The study takes its point of departure in the urgent problem of slums that follow on the rapid urbanisation worldwide. Focusing on the small informal settlement of Kambi Moto in Nairobi, Kenya, the study tries to answer the question of how power can be worked out in slum upgrading – a way to change the physical environment of a slum without demolishing and rebuilding the whole settlement. The theoretical tool to answer this question is taken from Edward Soja’s reading of Henry Lefebvre in the concept Thirdspace – an extended and politicised way to look at space, where space is not only seen as a stage for historical and social processes, but as something that is shaping our thoughts and actions; a social space that includes and goes beyond the material Firstspace and the mental Secondspace. From a spatialized reading of history today’s situation – where 60 % of the population of Nairobi live in informal settlements – is traced back to the ideological structuring of space in the colonial cityplans. The informal settlements are established as a Thirdspace: both a negative outcome of the dominating Secondspace of the colonial administration and as a counterspace, where traditional ways of life could live on and where revolutionary movements could grow. The study then focus on how the two scales to view the city, the macro and the micro, are resolved in the Shack/Slum Dwellers International (SDI), a global network of local federations that organizes slum dwellers. The network empowers the individual slum dweller in making him/her an actor in a peer to peer exchange, and also creates a social space for political struggle. This is manifested in Muungano wa Wanavijiji, a citywide movement for a collective struggle for spatial rights, empowering the slum dwellers in taking charge of the social production of human spatiality. In a case study of a slum upgrading effort in Kambi Moto the shifting of power from the government, international organisations and professionals to the lived Thirdspace of the habitants, as well as the internal power relations within the community, are looked at in a concrete situation.

Thesis (MDev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2016 / The purpose of this study was to assess the socio-economic effects of farm evictions in Mogale City Local Municipality, Gauteng Province. Most of the land owners do not adhere to the legislations which govern evictions in general and to the Extension of Security of Tenure Act which governs farm eviction on specific. The key objectives of the study were to identify the socio-economic effects of farm evictions and to analyse how the affected communities responded to the phenomenon of evictions. The key questions were what are the socio-economic effects do eviction have on farm dwellers and how have the affected communities responded to the phenomenon of eviction. The literature revealed that evictions around the world started decades ago and to date are still happening. In Zimbabwe, evictions were initiated by white farmers as a way of redressing the imbalance of the land ownership; in China evictions are mainly caused by rapid population growth and expansion of cities, in Namibia, Germans expropriated land and forcefully removed original owners of such land. Since independence, Namibia has no legislation governing evictions and this pose a thread of tenure insecurity. Although South Africa has legislations which govern the evictions, evictions are still taking place and mostly initiated by white land owners. The quantitative survey study was conducted to determine the distribution of socio-economic variables before and after the eviction. The primary data was collected, using semi-structured questionnaires which the interviewer administered to the evicted households. The findings revealed that electricity supply, garbage collection, personal care, household income, access to health facilities are negatively affected and the condition of the households deteriorated after the eviction. The main recommendation on the basis of the findings is that the MCLM, DRDLR and NDHS should adhere to the principles outlined in the article 25(1) of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948. This would reduce the negative impact of evictions.

Thesis (MPhil (Public Management and Planning))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa is unique in that its globally significant biodiversity, which is under major threat, coexists with an apartheid history of dispossession that produced a starkly unequal land ownership pattern and widespread rural poverty. It is in this context that the post-apartheid government must fulfil constitutional and international obligations to safeguard environmental assets as well as undertake land reform benefiting the previously dispossessed. Consequently, there is a continuous challenge of reconciling complex and often conflicting relationships between poverty, inequitable access to resources, and the protection of biodiversity. Current efforts to conserve the Cape Floral Kingdom emphasise partnerships between private landowners and existing nature reserves to promote sustainable utilisation of biodiversity. This paper explores the potential impact of this approach on farm dwellers, and how changing land use may affect their land tenure rights and livelihoods. Primary research was undertaken in the Baviaanskloof, where this model is in an early stage of implementation. The paper identifies systemic and structural tensions in current attempts to reconcile biodiversity conservation and farm dwellers’ interests, and documents issues of process and principle that could become important in the future. In doing so, it highlights the influence of on-farm power relations and highly complex institutional arrangements in determining the real extent of participation by affected farm dwellers and the efficacy of social safeguard policies. Findings also caution against an over-reliance on ecotourism as the major occupation and argues instead for support to multiple livelihood strategies.

