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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-10-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:13:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 queiroz_jas_me_bauru.pdf: 1085643 bytes, checksum: eec6371aa0008c040f50ab54f81f875a (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os materiais viscoelásticos têm sido muito utilizados para atenuar vibração e ruído em estruturas, devido a sua capacidade inerente de absorver uma porcentagem de energia vibratória dos sistemas mecânicos e de dissipá-la sob a forma de calor. Esse tipo de amortecimento tem sido utilizado em muitas aplicações nas indústrias automotiva e aeroespacial, porém as propriedades dinâmicas das estruturas viscoelásticas não são fáceis de serem determinadas, pois suas respostas dependem de muitos fatores externos, tais como a geometria da estrutura, a freqüência de excitação a qual a estrutura está submetida, entre outros. Neste trabalho foi implementado um aparato experimental composto por um motor de corrente contínua, controlado por Modulação por Largura de Pulso (PWM), ao qual se engastou uma estrutura flexível de aço inox (escalímetro), com e sem revestimento viscoelástico. O objetivo foi analisar tal estrutura quando excitada em movimento livre e forçado. Ao oscilar a estrutura, os extensômetros, devidamente acoplados em sua superfície, faziam a leitura dos dados (deformação) e os enviavam a um instrumento de aquisição de dados analógicos, os quais, após a conversão para digital, foram enviados a um PC para análises necessárias ao experimento. Para avaliar as características das estruturas e estimar as taxas de amortecimento, foram aplicados técnicas de decremento logarítmico nas análises em movimento livre e o método da banda de meia potência nas análises em movimento forçado. Foram utilizados dois modelos de materiais viscoelásticos (fitas VHB da 3M). Os métodos de revestimentos foram: “Configuração de Camada Livre” e “Estrutura Sanduíche”. Este último permitiu aumentar as deformações cisalhantes na camada viscoelástica e, conseqüentemente, aumentou a dissipação de energia vibratória. Essas análises permitiram... / The viscoelastic materials have been widely used to reduce noise and vibration on structures, because of its inherent ability to absorb a percentage of vibrating energy in mechanical systems and dissipate it as heat. This type of damping has been used in many applications in the automotive and aerospacial industries, but the dynamic properties of viscoelastic structures are not easy to be determined, because their answers depend on many external factors, such as the geometry of the structure, the frequency of excitation that the structure is exposed, among others. In this work a prototype composed of a DC engine, controlled by the Pulse Width Modulator by (PWM), which is setting up a flexible stainless steel (scale ruler), with and without coating viscoelastic has been implemented. The objective was analyze the structure when excited in free and forced movement. When the structure swings, the strain Gages properly attached to its surface, made the reading of data (deformation), and sent it to an analog data acquisition instrument, which after that converts analogical data to digital and they were sent to a PC for experiment analysis. To evaluate the structure characteristics, and estimate the damping rates were applied techniques of analysis in logarithmic decrement in free movement, and the method of half-band power in the forced movement analysis. We used two models of viscoelastic materials (tapes of 3M HBV). The methods of coating were: Setting Free Layer and structure Sandwich. The last one enabled the increase the cut deformations in viscoelastic layer and consequently increased the dissipation of vibrating energy. These tests have allowed a better understanding of the influence of viscoelastic material in the vibration behavior of these structures.

Constructing multi floor buildings by light weight material have increased recently. There are many advantages of using light weight material, such as wood, for the environment. However, one of the deficiencies of lightweight material is the acoustic performance. Transmission of sound and vibration through floors in multi floor buildings in wood is a drawback to be considered. There are many studies that have addressed this issue. It is most common to make a finite element models well as experiments in laboratory. In these studies the material properties in the FE model are probably often adjusted to correlate to the laboratory experiments, since there is a large spread in material properties found in literature. This thesis however tries to elaborate on the actual material properties of the included wooden elements. Dynamic testing is done to determine the spread (here spread means gap between material properties) in material properties of wooden elements. The materials tested are chipboards and two types of wooden beams. The examined beams are both normal wooden beams and laminated veneer lumber beams. When the dynamic behaviour is known for the wooden parts, they are assembled to two small floor systems. The floor systems consist of four beams and one wooden board. The assembly is dynamically tested in laboratory and in FE software. The FE model used the known material properties for each individual building part. The results from the FE model correlate well with the laboratory tests. This shows that when material properties are known a FE model can predict the real behaviour. However, the examined material properties show a large spread from beam to beam, etc and a better knowledge about the material properties of used wooden parts is needed. / Att bygga flervåningshus med lätta byggmaterial har blivit allt vanligare. Det finns många fördelar med att använda lätta material, såsom trä. En av fördelarna är att det är skonsamt för miljön. Emellertid är en av bristerna i lättviktsmaterial den akustiska prestandan. Överföring av ljud och vibrationer genom golv i flervåningshus i trä är en nackdel att överväga. Det finns flera studier som har behandlat denna fråga. Ofta görs finita element modeller samt tester i laboratorium. I dessa studier justerar man materialegenskaperna i FE-modellen för att korrelera mot laboratorieexperiment. Detta eftersom det finns en stor spridning i materialegenskaperna för trä i litteraturen. Med detta examensarbete, undersöks de faktiska materialegenskaperna hos träelementen genom försök. Dynamiska tester utförs för att bestämma spridningen i materialegenskaper. De testade materialen är spånskivor och två typer av träbalkar. De undersökta balkarna är både normala träreglar och laminerade faner balkar. När det dynamiska beteendet är känt för trädelarna, monteras de ihop till två små golvsystem. Golvsystemen består av fyra balkar och en träskiva. Den assemblerade modellen testas både dynamiskt i ett praktiskt försök och i ett FE program. I FEmodellen används de tidigare framtagna faktiska materialegenskaper för varje ingående enskild byggnadsdel. Resultaten från FE-modellen korrelerar väl med de praktiska experimenten. Med detta examensarbete visas att när materialegenskaperna är kända kan FE-modellen förutsäga det verkliga beteendet. De undersökta materialegenskaperna visar dock en stor spridning från balk till balk, etc. och mer kunskap om materialegenskaper hos trädelar behövs.

