Face à la concurrence exacerbée, la prescription d’achat peut être stratégique pour les organisations. Dans des contextes de décision difficiles, la prescription d’achat devient indispensable pour certains consommateurs. La revue de la littérature révèle des carences, des contradictions et un manque de confrontations terrain à propos des quelques théories et propositions émises sur ce concept. Qu’est-ce que la prescription d’achat ? Quel est son poids parmi les principales caractéristiques de décision d’achat ? Quel est l’impact de la culture ? Une étude qualitative menée en France auprès de 10 vétérinaires prescripteurs et 10 acheteurs d’aliments pour animaux de compagnie permet de mieux définir la prescription d’achat, et de valider ou rejeter les précédents apports sur ce thème. A l’aide du Consumer Styles Inventory (Sproles et Kendall 1986), une étude quantitative auprès de 308 acheteurs français et 221 acheteurs chinois d’aliments pour animaux de compagnie valide la sensibilité à la prescription comme caractéristique fondamentale de décision d’achat. Elle a un poids modéré selon le style de décision émergent, mais son rôle est discriminant dans la constitution des segments en France. Elle est positivement et significativement associée au perfectionnisme, à la fidélité, à l’hédonisme et à la confusion ; elle l’est négativement et significativement au prix. Alors qu’il y a une différence significative dans les styles de décision d’achat des français et des chinois, ce n’est pas le cas pour la sensibilité à la prescription. Les principaux apports théoriques et méthodologiques portent sur une meilleure définition de la prescription d’achat, sur la mesure du concept et sur sa présence au sein de deux cultures pourtant opposées. Pour les organisations, cette recherche souligne la valeur ajoutée que constitue le prescripteur face aux indécisions des acheteurs. Celles positionnées sur le haut de gamme sont encouragées à mettre en place des réseaux de prescripteurs pour faciliter leurs ventes. Une série de recommandations opérationnelles en découlent. / In highly competitive markets, shopping prescription may be strategic for organizations. In complex decision-making situations, shopping prescription is useful for some consumers. Literature review reveals gaps, contradictions and field shortcomings about this concept. What brand prescription is? What is its weight among the main decision-making characteristics? What is the impact of culture? A qualitative study conducted in France with 10 vet prescribers and 10 pet food buyers helps to better define this concept, and validate or reject previous contributions to this topic. Using the Consumer Styles Inventory (Sproles et Kendall 1986), a quantitative survey with 308 french and 221 chinese pet food buyers validates prescription consciousness as a fundamental decision-making characteristic. It has a moderate weight within the main decision-making style, but its role is discriminant on the cluster formation in France. It is positiveley and significantly associated with perfectionism, loyalty, hedonism and confusion while it is negatively and sinificantly to price. There is a significant difference in decision-making styles between French and Chinese, but this is not true for prescription consciousness. The main theoretical and methodological contributions are a better definition of this concept, its measurement scale and its presence in both but divergent cultures. From a managerial standpoint, this research highlights the added value brought by prescribers. Companies positioned on the high end market are encouraged to set up prescribers networks to ease sales. A series of operational recommendations arise from there.

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No / A follow up study to investigate whether UK optometrists partially prescribe significant changes in refractive correction to assist patient adaption and whether various aspects of practitioner profiles are linked to the nature of these prescribing decisions. Method:¿ A case scenario type questionnaire was distributed by post and via the internet to UK optometrists. Five case scenarios were described that included information on patient age, symptoms, habitual refractive correction (if any), subjective refraction and any other relevant clinical information. In each case respondents were asked to indicate and justify what refractive correction they would prescribe. Results:¿ A total of 592 questionnaires were completed. Between 41% and 84% prescribed the subjective refraction result depending on the scenario. The likelihood of partial prescribing increased by 34% for every 10 years following qualification and thus after a typical 40 year career, respondents were now over three times more likely to partially prescribe. There were no other links with the propensity to partially prescribe. Conclusion:¿ The subjective refraction result exerted a strong hold on the reported prescribing outcome, particularly for newly qualified optometrists. Partial prescribing was increasingly proposed the greater the number of years the respondent had been qualified. This suggests that with increasing exposure to patients who return dissatisfied with their spectacles, a greater appreciation of partial prescribing is gained. This link seems to be an important finding that provides significant support for the prescribing rules suggested by textbooks, which are not yet supported by research evidence.

