （一） --- 信任及其差异的比较研究 --- p.7 / Chapter （二） --- 影响信任生成的因素与机制 --- p.15 / Chapter （三） --- 有关信任生成机制的一个讨论：传统视角 vs. 网络视角 --- p.20 / Chapter （四） --- 普遍信任的重要性及生成机制 --- p.22 / Chapter 二、 --- 社会资本 --- p.24 / Chapter （一） --- 概念厘清 --- p.24 / Chapter （二） --- 理论介绍 --- p.26 / Chapter （三） --- 测量理念 --- p.29 / Chapter （四） --- 指标设置 --- p.30 / Chapter （五） --- 社会资本的回报 --- p.31 / Chapter 三、 --- 社会资本与普遍信任 --- p.33 / Chapter （一） --- 信任不等于社会资本 --- p.33 / Chapter （二） --- 社会资本对普遍信任的作用机制 --- p.34 / Chapter （三） --- 多维度理论 --- p.35 / Chapter 四、 --- 社会资本效用空间理论：结构资源的调节作用 --- p.37 / Chapter （一） --- 戶口 --- p.38 / Chapter （二） --- 住房 --- p.39 / Chapter （三） --- 工作场所 --- p.40 / Chapter 第三章 --- 研究构架与方法 --- p.42 / Chapter 一、 --- 研究架构 --- p.42 / Chapter 二、 --- 研究假设 --- p.43 / Chapter 三、 --- 数据，变量和分析模型 --- p.53 / Chapter （一） --- 数据 --- p.53 / Chapter （二） --- 变量和分析模型 --- p.54 / Chapter 第四章 --- 信任的差序格局与地区差异 --- p.68 / Chapter 一、 --- 引言 --- p.68 / Chapter 二、 --- 子信任类型的基本情况 --- p.69 / Chapter （一） --- 对家人的信任 --- p.69 / Chapter （二） --- 对邻居的信任 --- p.70 / Chapter （三） --- 对外地人的信任 --- p.71 / Chapter （四） --- 对陌生人的信任 --- p.71 / Chapter （五） --- 对居委干部的信任 --- p.72 / Chapter （六） --- 对政府的信任 --- p.74 / Chapter （七） --- 对警察的信任 --- p.74 / Chapter （八） --- 对医生的信任 --- p.75 / Chapter （九） --- 对国内广播电视报刊新闻的信任 --- p.76 / Chapter （十） --- 对法院/法官的信任 --- p.77 / Chapter （十一） --- 对科学家的信任 --- p.77 / Chapter （十二） --- 对商人的信任 --- p.78 / Chapter （十三） --- 小结 --- p.78 / Chapter 三、 --- 子信任类型的差异比较 --- p.80 / Chapter （一） --- 十二类信任类型的差异比较 --- p.80 / Chapter （二） --- 自然人信任与制度信任差异比较 --- p.81 / Chapter （三） --- 自然人内部的信任差异比较 --- p.81 / Chapter （四） --- 制度代表内部的信任差异比较 --- p.82 / Chapter （五） --- 小结 --- p.83 / Chapter 四、 --- 普遍信任的地区差异 --- p.84 / Chapter （一） --- 基本情况 --- p.84 / Chapter （二） --- 差异验证 --- p.85 / Chapter （三） --- 小结 --- p.86 / Chapter 五、 --- 普遍信任与木桶理论 --- p.89 / Chapter 第五章 --- 城镇居民的社会资本分析 --- p.90 / Chapter 一、 --- 引言 --- p.90 / Chapter 二、 --- 讨论网社会资本 --- p.90 / Chapter （一） --- 基本情况 --- p.91 / Chapter （二） --- 个人特征上的差异 --- p.95 / Chapter 三、 --- 拜年网社会资本 --- p.98 / Chapter （一） --- 基本情况 --- p.98 / Chapter （二） --- 个人特征上的差异 --- p.102 / Chapter 四、 --- 小结 --- p.105 / Chapter （一） --- 讨论网社会资本的指标情况 --- p.106 / Chapter （二） --- 拜年网社会资本的指标情况 --- p.107 / Chapter （三） --- 个体社会资本：一个“小世界 --- p.108 / Chapter （四） --- 数据之外：辩证地看待两个社会资本维度 --- p.111 / Chapter 第六章 --- 社会资本对普遍信任的影响 --- p.114 / Chapter 一、 --- 引言 --- p.114 / Chapter 二、 --- 社会资本的曲线效用 --- p.114 / Chapter （一） --- 两个维度社会资本对普遍信任存在显著影响 --- p.115 / Chapter （二） --- 社会资本的曲线效用 --- p.116 / Chapter （三） --- 两类资本的曲线效用比较 --- p.118 / Chapter （四） --- 个人特征变量的作用 --- p.119 / Chapter 三、 --- 结构资源的调节作用 --- p.121 / Chapter （一） --- 口资源 --- p.122 / Chapter （二） --- 住房资源 --- p.125 / Chapter （三） --- 工作场所资源 --- p.126 / Chapter （四） --- 小结 --- p.130 / Chapter （五） --- 社会资本效用的“鲁棒性 --- p.132 / Chapter 第七章 --- 结论、贡献与反思 --- p.134 / Chapter 一、 --- 结论 --- p.134 / Chapter 二、 --- 贡献 --- p.136 / Chapter 三、 --- 反思 --- p.137 / Chapter （一） --- 社会资本与普遍信任的因果关系 --- p.137 / Chapter （二） --- 地方性数据和缺省值处理 --- p.138 / Chapter （三） --- 公共资源和个体资源 --- p.138 / Chapter （四） --- 社会资本的维度 --- p.138 / Chapter （五） --- 社会资本里的信息 --- p.139 / Chapter 图2.1 --- 影响信任的主要因素图谱 --- p.140 / Chapter 图2.2 --- 结构性位置的相对优势和社会资源分布 --- p.141 / Chapter 图2.3 --- 网络资源观下的社会资本指标示意图 --- p.142 / Chapter 图3.1 --- 研究分析框架 --- p.143 / Chapter 图4.1 --- 各省市城镇居民普遍信任分布情况图 --- p.144 / Chapter 表3.1 --- 数据转换示例 --- p.145 / Chapter 表3.2 --- 不同职业的声望分数与权力分数 --- p.146 / Chapter 表4.1.1 --- 中国大城市社会网与求职调查（JSNET2009）原始数据的样本情况 --- p.147 / Chapter 表4.1.2 --- 个人特征与对家人信任度的相关分析 --- p.148 / Chapter 表4.1.3 --- 个人特征与对邻居信任度的相关分析 --- p.149 / Chapter 表4.1.4 --- 个人特征与对外地人信任度的相关分析 --- p.150 / Chapter 表4.1.5 --- 个人特征与对陌生人信任度的相关分析 --- p.151 / Chapter 表4.1.6 --- 个人特征与对居委干部信任度的相关分析 --- p.152 / Chapter 表4.1.7 --- 个人特征与对政府信任度的相关分析 --- p.153 / Chapter 表4.1.8 --- 个人特征与对警察信任度的相关分析 --- p.154 / Chapter 表4.1.9 --- 个人特征与对医生信任度的相关分析 --- p.155 / Chapter 表4.1.10 --- 个人特征与对新闻信任度的相关分析 --- p.156 / Chapter 表4.1.11 --- 个人特征与对法院/法官信任度的相关分析 --- p.157 / Chapter 表4.1.12 --- 个人特征与对科学家信任度的相关分析 --- p.158 / Chapter 表4.1.13 --- 个人特征与对商人信任度的相关分析 --- p.159 / Chapter 表4.2.1 --- 信任的格局以及两群体信任的对比分析 --- p.160 / Chapter 表4.2.2 --- 自然人及制度信任的等级逻辑斯特回归分析 --- p.161 / Chapter 表4.2.3 --- 自然人信任的等级逻辑斯特回归分析 --- p.162 / Chapter 表4.2.4 --- 制度信任的等级逻辑斯特回归分析 --- p.163 / Chapter 表4.3.1 --- 各省市城镇居民普遍信任的排序情况 --- p.164 / Chapter 表4.3.2 --- 城镇居民普遍信任地域差异的逻辑斯特回归分析 --- p.165 / Chapter 表4.4.1 --- 城镇居民普遍信任的逻辑斯特回归分析（年龄分组） --- p.166 / Chapter 表5.1.1 --- 讨论网社会资本的指标描述 --- p.167 / Chapter 表5.1.2 --- 讨论网规模与比较 --- p.168 / Chapter 表5.1.3 --- 讨论网亲属人数与比较 --- p.169 / Chapter 表5.1.4 --- 讨论网非亲属人数与比较 --- p.170 / Chapter 表5.1.5 --- 讨论网密度与比较 --- p.171 / Chapter 表5.1.6 --- 年龄异质性与比较 --- p.172 / Chapter 表5.1.7 --- 教育异质性与比较 --- p.173 / Chapter 表5.1.8 --- 性别异质性与比较 --- p.173 / Chapter 表5.1.9 --- 讨论网关系类型的国家比较 --- p.174 / Chapter 表5.1.10 --- 讨论网关系类型的城市比较 --- p.175 / Chapter 表5.2.1 --- 各项个人特征对讨论网规模的负二项模型分析 --- p.176 / Chapter 表5.2.2 --- 各项个人特征对讨论网指标的回归分析 --- p.177 / Chapter 表5.3.1 --- 拜年网社会资本的指标概况 --- p.178 / Chapter 表5.3.2 --- 拜年网内各个职业的比例情况 --- p.179 / Chapter 表5.4.1 --- 各项个人特征对拜年规模的负二项模型分析 --- p.180 / Chapter 表5.4.2 --- 各项个人特征对拜年网指标的回归分析 --- p.181 / Chapter 表5.4.3 --- 各项个人特征对拜年网纽带指标的逻辑斯特回归分析 --- p.182 / Chapter 表6.1.1 --- 中国综合调查2003（CGSS2003）样本情况 --- p.183 / Chapter 表6.1.2 --- 两维度社会资本因子对普遍信任的逻辑斯特回归分析 --- p.184 / Chapter 表6.1.3 --- 社会资本二次项对普遍信任的逻辑斯特回归分析 --- p.185 / Chapter 表6.1.4 --- 两维度社会资本因子自然对数对普遍信任的逻辑斯特回归分析 --- p.186 / Chapter 表6.2.1 --- 家庭成员口迁移次数对讨论网社会资本与普遍信任关系的调节作用 --- p.187 / Chapter 表6.2.2 --- 家庭成员口迁移次数对拜年网社会资本与普遍信任关系的调节作用 --- p.188 / Chapter 表6.2.3 --- 家庭成员“农转非对讨论网社会资本与普遍信任关系的调节作用 --- p.189 / Chapter 表6.2.4 --- 家庭成员“农转非对拜年网社会资本与普遍信任关系的调节作用 --- p.190 / Chapter 表6.2.5 --- 房产资源对讨论网社会资本与普遍信任关系的调节作用 --- p.191 / Chapter 表6.2.6 --- 房产资源对拜年网社会资本与普遍信任关系的调节作用 --- p.192 / Chapter 表6.2.7 --- 工作场所性质对讨论网社会资本与普遍信任关系的调节作用 --- p.193 / Chapter 表6.2.8 --- 工作场所性质对拜年网社会资本与普遍信任关系的调节作用 --- p.194 / Chapter 表6.2.9 --- 主管/挂靠部门行政级别对讨论网社会资本与普遍信任关系的调节作用 --- p.195 / Chapter 表6.2.10 --- 主管/挂靠部门行政级别对拜年网社会资本与普遍信任关系的调节作用 --- p.196 / Chapter 表7.1 --- 假设验证情况 --- p.197 / Chapter 续表7.1 --- 假设验证情况 --- p.198 / 参考文献 --- p.199

PURPOSE: The main aim of this study was to develop guidelines for prevention of hypertension among adults in Hawassa City, Ethiopia. METHOD: The study used mixed methods approach. In Phase 1, a quantitative community-based comparative cross-sectional survey was used to establish the burden of hypertension and its determinant factors in the urban and peri-urban areas. The survey was meant to describe adult’s knowledge and attitudes regarding hypertension risky behaviour and its prevention. Secondly, in the qualitative phase, focus group discussion (FGD) among health care providers of selected sub-cities of the first phase of the study was conducted to explore their perspectives towards efforts exerted for the prevention of hypertension. Thirdly, based on the findings of the two phases of the study, review of literatures, the researcher’s insights and exploring expertise opinion using a Delphi technique, a guideline for hypertension prevention among adults was developed. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of hypertension was 21.2%, higher in the urban setting (24.5%) than the peri-urban (14.7%) (x2=7.81 and p-value 0.003). Fifty-five (55) of the hypertensive participants were newly screened. In the urban setting age, wealth, use of top added salt on plate, mode of transport, family history of hypertension, ever-told have diabetes and body mass index were significantly association with hypertension. In the peri-urban setting age, sex, vegetable eating habit, performing physical fitness activities and family history of hypertension showed significantly association with hypertension. Regarding knowledge of hypertension risky behaviour and prevention, 46.1% (n=282) of the respondents were with “low”, 37.6% (n=230) with “medium” and 16.3% (n=100) with “high” level of knowledge on hypertension risky behaviour and prevention. The majority of respondents demonstrated positive attitude toward perceived susceptibility and perceived severity whereas the minority had poor attitude toward their perceived benefit of applying hypertension prevention. In the qualitative study, four themes and 12 sub-themes emerged, which explored health care providers’ perspectives regarding efforts exerted for the prevention of hypertension In conclusion prevalence of hypertension is high and has become a public health problem but activities done on the prevention are minimal. Guidelines developed from this research, if utilised, will assist in lessening the burden of hypertension in Ethiopia among adults. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