Esta dissertação teve como objetivo “pensar” a proposta e ação dos Consultórios na Rua, diferentes do consultório biomédico, um consultório a céu aberto. Admite que este dispositivo visa a ampliar o acesso da população de rua ao cuidado de saúde, ouvindo essa população e contribuindo com suas instâncias organizativas nascentes. Foi trazida a prática de trabalho no consultório Pintando Saúde, do Grupo Hospitalar Conceição, localizado na zona norte da cidade de Porto Alegre/RS. A metodologia do “pensar” envolveu deixar aparecer o debate sobre atenção e promoção de saúde, redução de danos em álcool e outras drogas, respeito às pessoas em seus modos de ser/existir/constituir vida e a inscrição desse grupo social em modos de atenção à saúde que lhe sejam próprios. O trabalho de dissertação perpassou a descrição do trabalho no Consultório na Rua, questionando a produção em saúde que envolve a população de rua, a experiência da pesquisadora como trabalhadora dentro desse tipo serviço, assim como as vivências de equipe e a presença do orientador e seus estudantes em meio ao trabalho do Consultório. Foram usadas anotações destacadas de gravações em áudio, as atas do consultório e as redes de conversa sobre moradores de rua no próprio consultório, incluindo a presença de um psiquiatra matriciador. A cartografia, nos termos de Gilles Deleuze e Félix Guattari, fundamentou a metodologia, conforme já vem sendo utilizada em pesquisas com o estudo da micropolítica em saúde coletiva. Quatro âmbitos foram colhidos como representativos da prática de atenção “a céu aberto”: a experiência do morar, a experiência do atuar com saúde na rua, a experiência do aprender em ato de equipe multiprofissional e interdisciplinar de um consultório na rua e a intercessão sociocultural proveniente do “encontro” com a população atendida. / This dissertation aimed to "think" the proposal and action of the “On Street Clinics”, different from the biomedical clinic, an “open sky clinic". It admits that this device seek to expand the street population access to health care, listening to this population and contributing to their nascent organizational instances. The work practices of "Pintando Saúde On Street Clinic", of Conceição Hospitalar Group, located in the northern part of the city of Porto Alegre/RS, were evidenced. The methodology of "thinking" involved revealing the debate about health care and health promotion, harm reduction in alcohol and other drugs, respect for people in their ways of being / existing / constituting life and the inclusion of this social group health models that be their own. The dissertation work deal with the description of the work at the On Street Clinic, questioning the health production involving the street population, the researcher's experience as a worker within this sort of service, as well as the team experiences and the presence of the master’s advisor and his students in the work of the clinic. Significant notes of audio recordings, clinic minutes, and street-talk networks that happened in the clinic, including the ones with the presence of a psychiatrist matrix support, were used. The cartography, according to Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, founded the methodology, as it has been used in researches with studies on micropolitics in collective health. Four scopes were collected as representative of the practice of “open sky clinic" care: the experience of indwelling, the experience of working with health on street, the experience of learning in act of a multiprofessional and interdisciplinary team of an "on street clinic" and the sociocultural intercession provided when "meeting" the attended population.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Table Mountain is one of the world’s most well-known natural landmarks. For more than a half million years the mountain played a role in human cultural activities. The water flowing off Table Mountain resulted in the establishment of Cape Town in 1652. During the first 240 years of the city’s existence until 1891, everything possible was employed to make the most of the water cascading down the northern slopes of the mountain. In 1891, the city commenced with the utilising of the mountain’s water running southwards to waste. This course of action to maximise the supply of water from Table Mountain to the city, extended over a period of more than seven decades and included the construction of dams, tunnels and pipelines. Towards