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Urban open spaces in Jeddah as a recreational facility fail to respond to the people's desires and needs. Factors, such as culture and climate, that influence the people behaviour and their use of the environment and these facilities are ignored in planning and designing of these places. Alien planning and design concepts gave priority to vehicular movement and maximized the public domain. Community open spaces and gardens assumed to be the primary resource for recreation for the family members. They have the accessibility advantage for everyday recreational activities. This is more important if we take into consideration the fact that children, ladies, elders and disabled have no direct access to cars. However, these open spaces often inadequately designed, maintained and managed which resulted in underutilization of valuable assets. This research investigates the relationship between leisure and recreation pattern and the use of the recreational urban open spaces in the city of Jeddah. It shows the present situation of these facilities. The thesis starts by introducing the problem and discussing some of the factors that affect leisure and recreation, such as religion, time, privacy and climate. In order to pursue the origin of the problem, the thesis discusses the development of the recreational open spaces and facilities in three periods of the city history. These are referred to as traditional, transitional and modem. It shows how the social life, the urban pattern and the recreation and leisure patterns developed from the traditional environment to the modem. It manifests the change in the social life, the environment and the emergence of new recreational facilities. The research involved carrying out survey and observations of selected open spaces in Jeddah in the spring of 1989. The questionnaire investigates the people desires, needs and use of the existing recreational open spaces and facilities. The open space observations explore intensity of use, type of activities, type of users and their behaviour in using these open spaces. Then, implications of the results are discussed and the nature of the problem is defined. The research is concluded by explaining the approach to solve these problems.

In the last few decades Saudi Arabia and Jeddah has experienced a massive flow of undocumented migrants. This phenomenon is particularly interesting in Saudi Arabia because it involves migrants from different continents and countries, offering the opportunity of a cross-sectional analysis of their communities. This thesis will focus in particular on the case of Jeddah as a case study that serves as a representative microcosm for the whole country. For the first time, using a qualitative analysis, a researcher has been able to access some of the undocumented migrant communities living in the city in their own environment and, through face-to-face interviews, to gather their personal narratives about their lives as the “undocumented.” In particular, this research will analyse twelve communities chosen for being the most representative in the city of Jeddah: the African (e.g., Ethiopian, Eritrean, Somali, Sudanese, Chadian, Nigerian, Burkinabe, Ghanaian, and Cameroonian), the Yemeni, and the Filipino and Indonesian ones. Despite sharing the common experience of living as undocumented in the Kingdom, their relationship with the members of their communities, with the other communities and with the Saudi society are as varied as their backgrounds. This study also offers the opportunity of a discussion on the immigration policies adopted by Saudi Arabia and on their failure in tackling the problems of the undocumented migrants on its soil. In this regard, the study ends with recommendations for Saudi policy makers. Due to the sensitivity of the subject, the researcher guaranteed full confidentiality and anonymity to the interviewees from all the communities who accepted to share their experiences with him.

Built heritage sites, which symbolise, represent and reveal valuable parts of any nation, require special attention including a visionary policy covering regulations, legislation and so on. Built heritage conservation policy worldwide has developed in the last four decades towards using heritage sites for tourism development. This thesis attempts to explain the evolution of built heritage conservation policy in Saudi Arabia, from the first conservation efforts in the 1970s to 2015, through the case study of Historic Jeddah. Jeddah is an ancient costal city on the Red Sea. Considered the main gateway to the holy cities of Makkah and Al-Medina since the 7th century, it has grown and developed with notable Islamic influence. The defensive wall which stood from 1509 to 1947 preserved the ancient city to the present day, where the remainder of the historic walled city is called Historic Jeddah. This is the only historic urban centre in Saudi Arabia that remains inhabited with its urban and architectural authenticity. The thesis argues that its survival has been assured by three successive built heritage conservation policies: Matthew’s Policy (1970-2006), the SCTA Policy (2006-10) and the UNESCO Policy (2010-20). The research traces these three built heritage conservation policies by investigating in depth three analytical dimensions: the policy contents, the actors involved and the actual impacts (interventions and interactions) on the built environment of Historic Jeddah. The research is based on the hypothesis that the focus of built heritage conservation policy in Saudi Arabia has shifted from preserving national identity and legacy (mainly represented by structures of state power) towards using built heritage sites for the purpose of developing international tourism, especially after the recent attempts to inscribe a number of national heritage sites on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list. The evidence used to test this hypothesis comes from the examination of a range of documents, archives and conservations projects since the 1970s, as well as interviews conducted with various Saudi heritage stakeholders.