Millions and millions of people in urban slums around the world are waiting for an opportunity to build an effective business in generating good source of income. They also wish to have an opportunity to change their lives and to be able to work, to buy food, to send their children to school, and to stop being sick. A group of people, that eventually became good friends, in National Chengchi University while studying in the International Masters in Business Administration and the Executive Masters in Business Administration respectively, have decided to embark in an adventure that aim to impact in a positive way the lives of millions of slum dwellers worldwide through a social enterprise. They established a project called VERMIPOWER which intent to provide a source of income for slum dwellers as well as to enhance the living conditions global slum areas. Social enterprises are a profit generated business that looks for social, cultural, economic, and environmental outcomes. These enterprises are financially self-sufficient. The social enterprise that VERMIPOWER aspires to be, plan to have positive impacts on many factors within urban slums; from directly impacting people’s lives to helping the environment by utilizing elements from within the urban slums. The company is built on the idea that the urban slums have items that can be used for a resource recovery process. Red worms will be needed as well as food waste. Red worms are a perfect fertilizer producer when eating food waste in a process known as vermicomposting. Interesting enough, red worms, while producing vermicompost, reproduce at an accelerated rate providing two interesting sources of income for slum dwellers, both red worms and vermicompost. Vermicompost can be used in farms, gardens and red worms can be sold in bait shops, zoos, etc. As the saying goes, one man’s trash is another man’s treasure, the company will turn trash into treasure, literally. And with the help of third party corporations it will be possible as well to fulfill the ultimate goal, which is creating a source of income for millions of slum dwellers across the world.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Applied Science in Food and Nutrition, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2016. / Introduction: Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO 2015a) estimated that 220 million people (23.2%) in Sub-Saharan Africa were undernourished. Parallel to hunger, obesity rates have more than doubled globally since 1980; in 2014, 1.9 billion adults in the world were overweight and 600 million were obese (FAO 2015a). Obesity is a serious concern facing the world today and a major contributor to chronic disease such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease, which are often fatal (Bray, Frühbeck, Ryan and Wilding 2016: 1947). In South Africa, overweight and obesity have reached unacceptable numbers as over 60% of South Africans are overweight or obese. Furthermore, in 2015 South Africa was declared the fattest nation in Sub-Saharan Africa, adding another burden to the HIV epidemic (Ng, Fleming, Robinson, Thomson, Graetz, Margono, Mullany, Biryukov, Abbafati and Abera 2014: 777). Unemployment is one of the major factors that drive household food insecurity due to the fact that most people access food commercially. Therefore, income is a significant factor in ensuring that a healthy and nutritious diet is consumed regularly. The study community was at Umbilo, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal in a government owned estate called Kenneth Gardens. The estate has 286 units and accommodates approximately 1500–1800 residents. It formed part of an extensive network of cluster housing schemes developed by the apartheid government as a protectionist strategy to provide safe and affordable housing for poor and working class whites. Kenneth Gardens is currently managed by KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) Province and offers subsidized housing to residents from diverse background. Residents are low income bracket earners and many rely on state disability and pension grants for survival. Kenneth Gardens faces a wide range of social problems such as alcohol, drug abuse, domestic violence, unemployment and limited access to education (Marks 2013:26). Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the food security status, coping strategies, food intake and the nutritional status of the Kenneth Gardens community, which is situated in an urban area in KwaZulu-Natal. Methodology: One hundred and fifty (n=150) randomly selected caregivers participated in the study. The sample size was calculated using a power calculation indicating that 150 participants represent a reliable sample. The sampling procedure was simply random sampling. This study was quantitative and partly qualitative and descriptive in nature therefore, different measuring instruments were used to collect relevant data. The research tools for various variables measurements included; food security questionnaire, anthropometric measurements, a socio-demographic questionnaire, a food frequency questionnaire, and 24-hour recall questionnaires conducted in triplicate. Food security coping strategies were documented through a focus group interview with the Kenneth Gardens community members to determine strategies used to address food scarcity. All participants were weighed and measured to determine body mass index (BMI), classified according to the World Health Organisation (WHO) cut-off points. Data for socio demographic, FFQ, anthropometric measurements, and coping strategies was captured by the researcher on Excel® Spread sheets and analysed by a statistician for descriptive statistics using the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) version 17.0. Data for the 24-hour recall was captured and analysed by a nutrition professional using the MRC Food Finder® version 3.0 software, based on the South African composition tables. Results: The study population consisted of 150 households, including women (n=122) and men (n=28). The results revealed that the majority of households (52.7%, n=79) were headed by a mother, and only 40% (n=60) of households were headed by a father. Majority (47.3%, n=71) of the participants had completed matric and 7.3% (n=11) had tertiary education. English, (52%, n=78), was the most spoken home language, followed closely by Zulu, (43.3%, n=65). Thirty six percent (n=54) of the participants were unemployed and 26.7% (n=40) were employed; however over, 50% (n=40) of the employed participants were temporary. Twenty eight percent (n=42) of the participants earned less than R3000.00 per month and 31.3% (n=47) earned between R3000.00 and R6000.00 per month. Pensioners were 17.3% (n=26), who therefore received a government grant that ranges between R1500 and R1520 per month depending on the claimant’s age. The average household income was reported as R4429.20. The average number of people in the household was five, which equates to R6.00 per person per day. The results also revealed that 38% (n=57) of the household had a sole contributor to the household income; other households had two contributors (42.7, n=64) and 11.3% (n=17) had three contributors. Urban South Africans tend to purchase food as opposed to growing their own food. A lack of purchasing power results in food insecurity that eventually leads to malnutrition. The majority (56.6%, n=85) of the participants indicated a shortage of money to buy food and this inevitably leads and drive utilisation of coping strategies with high severity rate during periods of food scarcity. Bulk food was purchased once a month by the majority (68%, n=102) of the participants. The most commonly used coping strategy during periods of food scarcity was “Rely on less expensive and preferred food” with the mean score of 4.56 (±SD 2.772). The second used coping strategy was “Reduce the number of meals eaten in a day” with a mean score of 3.85 (±8.163), followed by “Contribute to a food stokvel in order to ensure food over a scarce