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<p> A quantum particle moving in a periodic potential, with periodicity d, when acted by an external constant force F undergoes the dynamical phenomenon of Bloch-Zener oscillations (BZO). We investigate BZO of a neutral cold atom in an optical cavity pumped by a laser. We find that the single mode electromagnetic field of the optical cavity is affected by the atomic dynamics and propose the idea that a measurement of the electromagnetic field leaking out of the cavity will reflect the BZO frequency WB = Fd/h, and can be used for a precision measurement of F. The motivation for such a study comes from the fact that if the force F is gravity, then one can probe gravitational forces on sub-millimeter scales since the size of these systems are generally a few hundreds of microns. Such a study can be used to detect deviations from Newtonian gravity at short range proposed by some theories beyond the standard model of particle physics. </p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Frozen ground is an important consideration in cold regions hydrology because pore ice can impede the ability of water to infiltrate into and migrate within soils, thereby altering water flow paths and increasing surface runoff. High latitude regions are particularly susceptible to changes in climate, where increases in temperature and changing precipitation trends can alter soil freeze/thaw dynamics. However, there has been limited research on infiltration processes in subarctic alpine environments due to sparse historic data and difficulties with gathering direct measurements. In addition, few hydrological models consider the complexity of frozen soils in such environments. The objectives of this thesis are to assess the ability of the GeoStudio finite element modelling suite to simulate observed soil temperature and moisture data and to evaluate the sensitivity of the models to changing climate scenarios. GeoStudio’s Multiphysics model integrates several models that allow it to simulate concurrent water flow and temperature dynamics in variably saturated environments experiencing soil freezing and thawing. Field data for this study are obtained from Wolf Creek Research Basin (WCRB) in southern Yukon, Canada. Data for quantifying snowmelt, soil moisture, soil temperature, and soil composition were collected at three sites in WCRB from April 2015 to August 2016, adding to the available historical data. Results of the GeoStudio models illustrate the dominance of snow in controlling freeze/thaw dynamics and simulate the study environment to reasonable accuracy with some discrepancies in timing and variability. In addition, GeoStudio is particularly sensitive to surface conditions affecting both coupled heat and water flow processes compared to independent changes of air temperature and precipitation, suggesting future climatic scenarios may have a notable impact on frozen soils. This research helps elucidate the complex heat transfer and water movement processes that control infiltration in northern environments and provides a quantitative assessment of their sensitivity to future climate warming. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

No / Much of the scholarly literature on peacekeeping focuses on particular peacekeeping operations, or on the political bargaining between peacekeeping participants at both the institutional and national levels. However, there is very little published research on why nations commit forces to peacekeeping operations. As Sandra Whitworth noted in a book review of six books on peacekeeping in the "International Journal," "t"he important political questions thus far have not been asked: who benefits, who pays, and who is excluded?." "This book addresses that need. The authors focus specifically on the political and economic motivations that influence the decision to participate in peacekeeping. They consider how definitions of national interest frame the political debate, and what the reasons are for the military support or opposition for peacekeeping operations. They also explore the role of inter-agency politics, the role of public opinion in peacekeeping decisions, and the influence of pressure from other nations and non-nation actors to commit peacekeeping forces. Each chapter includes several recent cases of national peacekeeping to illustrate how national political debates framed their country's political decisions on the commitment of peacekeeping forces. The countries chosen for analysis are Australia, Argentina, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, the United States, Nigeria, Canada, India, and Austria.

No / At the end of the Cold War, the Balkan states of South East Europe were in crisis. They had emerged from two decades of hardline communism with their economies in disarray and authoritarian leaders poised to whip up nationalist feelings so as to cling on to power. The break up of Yugoslavia followed in 1991 along with prolonged instability in Romania, Bulgaria and Albania. The Balkans After The Cold War analyses these turbulent events, which led to violence on a scale not seen in Europe for nearly 50 years and offers a detailed critique of Western policy towards the region. This volume follows on from the recently published Outcast Europe: The Balkans, 1789 - 1989 - from the Ottomans to Milosevic, also by Tom Gallagher.

