<p>This thesis deals with the polyphonic and argumentative functions of the French negation marker, ne, in editorial texts from the daily press. The concept ‘polyphony’ relates to the presence of multiple voices within one and the same utterance. According to this view, negation triggers a subdivision of an utterance in two points of view. Thus the sentence Sweden will not be a part of the monetary union can be divided in two points of view, the underlying ‘Sweden will be a part of the monetary union’, and the explicit ‘Sweden will not be a part of the monetary union’.</p><p>First, I study the polyphonic structure of negative utterances, notably their division in two points of view, by taking into account their specific linguistic features. This is done so as to identify the relevant linguistic criteria that determine the polyphonic interpretation of the negation. The study demonstrates that contextual elements, including pragmatic connectors, presuppositions contrastive elements, and several other devices constitute the primary source of polyphonic markers.</p><p>Negation is furthermore approached from a textual perspective. I explore how the two opposite points of view that are associated with negation form polyphonic sequences with other points of view carrying the same semantic content, and how these dynamic points of view are associated to the different discourse beings that are found in the newspaper article. I found that these sequences often embrace the central polemic theme of the article and, also, that the polyphonic function is not restricted to the negative utterance but constitutes an element that ensures textual and argumentative coherence. These two analyses are carried out within Jean-Claude Anscombre’s and Oswald Ducrot’s Theory of Structural Argumentation, which has recently been formalised by Kjersti Fløttum, Coco Norén and Henning Nølke.</p><p>Finally in this thesis, I analyse the relation between the discourse beings associated with the negative utterance and real beings that exist outside the text, and then consider what rhetorical implications that correspondence or no correspondence has on the polyphonic interpretation of the negation. I also examine whether polyphonic negation can be considered to be a feature of newspaper editorials that identifies these texts as a genre. This study shows that the locuteur, the discourse being responsible for the enunciation of the negative utterance on a textual level, links to the real being, the editorial writer, who then refutes points of view associated to other discourse beings, often by use of nominalizations that refer to community voices. The locuteur also intrudes into an argument or claim, and refutes it in the name of a community or an authority.</p><p>By defining genre, as does the media researcher Patrick Charaudeau, as a correspondence between the constraints imposed by the discursive situation and the constraints imposed by the discursive features, and by considering that one of the editorial’s constraints is to persuade its readers, this study shows that the phrasal negation ne in its polyphonic function, constitutes a distinguishing feature in the genre of editorials. The refutations that are made by an editor constitute a distinctive argumentative strategy since it permits the editorial writer to present external points of view in order to refute them and thereby impose his or her own, subjective point of view.</p>

This thesis deals with the polyphonic and argumentative functions of the French negation marker, ne, in editorial texts from the daily press. The concept ‘polyphony’ relates to the presence of multiple voices within one and the same utterance. According to this view, negation triggers a subdivision of an utterance in two points of view. Thus the sentence Sweden will not be a part of the monetary union can be divided in two points of view, the underlying ‘Sweden will be a part of the monetary union’, and the explicit ‘Sweden will not be a part of the monetary union’. First, I study the polyphonic structure of negative utterances, notably their division in two points of view, by taking into account their specific linguistic features. This is done so as to identify the relevant linguistic criteria that determine the polyphonic interpretation of the negation. The study demonstrates that contextual elements, including pragmatic connectors, presuppositions contrastive elements, and several other devices constitute the primary source of polyphonic markers. Negation is furthermore approached from a textual perspective. I explore how the two opposite points of view that are associated with negation form polyphonic sequences with other points of view carrying the same semantic content, and how these dynamic points of view are associated to the different discourse beings that are found in the newspaper article. I found that these sequences often embrace the central polemic theme of the article and, also, that the polyphonic function is not restricted to the negative utterance but constitutes an element