period” (3.31, ±7.505) and “Restrict consumption by adults in order for small children to eat” (2.24, ±5.333). Utilisation of these food coping indicate a degree of food insecurity. The Body Mass Index (BMI) classification indicated that women had a higher (31.46 ±8.474) BMI than men (26.00±5.445). A total of 26.2% (n =32) women were overweight and 51.7% were obese category I, II and III. The mean BMI for the whole group was (30.44±8.261) which clearly demonstrated obesity. Nonetheless, men were not overweight; however 25% (n=7) were obese category I. Collectively, underweight was prevalent in women (3.3%, n=4) and men (3.6%, n= 1). The Food Variety Score was medium (31.91, ±10.573), which indicated a consumption of 30- 60 individual foods from four to five food groups during the seven day period; however the top 20 foods consumed from the 24-hour recall revealed that the diet was energy dense and the most consumed foods were primarily from the carbohydrate and fat group and a low consumption of fruits and vegetables was reported; hence the nutrient analysis showed a deficient intake of several nutrients, such as: calcium, vitamin A, zinc, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, zinc, magnesium, phosphorus, selenium and thiamine by both men and women. According to the WHO dietary factor goals, the acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDRs) and fruit and vegetable intake based on the 24-hour recalls, fat and protein intake exceeded the recommended 15-30 percent goal. Fruit and vegetable intake was very low in comparison to the minimum recommended intake of >400g. Carbohydrates intake for women were within the recommended 55-75 percent; however, men aged 19-50 years (50.70%) and >50 years (53.74%) did not meet the recommended intake. Conclusion: The results of this study reveal that the nutrition status of this community was compromised. The top 20 food intake indicated inadequate eating patterns and that diets comprised of energy dense foods, such as carbohydrates and fats, which could directly be responsible for the high obesity levels of >50% in women and >25% in men. Furthermore, there was low income and a high unemployment rate that proliferates the prevalence of food insecurity, hence the coping strategies reported. Malnutrition exists in communities as a result of food and nutrition insecurity which is affected by a significant number of factors that need to be considered and addressed. Nutrition interventions and nutrition education on a balanced diet, healthier methods of preparing food, and physical activity are required to ensure and improve health status, quality of life and better and sustainable coping strategies for our communities. / M

Thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Master of the Built Environment (Housing), to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, School of Architecture and Planning at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2017 / Johannesburg like many rapidly urbanising cities around the world has the problem of a lack of affordable accommodation and inadequate access to basic services (Tissington, 2013). Residents in the inner city use spaces and buildings in a way that reclaims the promises of the city to a better life. As historian and cultural theorist Abdou Maliq Simone (2004) has noted people within African Cities have a probable tendency to improvise. In this research I use the concept of evolutionary resilience, which has been described to account for individuals and households ability adapt in constantly changing environments (Simmie & Martin, 2010) to explore the responses of residents to precarious living conditions and vulnerability that is created by conditions of insecure tenure and evictions. There is little comparative empirical research about how inner city residents talk about their lives and experiences. This research contributes to filling this gap by examining the experiences of residents and highlighting the ways in which as Cirugeda (2004) points to, residents often use empowerment strategies that encourage inhabitants to subvert laws and regulations, in order to maximise self-help by