Grape-derived aroma and flavor precursors exist partially as non-volatile, sugar-bound glycosides. Hydrolysis of these compounds may modify sensory attributes and potentially enhance wine quality. Cold soak (prefermentation skin contact) at two temperatures and alcohol content (%, v/v) at dejuicing were monitored to determine effects on Cabernet Sauvignon glycoside concentration. Total, phenolic-free, and red-free glycoside concentrations were estimated by the quantification of glycosyl-glucose. Cold soak (5 days at 10° C) increased total glycosides by 77%, red-free glycosides by 80%, and phenolic-free glycosides by 96%. Ambient soak (3 days at 20° C) enhanced color extraction, and increased total glycosides by 177%, red-free glycosides by 144%, and phenolic-free glycosides by 106%. Wines produced by early pressing (10% sugar) had 25% more total and red-free glycosides than late press (0.25% sugar). After post-fermentation malolactic fermentation, total glycosides were 14% lower and phenolic-free glycosides were 35% lower. In a second study, the activities of a-L-arabinofuranosidase, b-glucosidase, and a-L-rhamnoyranosidase were determined in model systems for thirty-two strains of yeasts belonging to the following genera: Aureobasidium, Candida, Cryptococcus, Hanseniaspora, Hansenula, Kloeckera, Metschnikowia, Pichia, Saccharomyces, Torulaspora, and Brettanomyces (10 strains); and seven bacteria (Leuconostoc oenos strains). Only one Saccharomyces strain exhibited -glucosidase activity, but several non-Saccharomyces yeast species had substantial production. Aureobasidium pullulans hydrolyzed a-L-arabinofuranoside, b-glucoside, and a-L-rhamnoyranoside. Eight Brettanomyces strains had -glucosidase activity. Location of enzyme activity was determined for those species with enzymatic activity. The majority of -glucosidase was located in the whole cell fraction (66%), followed by the permeabilized fraction (35%), and extracellular production (2%). Aureobasidium pullulans was also capable of hydrolyzing grape glycosides. / Master of Science

The use of the electronic nose in the wine industry is an emerging technology. Although electronic nose systems have been used in other industries as tools to monitor fruit maturity or quality control, the use of these systems for wine analysis has been debated. Many electronic nose sensor types exist, but have often been accused of primarily discriminating varying ethanol concentrations of wines as opposed to aroma and flavor volatiles. This study evaluated the use of a commercial conducting polymer electronic nose to evaluate wines while minimizing ethanol interference. The first study presented evaluated the discrimination ability of an electronic nose with use of an ethanol baseline prior to wine evaluation. This experiment also determined the optimal wine temperature for electronic nose analysis. A second study reviewed the ability of the electronic nose to discriminate Cabernet Sauvignon grape and wine volatiles based on a pre-fermentation cold soak treatment. The electronic nose was used to monitor volatile changes throughout a five day cold soak, and to discriminate differences in control versus cold soak wines. These results were compared with juice and wine analytical data, GC-MS evaluation of individual volatiles, and sensory analysis of the finished wines. It was found that discrimination of wines improved from 33% to 60% when using an ethanol baseline. Influence of the baseline was indicated by a drop in sensor response prior to wine evaluation. A 30°C sample temperature was chosen for wine analysis based on sensor response and adequate discrimination in canonical distributions. The electronic nose was found to discriminate grape volatiles in cold soak musts as shown in canonical distributions at a 95% significance level. PCA distributions of electronic nose data, chemistry data, and GC-MS data showed varying degrees of discrimination based on analysis. Electronic nose data often showed 100% of variation of samples accounted by PC1. Despite differences in treatment by ENose and analytical data, sensory results did not find a difference in control and cold soak wines. / Master of Science

Defensive hostility has been attributed as an early risk factor of coronary heart disease. The autonomic characteristics of high defensive, high hostile (HD) and low defensive, high hostile (LD) men and women were assessed with a variety of cardiovascular (CV) measures. Reactivity and recovery to an active laboratory stressor (video game, VG) and a passive laboratory stressor (hand cold pressor, CP) of 15 HD men, 16 LD men, 16 HD women, and 16 LD women were recorded. It was predicted that the CV patterning associated with the HD participants would display more sympathetic and less vagal control as well as the least pronounced recovery from the stressors in comparison to LD participants. Results revealed differential CV responses to the lab tasks by group. HD women displayed consistently high levels of low frequency power heart rate variability (HRV) during baseline and across conditions. HD men exhibited significantly pronounced heart rate reactivity and reduced high frequency power HRV to the CP task in comparison to LD men. Interestingly, LD women displayed weaker blood pressure (BP) recovery to the VG in comparison to HD women, whereas the opposite pattern was observed in BP recovery to the CP. These results suggest that defensiveness and sex may moderate the CV reactivity and recovery to different types of stressors in hostile participants. / Master of Science