the end of the nineteenth century and at the beginning of the twentieth century, two dams were built in the Disa Stream to the east of Kasteels Poort’s upper end. The construction work on the Woodhead Dam commenced in 1892 and continued until 1897. Building operations on the Hely-Hutchinson Dam started shortly after the completion of the Woodhead Dam and was concluded in 1904. The dam builders were settled as a community in the vicinity of the construction sites. The housing comprised permanent as well as temporary structures. The dwellings did not form a unit, but were scattered in the proximity of the construction terrains. The majority of the structures were demolished after the completion of the work. Only four dwellings still exist today. A feature of the accommodation was the separate housing for the white and black workers. The dam builders’ backgrounds were very diverse. Some of them were highly skilled artisans from Britain whereas the majority of the untrained labourers were black people from the Eastern Cape. Also included in the work force, were people from Cape Town and environs. The number of workers on the mountain varied to a high degree. The largest number at any stage totaled 470. Information on the mountain dwellers’ material culture, for example their clothing, foodstuffs and compensation, and spiritual life, for example religion, communication and leisure-time activities, is analysed in this study. Fragments of the dam builders’ cultural heritage is preserved in the Waterworks Museum next to the wall of the Hely-Hutchinson Dam. The exhibition of implements and equipment is disorganised and neglected. The transfer of the museum to another more efficient building in the area is vitally important in order that proper justice can be done to the dam builders who rendered an essential service to Cape Town in difficult circumstances. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tafelberg is een van die wêreld se bekendste natuurbakens. Die berg speel al langer as ‘n halfmiljoen jaar ‘n rol in menslike kultuurbedrywighede. Die water wat vanaf Tafelberg vloei, het in 1652 tot die ontstaan van Kaapstad gelei. In die eerste 240 jaar van die stad se bestaan tot 1891 is alles moontlik gedoen om die water wat aan die noordekant teen die berg afvloei, ten beste te benut. In 1891 is begin om ook die berg se water wat onbenut suidwaarts vloei vir die stad se gebruik aan te wend. Dié proses om Tafelberg se water maksimaal tot die beskikking van die stad te stel, het oor ‘n tydperk van meer as sewe dekades gestrek en het die konstruksie van damme, tonnels en pypleidings ingesluit. Twee damme is aan die einde van die negentiende eeu en die begin van die twintigste eeu in die Disastroom ten ooste van die bo-punt van Kasteelspoort gebou. Die bouwerk aan die Woodhead-dam het in 1892 begin en het tot 1897 geduur. Die konstruksie aan die Hely-Hutchinson-dam is net ná die voltooiing van die Woodhead-dam van stapel gestuur en is in 1904 voltooi. Die dambouers is as ‘n gemeenskap in die omgewing van die dambouterreine gevestig. Die akkommodasie het uit stewige en tydelike wonings bestaan. Die wonings het nie ‘n eenheid gevorm nie, maar is verspreid in die nabyheid van die konstruksiewerk opgerig. Die meeste van die geboue is na afhandeling van die bouwerk gesloop en net vier wonings bestaan vandag nog. ‘n Kenmerk van die akkommodasie was dat die blanke en swart werkers apart gehuisves is. Die dambouers se agtergrond was baie uiteenlopend. Sommige van hulle was hoogs geskoolde vakmanne van Brittanje, terwyl die meeste ongeskoolde arbeiders swart mense van die Oos-Kaap was. Die res van die werkspan het uit mense van Kaapstad en die omgewing bestaan. Die getal werkers op die berg het baie gewissel. Die grootste getal werkers wat op een tydstip betrokke was, het 470 beloop. Inligting oor die bergbewoners se materiële kultuur, byvoorbeeld hul kleredrag, lewensmiddele en vergoeding, en geestelike kultuur, onder meer godsdiens, kommunikasie en vryetydsbesteding, word in dié ondersoek ontleed. Fragmente van die dambouers se kulturele nalatenskap word in die Waterwerke Museum by die wal van die Hely-Hutchinson-dam bewaar. Dié uitstalling van implemente en toerusting is baie ongeorden en verwaarloos. Dit is noodsaaklik dat die museum na ‘n doeltreffender gebou in die omgewing skuif sodat behoorlik eer betoon kan word aan die mense wat in moeilike omstandighede ‘n onontbeerlike diens aan Kaapstad gelewer het.

