No description available.

Yes / The influence of the dyeing industry in Pompeii on the local economy has been under discussion since the publication by Moeller in 1976. Since no absolute answer has emerged, the question was re-examined using two additional methods, experimental archaeology and the principles of thermodynamics. A full-scale replica of a dyeing apparatus from Pompeii was constructed and used to simulate repeated dye runs, and so determine operating parameters such as the times involved to heat and cool a vat and the consumables needed. This first replica also allowed a better understanding of how the apparatus was actually used. Thermodynamic principles, which were applied to understand the successes and failures within the experimental work, suggested that the vat operated in a predictable way and enabled the operational mechanics of the vat to be established. It is now possible to use both the experimental results and the thermodynamic modelling to determine not just the consumables used, but also the working environment needed for the vat to operate, allowing an understanding of the limitations to dyeing and to workers. Issues of practicality such as storage of consumables and disposal of exhaust gases may now be thoroughly examined. 2 Eventually it will be possible to determine the operating parameters of each of the dye vats, the quantities of consumables involved and the amount that could be produced. This should help answer the question as to the significance of the dye industry in Pompeii to the local economy.

Yes / A systematic study of the influence of solvent on the crystal packing behaviour of Reichardt's dye demonstrates that the structure of the assembly formed in the solid state depends on the nature of the solvent–solute interactions present in the solution phase. Apolar aprotic solvents lead to solvates with a hexagonal channel topology, but this supramolecular assembly is perturbed by the presence of aromatic or polar protic solvents.

Due to climate change and its effects, alternative renewable energy sources are needed in the future human society. In the work of this thesis, the Dye-sensitized Solar Cell (DSC) has been investigated and characterized. DSCs are appealing as energy conversion devices, since they have high potential to provide low cost solar light to electricity conversion. The DSC is built up by a working electrode consisting of a conductive glass substrate with a dye-sensitized mesoporous TiO2 film, a counter electrode with a catalyst and, in between, the electrolyte which performs the charge transport by means of a redox mediator. The aim of this thesis was to develop and evaluate cheap and environmentally friendly materials for the DSC. An alternative polymer-based counter electrode catalyst was fabricated and evaluated, showing that the PEDOT catalyst counter electrode outperformed the platinum catalyst counter electrode. Different organic dyes were evaluated and it was found that the dye architecture affected the performance of the assembled DSCs. A partly hydrophilic organic triphenylamine dye was developed and applied in water-based electrolyte DSCs. The partly hydrophilic dye outperformed the reference hydrophobic dye. Small changes in dye architecture were evaluated for two similar dyes, both by spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques. A change in the length of the dialkoxyphenyl units on a triphenylamine dye, affected the recombination and the regeneration electron transfer kinetics in the DSC system. Finally, three water soluble cobalt redox couples were developed and applied in water-based electrolyte DSCs. An average efficiency of 5.5% (record efficiency of 5.7%) for a 100% water-based electrolyte DSC was achieved with the polymer-based catalyst counter electrode and an organic dye with short dimethoxyphenyl units, improving the wetting and the regeneration process.

Neste trabalho foi estudada a degradação eletroquímica do azo corante Preto Ácido 210 (PA210) utilizando ânodos dimensionalmente estáveis de composição Ti/Ir0,10Sn0,90O2 e Ti/Ir0,30Sn0,70O2 preparados pelo método de decomposição térmica de precursores poliméricos. Os efeitos da presença e da concentração de cloreto, da composição eletródica, da densidade de corrente e do tempo de eletrólise sobre a oxidação eletroquímica de 100 ppm do corante PA210 foram avaliados. Em todas as condições estudadas, a remoção da absorbância em 465 nm (max) foi superior a 94% depois de 30 min de eletrólise. A redução de TOC foi proporcional à concentração de íons cloreto no eletrólito e não mostrou dependência da composição eletródica. A formação de espécies organocloradas variou na faixa de 8 a 16 ppm, sendo que as maiores concentrações de AOX foram obtidas para o eletrólito com maior concentração de cloreto. A redução máxima de TOC obtida foi de 25% depois de 90 min de eletrólise à densidade de corrente de 25 mA cm-2 para o eletrólito HCl 0,1 mol L-1. A eficiência de corrente foi calculada em relação ao TOC, sendo obtido o melhor resultado, de 9,14%, em 30 min de eletrólise com HCl 0,1 mol L-1 a 25 mA cm-2, sendo esta eficiência quatro vezes maior que para melhor eficiência em meio de H2SO4 0,1 mol L-1. O estudo da relação TOC / AOX indica que após as eletrólises houve a adição de cloreto as substâncias orgânicas gerando espécies organocloradas que apresentam uma relação de aproximadamente 1 átomo de cloro para cada 5 átomos de carbono. / The electrochemical degradation of the azo dye Acid Black 210 (AB210) using dimensionally stable anodes of composition Ti/Ir0,10Sn0,90O2 and Ti/Ir0,30Sn0,70O2 prepared by thermal decomposition of polymeric precursors was studied. The effects of the presence and concentration of chloride, electrode composition, current density, and electrolysis time on the electrochemical oxidation of 100 ppm dye PA210 were evaluated. In all the studied conditions, the removal of the absorbance at 465 nm (max) was greater than 94% after 30 min of electrolysis. The reduction of TOC was proportional to the concentration of chloride ions in the electrolyte and was not shown to be dependent on electrode composition. The formation of organochloride species varied in the range from 8 to 16 ppm, with higher concentrations of AOX being obtained for the electrolyte with high chloride concentration. The maximum reduction of TOC was 25% after 90 min of electrolysis, at a current density of 25 mA cm-2, for the electrolyte HCl 0.1 mol L-1. The current efficiency was calculated in relation to TOC, and the best result was 9.14% after 30 min of electrolysis in HCl 0.1 mol L-1 at 25 mA cm-2. This efficiency is four times higher than the best efficiency obtained by using only H2SO4 0.1 mol L-1 as electrolyte. The study of the TOC / AOX relationship indicates that there was addition of chloride to the organic substances after electrolysis, thus genetaring organochloride species with a ratio of about 1 atom of chlorine for every 5 carbon atoms.