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The study was conducted with the aim of assessing the Saudi Arabian cultural knowledge among the non-Muslim nurses. These nurses work in the obstetric units at the King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Jeddah and come from different cultural groups and are caring for the Saudi Arabian Muslim women. In order for care to be congruent, comprehensive and of a high quality, the patients' needs should be met at the best attainable level. Nurses in all health care settings are expected to demonstrate knowledge of the culture that they serve in order to eliminate barriers. Data analysis was facilitated with the use of the SPSS 11.5 computer program. The study findings may suggest the development of educational guidelines, which will direct the activities of an educational intervention. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies))

Cette étude suit le parcours de familles marchandes hadramies établies à Djedda, de 1850 à 1950. Appuyée sur des sources européennes, ottomanes et des archives privées, elle présente un groupe particulier, remarqué pour son rôle économique au Hedjaz, de la notabilité provinciale ottomane et de la diaspora hadramie. Son appartenance à la notabilité locale, remarquable dès les années 1850, tenait à l'adaptation des structures familiales à un réseau marchand étendu, au rôle de ces grands négociants dans la communauté hadramie, et leur intégration au milieu d'affaires de la cité. Djedda jouait alors le rôle de port de La Mecque et constitua une plateforme commerciale entre l'Inde, la côte africaine de la mer Rouge, et l'Égypte. Le parcours de ce familles issues du Hadramaout croise ainsi l'histoire économique et politique du Hedjaz sur un siècle. Il replace l'histoire de la province dans son contexte global, notamment dans celui des relations entre la Méditerranée et l'océan Indien. L'évolution de la composition du groupe des grands marchands hadramis de Djedda et de leurs activités accompagne les changements du cadre économique et politique du Hedjaz successivement province de l'Empire ottoman et émirat chérifien, royaume hachémite en 1916 puis région occidentale du royaume d'Arabie saoudite à partir de 1925. L'effacement, au cours des années 1930-1940, de ces grands marchands, et l'émergence d'hommes d'affaires eux aussi issus de l'immigration hadramie au Hedjaz, soulignent la réorientation du commerce et des migrations régionales, autant que le changement de régime politique et l'avènement des revenus pétroliers. / This work adresses the history of Hadrami merchant families settled in Jeddah from 1850 to 1950, a group that is still well-known for its economic role in the Hejaz and Saudi Arabia,. Built on private, Ottoman and European archives, it describes a specific group of the Ottoman provincial notability and of the Hadrami diaspora. As soon as the 1850s, their being part of Jeddah's notability was the result of three main factors : their success in adapting family agency to an extensive network of trade, their role in the local Hadhrami community, and their integration into the business group of the city. In the 19th century, Jeddah was Meccas harbor and a platform for trade between India, the East-African coast and Egypt. In this way, the history of these farnilies from Hadhramaut was closely related to the economic and political history of Hejaz. It brings back the history of the Hejaz in its global context, evidencing the connections between the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean. Changes in these merchants' activities and in the composition of their group paralleled the changes in the economic and political situation of the Hejaz, which was successively a province of the Ottoman Empire and a Sharifian Emirate, the Hashemite Kingdom in 1916 and the western region the Saudi Kingdom from 1925 onwards. During the 1930s and the 1940s, the gradual disappearance of these traders from the economic elite of the country, and the emergence of other Hadrami business men, illuminate the impact of new directions of trade and regional migrations, that proved as important as the new political regime and the beginning of oil wealth.

The study was conducted with the aim of assessing the Saudi Arabian cultural knowledge among the non-Muslim nurses. These nurses work in the obstetric units at the King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Jeddah and come from different cultural groups and are caring for the Saudi Arabian Muslim women. In order for care to be congruent, comprehensive and of a high quality, the patients' needs should be met at the best attainable level. Nurses in all health care settings are expected to demonstrate knowledge of the culture that they serve in order to eliminate barriers. Data analysis was facilitated with the use of the SPSS 11.5 computer program. The study findings may suggest the development of educational guidelines, which will direct the activities of an educational intervention. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies))

Saudi Arabian entrepreneurs face major difficulties with the country's complex regulatory system. Based on Schumpeter's theory of entrepreneurship, the purpose of this phenomenological study was to reveal the lived experiences of Saudi entrepreneurs in navigating regulatory procedures in Jeddah. Data were collected through prolonged, face-to-face phenomenological interviews with 22 Saudi businesspeople who started successful businesses. The van Kaam method and member checking helped validate the transcribed data, which were subsequently coded into 4 themes. Four themes emerged from the data analysis: (a) obstacles in regulatory processes, (b) lack of information, (c) cumbersome procedures and need for alternatives to stringent protocols, and (d) persistence strategies needed to maneuver through inflexible regulations. For entrepreneurship progress among these individuals, business rules needed to be comprehensible, shorter, and less bureaucratic. These findings also suggest that, once entrepreneurship rules are transparent, Saudi Arabia may become a choice country for international businesses. These findings have implications for positive social change by informing the efforts of governmental authorities in their work towards effective regulatory processes as roadways to the economic well-being of businesses and communities, and could be a catalyst to boost foreign investments in the country.