Esta dissertação teve como objetivo “pensar” a proposta e ação dos Consultórios na Rua, diferentes do consultório biomédico, um consultório a céu aberto. Admite que este dispositivo visa a ampliar o acesso da população de rua ao cuidado de saúde, ouvindo essa população e contribuindo com suas instâncias organizativas nascentes. Foi trazida a prática de trabalho no consultório Pintando Saúde, do Grupo Hospitalar Conceição, localizado na zona norte da cidade de Porto Alegre/RS. A metodologia do “pensar” envolveu deixar aparecer o debate sobre atenção e promoção de saúde, redução de danos em álcool e outras drogas, respeito às pessoas em seus modos de ser/existir/constituir vida e a inscrição desse grupo social em modos de atenção à saúde que lhe sejam próprios. O trabalho de dissertação perpassou a descrição do trabalho no Consultório na Rua, questionando a produção em saúde que envolve a população de rua, a experiência da pesquisadora como trabalhadora dentro desse tipo serviço, assim como as vivências de equipe e a presença do orientador e seus estudantes em meio ao trabalho do Consultório. Foram usadas anotações destacadas de gravações em áudio, as atas do consultório e as redes de conversa sobre moradores de rua no próprio consultório, incluindo a presença de um psiquiatra matriciador. A cartografia, nos termos de Gilles Deleuze e Félix Guattari, fundamentou a metodologia, conforme já vem sendo utilizada em pesquisas com o estudo da micropolítica em saúde coletiva. Quatro âmbitos foram colhidos como representativos da prática de atenção “a céu aberto”: a experiência do morar, a experiência do atuar com saúde na rua, a experiência do aprender em ato de equipe multiprofissional e interdisciplinar de um consultório na rua e a intercessão sociocultural proveniente do “encontro” com a população atendida. / This dissertation aimed to "think" the proposal and action of the “On Street Clinics”, different from the biomedical clinic, an “open sky clinic". It admits that this device seek to expand the street population access to health care, listening to this population and contributing to their nascent organizational instances. The work practices of "Pintando Saúde On Street Clinic", of Conceição Hospitalar Group, located in the northern part of the city of Porto Alegre/RS, were evidenced. The methodology of "thinking" involved revealing the debate about health care and health promotion, harm reduction in alcohol and other drugs, respect for people in their ways of being / existing / constituting life and the inclusion of this social group health models that be their own. The dissertation work deal with the description of the work at the On Street Clinic, questioning the health production involving the street population, the researcher's experience as a worker within this sort of service, as well as the team experiences and the presence of the master’s advisor and his students in the work of the clinic. Significant notes of audio recordings, clinic minutes, and street-talk networks that happened in the clinic, including the ones with the presence of a psychiatrist matrix support, were used. The cartography, according to Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, founded the methodology, as it has been used in researches with studies on micropolitics in collective health. Four scopes were collected as representative of the practice of “open sky clinic" care: the experience of indwelling, the experience of working with health on street, the experience of learning in act of a multiprofessional and interdisciplinary team of an "on street clinic" and the sociocultural intercession provided when "meeting" the attended population.

This dissertation reports on the findings of a study conducted in order to understand the impact of the attitudes and perceptions of some residents in Bloemfontein, towards rhino poaching and anti-rhino poaching initiatives in South Africa. Prominent theoretical models, such as the theory of reasoned action (TRA), the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), the decomposed theory of planned behaviour (DTPB), and the Rosenberg and Hovland Tripartite model of attitudes and perceptions, were used to help understand Bloemfontein residents’ attitudes and perceptions towards rhino poaching and anti-rhino poaching ini-tiatives in South Africa. Data was collected from residents in areas such as the Central University of Technology, the University of the Free State, the Waterfront Mall and the Mimosa Mall, respectively. A total of 252 usable responses were obtained, and the sta-tistical package for social sciences (SPSS) as well as a descriptive statistical instrument, were used to analyse the data. The findings of the study revealed that residents’ attitudes and perceptions to-wards rhino poaching and anti-rhino poaching initiatives contribute significantlytowards their intentions to act positively or negatively in curbing or reducing rhino poaching crime in South Africa. The research findings also showed that while there are differences in attitudes and perceptions between residents across different demographic groups, demographic factors alone are weak predictors of residents’ attitudes and perceptions towards rhino poaching. The study found that perceived trust, practical approaches, intentions to act and effective community involvement significantly contribute to residents’ positive attitudes and perceptions towards anti-rhino poaching initiatives in South Africa. The implications of other factors such as corruption, economic challenges, willingness of the authorities to act, and the heightened demand for rhino horn trade, have been discussed, and suggestions for future research are made. / Environmental Sciences / M.A. (Environmental Management)

This is a case study of tourism policies made around the Satpura Tiger Reserve in Madhya Pradesh, India. The purpose of this study is to analyse the state tourism policies in Madhya Pradesh. The study is divided in two parts, the first part analyses the state tourism policies using Foucault’s governmentality theory. The governmentality theory is used to expose the ideas in the policies with consideration to neoliberalism and the local communities. The first part also examine the ideas of inclusion of the local communities in tourism. The second part are interviews with officials and semi-officials that are implementing the policies. The local communities are the focus in this study since tourism is marketed as a solution to economic growth and employment. Therefore, one of the aspects is if the local communities are a resource in the development of tourism, and if there is any obstacles for the local communities to participate in the tourism industry. The material used is state tourism policies from 2005 and 2016. Interviews were conducted in Pachmarhi, Madhai, Soghagpur, Pipariya and Bhopal. The conclusion is that the state tourism policy from 2016 is clearly neo-liberal that the market and the government is clearly in concurrence. When it comes to the local communities the main problem for participation is that most of the local communities lack of skills, however the type of tourism were the local communities could be beneficiaries is not the tourism that the state government is developing.