that ensures textual and argumentative coherence. These two analyses are carried out within Jean-Claude Anscombre’s and Oswald Ducrot’s Theory of Structural Argumentation, which has recently been formalised by Kjersti Fløttum, Coco Norén and Henning Nølke. Finally in this thesis, I analyse the relation between the discourse beings associated with the negative utterance and real beings that exist outside the text, and then consider what rhetorical implications that correspondence or no correspondence has on the polyphonic interpretation of the negation. I also examine whether polyphonic negation can be considered to be a feature of newspaper editorials that identifies these texts as a genre. This study shows that the locuteur, the discourse being responsible for the enunciation of the negative utterance on a textual level, links to the real being, the editorial writer, who then refutes points of view associated to other discourse beings, often by use of nominalizations that refer to community voices. The locuteur also intrudes into an argument or claim, and refutes it in the name of a community or an authority. By defining genre, as does the media researcher Patrick Charaudeau, as a correspondence between the constraints imposed by the discursive situation and the constraints imposed by the discursive features, and by considering that one of the editorial’s constraints is to persuade its readers, this study shows that the phrasal negation ne in its polyphonic function, constitutes a distinguishing feature in the genre of editorials. The refutations that are made by an editor constitute a distinctive argumentative strategy since it permits the editorial writer to present external points of view in order to refute them and thereby impose his or her own, subjective point of view.

Comment créer une œuvre picturale qui pourrait s'animer? A partir du jeu de cache-cache de la vidéo "Augenblick", l'analyse poïétique de la sculpture OUI-NON de Markus Raetz confrontée aux peintures du Retable de Genève de Konrad Witz révèle une surprenante logique d'animation, Les procès de création de ce retable du 15e siècle déterminent l'actualisation de visions dynamiques dans ce type de construction picturale, également rencontré chez Lorenzo Veneziano, Henri Bellechose, Filippo Lippi ou Sandro Botticelli et dans différents édifices médiévaux. Ainsi, des éléments picturaux souvent considérés comme archaïques participent d'un système poïétique dynamique raisonné proposant des animations significatives au cours d'une vision active autrement dit, d'un déplacement du regard. Le concept plus global de vision à point de vue dynamique étend la réflexion à différents modes de déplacements du point de vue. La vidéo permet une forme d’objectivation des enchainements d'images de ce type de construction picturale vis-à-vis de dispositifs déterminés par ces peintures. Ces tentatives d'objectivation fonctionnent sur un plan didactique mais n'engagent pas un partage sensible en interaction avec l'image. Cette perte de l'interaction dans les films engage une réflexion sur l’indissociabilité du couple faille-fragile qui retrouve une possibilité oubliée d'interaction active avec une image fixe. En dehors de toute dissociation artificielle d'une perception et de son mouvement pour regarder une œuvre, cette interaction engage le questionnement poïétique de l'ouvert par différentes installations et performances. / How to create a painting which could animate itself ? Starting from the game of hide and seek in the Augenblick video, a poietic analysis of the OUI-NON sculpture by Markus Raetz, confronted with Konrad Witz's paintings of the Geneva altarpiece, reveals an animation logic. The creation process of 15th century reredos determines the actualization of dynamic visions in this type of pictural construction that is also found in works of Lorenzo Veneziano, Henri Bellechose, Filippo Lippi and Sandro Botticelli as well as in medieval edifices. Thus, some pictorial elements often considered (until the end of the 20th century) as archaic, integrate a reasoned dynamic poietic system offering effective animation during an active vision, that is, the displacement of the viewer during the observation. The broader concept of vision with a dynamic point of view widens the analysis to different modes of displacement of the point of view. Video allows for a form of objectification of the sequences perceived in such pictorial constructions through devices determined by these paintings. These objectification attempts succeed on a didactic level, but fail to engage a sensitive perception though interaction with the image. This loss of interaction in the filmed sequences forces thinking about the inseparability of the "faille - fragile" couple which recovers a long lost possibility tor an active interaction with a still image. Without any artificial dissociation of the perception and the associated movement tor looking at a work, this interaction engages poietic questioning of the open through various installations and performances.