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Prescription drug abuse (PDA) is an epidemic nationwide and has disproportionally impacted the Southern Appalachian region. Situated within a geographic area known for pervasive PDA and its consequences, The Gatton College of Pharmacy and Academic Health Sciences Center (AHSC) at East Tennessee State University are proactively engaging the Region and its health professions students to address the problem. Over the College’s six-year history of community engagement in PDA, efforts have focused on primary prevention activities, PDA treatment, awareness, education, and interprofessional collaboration as the key impact sectors. Notable programs include Generation Rx, Operation Rx Disposal, continuing education (CE) programming, and establishment of the ETSU Diversity-promoting Institutions Drug Abuse Research Program. In 2013-2014, 3 faculty and 38 Generation Rx pharmacy students engaged 4000 children and adolescents in PDA prevention education. Operation Rx Disposal employed 5 faculty members and 35 student pharmacists to assist more than 1000 households in removing unwanted medication from their homes through conduction of drug take-back events. Over 2000 health care providers from regional communities participated in PDA CE events conducted by 3 pharmacy faculty members. Additionally, 3 externally funded, PDA-specific grants totaling $2.26 million were awarded to pharmacy faculty members to engage communities, health care professionals, and students in innovative PDA prevention research. The College’s efforts have been nationally recognized by peers, professional organizations, state boards of pharmacy and within the evidentiary literature.

Lifetime prevalence estimates of psychotropic medicine use as well as prevalence of DSM-IV prescription drug use disorders from the baseline investigation of the Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology (EDSP) Study are presented. Use of prescription medication at some time in their life was reported by 27.4% of the respondents. Illicit use of prescription drugs, which means an intake without medical legitimation, was reported by 4.5% of the sample. The findings suggest that abuse of and dependence on prescription drugs, with most cases reporting polysubstance use, is quite rare in the 14- to 24-year-olds. DSM-IV abuse was more prevalent than dependence (0.5 vs. 0.3%). In general, women reported higher prevalence rates of prescription drug use, whereas men reported higher prevalence rates of prescription drug disorders. This result suggests that men have a higher risk to develop a substance-use-related disorder.

La douleur chronique touche environ un adulte sur cinq et a des impacts importants sur toutes les sphères de la vie des personnes qui en souffrent. À ce jour, on constate cependant que la prise en charge de la douleur chronique est sous-optimale au Canada. Parmi les modalités thérapeutiques disponibles, il a été démontré que les cannabinoïdes sont efficaces et sécuritaires pour certains syndromes de douleur chronique. Ces produits pharmacologiques comprennent la nabilone (comprimé), le nabiximols (vaporisateur) et la marihuana à des fins médicales (cannabis séché). À ce jour, la prévalence d’utilisation de ces produits demeure faible et il semble exister plusieurs barrières à cette utilisation. La présente étude transversale s'est donc penchée sur les pratiques et attitudes des médecins de la région administrative de l’Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Québec, et ce, tout particulièrement dans le contexte du traitement de la douleur chronique non cancéreuse (DCNC). Les objectifs spécifiques de cette étude étaient de : 1) Mesurer la prévalence de prescription de cannabinoïdes pour le traitement de la DCNC, 2) Décrire le degré de confort, les barrières et les besoins en matière de formation quant à la prescription de cannabinoïdes pour le traitement de la DCNC, et 3) Identifier les prédicteurs de la prescription de cannabinoïdes pour le traitement de la DCNC. Pour répondre à ces objectifs, un questionnaire postal a été envoyé aux 318 médecins pratiquant dans la région de l’Abitibi-Témiscamingue (taux de participation = 52 %). La prévalence de prescription de cannabinoïdes (tous types confondus) pour le traitement de la DCNC au cours de la dernière année était de 23 %, mais soulignons que ces produits ont été prescrits à peu de patients. Les données suggèrent qu’un meilleur degré de confort à prescrire des cannabinoïdes pour le traitement de la DCNC est le seul prédicteur de cette prescription. Plusieurs barrières telles que le manque de formation des professionnels de la santé et le manque de lignes directrices pour la prescription de cette classe médicamenteuse ont été exprimées. Les participants ont souligné un besoin de formation continue, notamment à propos des risques de l’utilisation des cannabinoïdes à long terme, de la DCNC et son traitement et de la synergie d’action entre les cannabinoïdes et les opioïdes. En somme, les résultats de cette étude permettront de mieux orienter les activités de formation continue des médecins de la région.