Foi construído um Laser de Corante em Anel bombeado por um laser de Argônio. Um sistema passivo de estabilização eletrônica permite a varredura sem saltos de modo, mas não reduz a largura de linha efetiva (40 MHz) devida a vibrações e flutuações na espessura do jato de corante. Um sistema ativo de estabilização está sendo implantado com a finalidade de reduzir a largura de linha obtida de pelo menos uma ordem de grandeza e aumentar a estabilidade em freqüência. A potência monomodo obtida com Rhodamina 6G é de 500 mW para 4W de bombeio. / An Argon pumped Ring Dye Laser was built. A passive stabilization system prevents mode hops during scans, but does not reduce the effective laser emission bandwidth (40 MHz) due to mechanical and acoustical jitter. An active stabilization system is being implemented to reduce the bandwidth to at least 4 MHz and to improve the frequency stability. The single mode output power obtained with Rhodamine 6G is about 500 mW to 4W pumping.

by Chu Kwong-young. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1989. / Bibliography: leaves 94-96.

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Natural Dye, Chemical, Trail running, Sportswear, Sustainable, Pigments, Chromatic, Toxins, Print, Dye, Dirt.Sammanfattning på engelska: This work explores natural dye’s ability to be used for trail running wear. The sustainable aspects in the clothing industry includes the production of nontoxic textiles that do not pollute in the production process nor when using the textile close to our bodies. Natural dyes usually have low toxicity and are produced from renewable resources. The explorative nature of trail running is used as a guideline and an entrance exam for the dyed fabrics to prove wash- and lightfastness durable for the sport. The idea of colouring clothes directly with nature is present in dirt prints printed with natural pigments. Organic printing with rust and vegetable oil is explored as an alternative to screen printing. The movements and comfort of running outdoors is understood by body indicated experiments as a method. Pattern construction is made from movement and sensation by exposing the body to friction, dirt and cold air. The results of these experiments were together with reshaping existing run wear the construction method. This work suggests viewing colour as nonstatic and with more dimensions such as locality and smell. By using slow dye processes and locally accessible dye materials unique expressions from natural dyes, prints and patinations can enhance sportswear in the appearance, health and environmental aspect. / Program: Modedesignutbildningen

Solar energy is the foremost power source of our planet. Driving photosynthesis on our planet for 3 billion years the energy stored in the form of fossil fuels also originates from the sun. Consumption of fossil fuels to generate energy is accompanied with CO2 emission which affects the earth's climate in a serious manner. Therefore, alternative ways of converting energy have to be found. Solar cells convert sunlight directly into electricity and are therefore an important technology for future electricity generation. In this work solar cells based on the inorganic semiconductor titanium dioxide and hole-transporting dyes are investigated. These type of solar cells are categorized as hybrid solar cells and are conceptually related to both dye-sensitized solar cells and organic solar cells. Light absorption in the bulk of the hole-transporting dye layer leads to the formation of excitons that can be harvested at the organic/inorganic interface. Two design approaches were investigated: 1) utilizing a multilayer of a hole-transporting dye and 2) utilizing a hole-transporting dye as light harvesting antenna to another dye which is bound to the titanium dioxide surface.  Using a multiple dye layer in titanium dioxide/hole transporting dye devices, leads to an improved device performance as light harvested in the consecutive dye layers can contribute to the photocurrent. In devices using both an inteface-bound dye and a hole-transporting dye, excitation energy can be transferred from the hole-transporting dye to the interface dye.