Orientador: Edson Antônio Capello Sousa / Banca: Mauro Hugo Mathias / Banca: Paulo Roberto de Aguiar / Resumo: Os materiais viscoelásticos têm sido muito utilizados para atenuar vibração e ruído em estruturas, devido a sua capacidade inerente de absorver uma porcentagem de energia vibratória dos sistemas mecânicos e de dissipá-la sob a forma de calor. Esse tipo de amortecimento tem sido utilizado em muitas aplicações nas indústrias automotiva e aeroespacial, porém as propriedades dinâmicas das estruturas viscoelásticas não são fáceis de serem determinadas, pois suas respostas dependem de muitos fatores externos, tais como a geometria da estrutura, a freqüência de excitação a qual a estrutura está submetida, entre outros. Neste trabalho foi implementado um aparato experimental composto por um motor de corrente contínua, controlado por Modulação por Largura de Pulso (PWM), ao qual se engastou uma estrutura flexível de aço inox (escalímetro), com e sem revestimento viscoelástico. O objetivo foi analisar tal estrutura quando excitada em movimento livre e forçado. Ao oscilar a estrutura, os extensômetros, devidamente acoplados em sua superfície, faziam a leitura dos dados (deformação) e os enviavam a um instrumento de aquisição de dados analógicos, os quais, após a conversão para digital, foram enviados a um PC para análises necessárias ao experimento. Para avaliar as características das estruturas e estimar as taxas de amortecimento, foram aplicados técnicas de decremento logarítmico nas análises em movimento livre e o método da banda de meia potência nas análises em movimento forçado. Foram utilizados dois modelos de materiais viscoelásticos (fitas VHB da 3M). Os métodos de revestimentos foram: "Configuração de Camada Livre" e "Estrutura Sanduíche". Este último permitiu aumentar as deformações cisalhantes na camada viscoelástica e, conseqüentemente, aumentou a dissipação de energia vibratória. Essas análises permitiram... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The viscoelastic materials have been widely used to reduce noise and vibration on structures, because of its inherent ability to absorb a percentage of vibrating energy in mechanical systems and dissipate it as heat. This type of damping has been used in many applications in the automotive and aerospacial industries, but the dynamic properties of viscoelastic structures are not easy to be determined, because their answers depend on many external factors, such as the geometry of the structure, the frequency of excitation that the structure is exposed, among others. In this work a prototype composed of a DC engine, controlled by the Pulse Width Modulator by (PWM), which is setting up a flexible stainless steel (scale ruler), with and without coating viscoelastic has been implemented. The objective was analyze the structure when excited in free and forced movement. When the structure swings, the strain Gages properly attached to its surface, made the reading of data (deformation), and sent it to an analog data acquisition instrument, which after that converts analogical data to digital and they were sent to a PC for experiment analysis. To evaluate the structure characteristics, and estimate the damping rates were applied techniques of analysis in logarithmic decrement in free movement, and the method of half-band power in the forced movement analysis. We used two models of viscoelastic materials (tapes of 3M HBV). The methods of coating were: "Setting Free Layer" and " structure Sandwich." The last one enabled the increase the cut deformations in viscoelastic layer and consequently increased the dissipation of vibrating energy. These tests have allowed a better understanding of the influence of viscoelastic material in the vibration behavior of these structures. / Mestre

Global warming leads to increased precipitation in the Arctic, as warmer air can carry more moisture. The consequence is that many arctic glaciers get steeper slopes over time as increased melt at their lower part causes thinning and increased solid precipitation in their upper regions leads to thickening of the glacier. Ice flow of glaciers is strongly controlled by the surface slope, where steeper slopes leads to increased ice flow. An altered flow regime of the glaciers can lead to unpredicted contributions to sea-level changes as more glacier ice is delivered to lower regions and eventually to the sea through calving of melt- runoff. Long-term measurements of ice-flow velocities are therefore crucial to receive a better understanding of how glaciers respond to climate changes in a temporal and spatial scale. This study investigates ice flow velocities measured over a period of 10 years between 2006 and 2015 on Nordenskiöldbreen, Svalbard. The poly-thermal outlet glacier is centrally located on Spitsbergen; the main