Class of 2017 Abstract / Objectives: To assess older adults’ knowledge of prescription pain and over-the-counter (OTC) medications, to determine if age influences older adults’ choice of OTC pain agents, and to determine if education by a pharmacist about prescription and OTC pain medications impacts the score on a medication knowledge indicator. Methods: This is a descriptive survey study. Participants received a recruitment email with a consent link in order to participate in the secure, online Qualtrics survey. The survey consists of 10 knowledge-based items on pain medications and 12 demographic items. The primary outcome of this study is the knowledge about pain medications of adult 75 years and older. Knowledge scores were analyzed using a Chi square test to compare the proportion of respondents in each age group who score 50% or more. The secondary outcome is the purchase pattern of OTC pain medications based on age. OTC purchasing data was analyzed using a nonparametric regression test. The tertiary outcome is the effect of pharmacist counseling on patients knowledge of prescription and OTC medications. The knowledge indicator scores were compared in patients who reported as either being educated by a pharmacist or not using a one-way ANOVA test. Results: The questionnaire was completed by a total of 50 people, but three were excluded due to not meeting the age requirement of 50 years and older. Forty-seven participants were used in the analysis with mean age of 68.3 years (range 55 to 90) and 72% female. Of 44 participants who completed the entire survey those 75 years and older scored better on the knowledge indicator (71% scored ≥50%) compared with those 74 years and younger (54% scored ≥50%); however, no significant difference was found (p = 0.28). In addition, purchasing pattern based on percentage of both prescription and OTC medications between both groups appeared to be insignificantly different (p = 0.31 and 0.51 respectively). The mean number of OTC medications purchased equaled the mean number of OTC medications purchased for adults less than 75 years of age (Y = 1.2 vs. 1.2 medications per patient, p=0.51). Finally, all patients age 75 and older that reported being educated by a pharmacist scored 50% or greater on the knowledge indicator (100%) while 52% of participants 74 years and younger scored 50% or greater (p = 0.673). Conclusions: Adults ages 75 years and older possess the same basic knowledge of pain medications when compared to adults age 50 to 74. In addition, adults age 75 years and older purchase over-the-counter (OTC) at the same rate as adults age 50 to 74. Finally, adults age 75 years and older benefit most from pharmacist consultation compared to adults age 50 to 74.

Acquisitive prescription This Master's degree thesis deals with the topic of acquiring the right of ownership by prescription (usucaption). Its aim is to describe the form of the institute in Czech law and to put it into a broader framework. Acquisitive prescription is a means of original acquisition of ownership rights to things. It solves the problem, when possessor does not own the object of the possession. The ownership to the thing is acquired under these conditions: good faith of the possessor, just title, possession for required time. The thesis is composed to five chapters. The introduction summarizes the aims of the study and explains the concept and the structure of the thesis. Chapter One is introductory and defines basic terminology used in the thesis. It describes the concept of things and rights in rem in Czech private law. Then it explains the theory of possession, such as its fundamentals, its meaning and protection provided to the possessor. After that it focuses on definition of ownership and methods of acquiring the right of ownership. This chapter concludes with a short explanation of what is acquisitive prescription and what is its significance. Chapter two focuses on the history of this institute. It highlights the most important aspects of acquisitive prescription in ancient...