L’Arabie Saoudite, depuis la découverte du pétrole dans les années 1950, a connue une urbanisation brutale, entraînant de grands changements sociaux et spatiaux. Djeddah illustre cette mutation de la société saoudienne. De village côtier au milieu du XXe siècle, elle est devenue une grande agglomération, et cela en quelques décennies. C’est dire l’expansion phénoménale enregistrée par la ville.Mais une urbanisation aussi rapide et massive ne peut que susciter de graves problèmes de gestion, de fonctionnement et d’équipement. Pour y faire face, les autorités ont eu recours à la planification comme instrument de prévision et d’anticipation. Toutefois, les différents plans élaborés par les professionnels de l’urbain, se sont très vite révélés inadaptés. Ainsi, la population de la ville n’a cessé de s'amplifier et les surfaces urbanisées se sont étalées dans tous les sens, rendant de ce fait aléatoire toute approche en termes de « modèle » conçu et préétabli.Ces indications révèlent que la ville n’est pas un simple « objet », mais un rapport social, donc un espace en mouvement. Dès lors, si notre souci consiste à appréhender la façon dont les pouvoirs publics ont conçu la structuration du milieu urbain, les méthodes et les concepts utilisés, les projets et programmes envisagés, il importe également de décrypter les pratiques des habitants engendrant, selon les cas, une évolution harmonieuse ou chaotique du tissu urbain. Posé sous cet angle, ce point traduit notre problématique. Celle-ci consiste, plus précisément, à savoir comment les divers acteurs, en particulier les « citadins ordinaires », interfèrent dans le processus d’expansion et de production de la ville. Dans cette approche de la ville, il s’est avéré nécessaire d’élaborer une base de données, d’effectuer une analyse cartographique et de prendre appui sur l’observation de terrain. / Since the discovery of oil in the 1950s, Saudi Arabia has experienced a sudden Urbanization, causing major social and spatial changes. Jeddah demonstrates this transformation of the Saudi society. In only few decades, this coastal village turned into a large city in the middle of the twentieth century. This in turn, has marked a phenomenal growth recorded by the city. This rapid and massive urbanization has created serious problems in terms of management, operation and equipments. Authorities, in response, have devised planning as a means of prediction and anticipation. However, different plans that have been suggested by professionals in Jeddah were not sufficient. Thus, the city population has continued to grow and urban areas have expanded in all directions, and therefore making the designed model and all other approaches uncertain. Therefore, it is important to understand that, the city is not just an "object" but a growing space where there is an active social relationship amongst the population. So, if we are to understand how the government designed urban areas, methods and concepts used, projects and programs planned, it is appropriate to consider at the same time what the resulting population will look like while developing the urban fabrics. Our main problem from these points of view is more precisely to comprehend how the various factors, especially "the ordinary citizen", involved in the whole process of expansion and city creation work. As far as this approach is concerned, it is necessary to develop a database, build and analyze maps and also to perform field observation in order to deal with the problems in all aspects.

A structured questionnaire was used to survey the perceptions of programme coordinators, fieldworkers and beneficiaries of the role of church-based programmes in addressing HIV and AIDS in the inner-city of Durban. One hundred and ninety two respondents were recruited from seventeen churches. Findings indicate that fear of HIV- and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination abound. The material and spiritual roles of church-based programmes in addressing the needs of people infected with HIV and affected by HIV and AIDS were stressed by the respondents. Whereas programme coordinators were well informed about HIV and AIDS, information that can dispel fears about stigma and correct myths about HIV-transmission should be tailored to reach ordinary men and women. It is recommended that further research be conducted on the preventive aspects of church-based programmes in the Durban inner-city. / Sociology / M.A. (Social Behaviour Studies in HIV/AIDS)