island of the Svalbard archipelago (74N°,10°E /81N°,35°E). Ice-flow velocities are measured continuously using stand-alone single-frequency GPS receivers attached to 8 metal stakes along the central flow line of Nordenskiöldbreen. The Institute for Marine and Atmospheric research in Utrecht, the Netherlands (IMAU) has developed such GPS units to measure ice-flow velocities at low costs and all year-round. Ice flow velocities at the central-flow line of Nordenskiöldbreen for the period 2006-2016 are estimated to be between 40 and 60 m a-1. Results show that maximum ice flow velocities can reach up to 80 m a-1 and occur mainly in the beginning of July. The highest annual averaged velocity of 53.88 m a-1 was measured during summer 2014. Averaged ice-flow velocities show an increasing trend of about 1.78 m a-1 during summer seasons. Results are further compared with mass balance observations and temperature records to analyze how glacier systems respond to climate changes. / Klimatuppvärmningen bidrar till att glaciärer blir tunnare och smälter snabbare. Ett varmare klimat är också orsaken till att snöfall ökar då varmare luft kan transportera mer fuktighet. Konsekvensen blir att glaciärer i arktiska områden får brantare sluttningar. Brantare sluttningar leder sedan till att glaciärer rör sig snabbare. Om glaciärer plötsligt rör sig snabbare uppstår möjligheten att havsnivån också stiger snabbare. Uppsatsen undersöker is-hastigheten från Nordenskiöldbreen. Nordenskiöldbreen är en glaciär på Spetsbergen, Svalbard som går ut i Adolfbukta innerst Billesjorden. Hastigheten uppmättes med hjälp av 13 GPS-stationer på glaciärens yta, placerade mellan 800 och 1200 meter över havsnivån. GPS-stationerna är utvecklade av Institut för Marin- och Atmosfär-undersökningar i Utrecht, Holland (IMAU) för att mäta glaciärens hastighet året runt till låga kostnader. Sedan 1997 har Institutionen för geovetenskaper vid Uppsala Universitet utfört flera mätningar på Nordenskiöldbreen för att mäta massbalans, isrörelse och miljöförändringar. Massbalans mätningar har visat att glaciären fick brantare sluttningar över den senaste tio-års perioden. Uppsatsen analyserar trenden för isrörelse vid Nordenskiöldbreen över de senaste tio åren. Dessutom är resultanterna jämförda med massbalans-analyser och temperaturmätningar från Svalbard Flygplats. Jämförelsen hjälper att förstå hur glaciärens system reagerar på klimatförändringar. De uppskattade hastighetsresultaten visar att Nordenskiöldbreen rör sig med en medelhastighet av 45-53 meter per år. Isrörelse kan nå upp till 80 meter per år och är främst förekommande under juli månad när temperaturen är hög. Detta producerar då mer smältvatten vilket driver upp vattentrycket vid glaciärens botten och leder till basal glidning.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:37:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eurico Luiz Prospero Ruivo.pdf: 15234351 bytes, checksum: 5a581041d50f5cbd30ccc684b8112487 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-11 / Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie / The Fourier spectra of cellular automata rules give a characterisation of the limit configurations generated by them at the end of their time evolution. In the present work, the Fourier spectra of each rule of the elementary cellular automata rule space are computed, under periodic and non-periodic boundary conditions, and the space is then partitioned according to the similarity among these computed spectra, what gives the notion of spectral classes in such space. For the partition obtained under periodic boundary condition, each spectral class is analysed in terms of the behaviour of each of its rules and how this behaviour affects the correspondent spectrum. Finally, the spectral classes are related in terms of the similarity among them, for both boundary conditions, what results in graphs depicting the proximity among the spectral classes. / Os espectros de Fourier de regras de autômatos celulares fornecem uma caracterização da configuração limite gerada por elas ao fim de suas evoluções temporais. Neste trabalho, são calculados os espectros de Fourier de todas as regras do espaço dos autômatos celulares elementares, sob condições de contorno periódica e não-periódicas, e o espaço é então particionado de acordo com a similaridade entre os espectros calculados, dando origem à noção de classes espectrais no espaço em questão. Para a participação gerada sob condição de contorno periódica, cada classe espectral é analisada de acordo com o comportamento de cada regra e a implicação deste no espectro obtido. A seguir é analisada a relação de similaridade entre as classes espectrais geradas em cada tipo de condição de contorno, o que d´a origem a grafos representando a proximidade entre as classes espectrais.