appropriating structures for better living conditions (Cirugeda 2004). This research utilises in depth interviews that were conducted within selected buildings in the inner city using a semi structured interview guide. The objective is to examine the strategies of coping with the exposure to risk and how individuals respond to these shocks. Şoitu (undated) states that vulnerability is a situation of social, economic and physiological need when individuals are marginalised and resilience is a personal resource that allows individuals to face stress and shocks and provides strength (Şoitu, undated). This research finds that there are many difficulties, threats and vulnerabilities that residents are exposed to and residents invoke various strategies and responses for coping. KEYWORDS ‘Bad buildings’, inner city, Johannesburg, vulnerability, evolutionary resilience, precarious living conditions, basic services, insecure tenure / XL2018

This thesis seeks to review Urban Sustainability in cities of the Developing South within the broader spectrum of Sustainable Development. Notably, the Developing South has for many years struggled to embrace Sustainability in its general terms: in part, because of the fragile institutions that cannot be counted on to uphold sustainability in the truest sense of the word; and in part because of the numerous challenges that often distract any attempt to prioritize Sustainable Development. Sustainability then becomes an option in the midst of other options, rather than an option that should affect all other options. Narrowing it down further to matters urban makes it even stranger in a host of cities across the Developing South. It is against this backdrop that this study seeks to examine in depth the contextual challenges that have invariably stood in the way of Sustainable Development across the Developing South. While it may not be practically possible in a four-month study to offer outright solutions or recommendations that could address these challenges in entirety, this study nevertheless has endeavoured to stay true to the realities that are often ignored whenever challenges of Sustainable Development are mentioned on global platforms. Among these realities is the reality of slum presence in most cities of the Developing South that existentially complicates any equation for urban sustainability ever formulated to provide a way out or forward for these cities. State governments understand this too well, and so do Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) and international organizations alike involved in the crusade for improved living conditions for city resident, and in particular slum residents. Yet the State governments have never been as resolute in their quest for slum free cities. The question then remains: exactly what are the sustainable approaches for this noble cause? While the State governments have over the years insisted on enforcing conventional approaches (that include forced evictions, relocations and/ or redevelopment); one international network, however, thinks and responds differently to slum situations. The network is Shack/Slum Dwellers International (SDI). It is considerably this network of slum dwellers and their undeniably innovative approach to urban sustainability and inclusivity that largely frames the direction and general content of this study. Specifically, the methodology adopted in the study is one of a Case study - which in this case is SDI; and two separate Cases, namely Railway Relocation Action Plan (RAP) in Nairobi, Kenya and slum Re-blocking project in Joe Slovo, Cape Town, South Africa, respectively - as typical cases that captures in large part the enormous contribution that SDI is making towards inclusive and sustainable cities in the Developing South. In the discussion part, however, the study introduces Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) as a comparative methodology to SDI’s approach. SSM particularly benefits from LUMAS model and Social Learning – both key components that potentially reserve a dynamic capacity to enriching SDI’s approach as a future reference methodology for urban sustainability and inclusivity.